خشونت شغلی

Workplace violence against health workers is a global problem and the prevalence of it among midwives is high. The study aimed to determine the effects of anger management skills on occupational violence in midwives working in Zanjan medical centers.

The study was a semi-experimental intervention. From all the midwives working in the hospitals of Zanjan 46 people were selected using the convenience method and were divided into two intervention (n=23) and control (n=23) through stratified random blocked method. Intervention group participated in eight 60-minute sessions of anger management training. The research tool included negative actions questionnaires and Ahvaz Aggression Questionnaire. The data was analyzed using repeated measurement test.

Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant differences in the score of occupational violence and aggression between the two groups. The occupational violence was significantly lower in the intervention group immediately after the intervention and in six-week follow-up (P˂0.05). Also, aggression in the intervention group immediately after the intervention and in the six-week follow-up was significantly lower in the intervention group (P˂0.05). However, the changes between the groups after adjustment with the baseline variables in occupational violence and aggression were not statistically significant.

it seems that anger management training is not effective on occupational violence against midwives. Therefore, there is a need for more advanced interventions in this field.

Occupational violence can have a negative effect and mental burden on the way emergency medical service personnel provide services. The aim of this study was to determine verbal violence against emergency medical service personnel and related factors at the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among emergency medical service personnel of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Totally, 264 individuals were selected using the systematic random sampling method. The data were collected using the Occupational Violence Questionnaire and Goldenberg GHQ-28 General Health Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS.

During the past year, 240 emergency medical service personnel experienced occupational violence in the following forms: verbal (65%), cultural (6.9%), and sexual (3.1%). There was a statistically significant relationship between verbal violence and marital status (p=0.049) as well as age (p=0.04), and crisis in the past 6 months of the personnel (p=0.02). Patient companions were the main perpetrators of violence, and the most common response to violence was to ask the assailant to calm down. The most common violence against staff in the last mission was verbal and cultural violence. There was a statistically significant relationship between violence during the last mission and the type of employment, age and professional experience of the personnel.

Considering the predictability and controllability of violence, in addition to improving training, prevention methods, reforms related to the factors that cause violence, and the implementation of courses and workshops can be considered as effective steps to reduce violence against emergency medical personnel.

Recognizing workplace violence, especially in midwifery centers, is one of the serious issues worldwide. So, providing background information on violence against midwives is necessary for proper planning and policy-making. This study aimed to determine the status of verbal and physical violence against midwives working in public hospitals in Tehran in 2021.

Methods & Materials: 

This cross-sectional study was performed on 370 midwives working in public hospitals from February 2021 to July 2021 in Tehran. After 2-stage cluster sampling in selection of the hospitals, ten teaching hospitals with obstetrics and gynecology wards were included in the study and midwives working in the obstetrics and gynecology wards were included based on convenience sampling and according to the inclusion criteria. The data was collected using the workplace violence questionnaire of Rahmani and colleagues which its reliability and validity were also evaluated and confirmed in this study. Data were analyzed in SPSS software version 22 using an independent t-test.

Overall, 41.4 percent of midwives reported experiencing verbal violence and 7.3 percent reported physical violence at work in the last 12 months. Physical and verbal violence were mostly committed by patients (70.4 percent) and then by their companions (52.9 percent), respectively.

Verbal violence is the most dominant violence perpetrated by patients and their companions in midwifery workplaces. Therefore, establishing a formal violence reporting system and teaching how to deal with occupational violence by hospital officials is essential.

Nowadays, due to the increase in violence against emergency medical technicians and the adverse effects of these behaviors on physical and mental health, as well as employee productivity, it seems necessary to investigate occupational violence and try to reduce it. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the level of violence in the workplace against emergency medical technicians of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and related factors.

Methods and Materials:

 This was a cross-sectional study performed on 204 emergency medical technicians of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The sampling method was census. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical tests including chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance using Stata software.

The response rate was 19.2%. Findings showed that 78.92% of the subjects in the past year have experienced at least one type of violence. The most common type of violence was verbal violence. 70.10% of the violence occurred at the scene of accident and the patient's family was the main group of perpetrators of violence (59.31%). There was a significant relationship between the rate of physical violence with the rate of verbal and cultural violence (P-value≤0.05).

Emergency medical technicians are always exposed to different types of occupational violence, so training in violence management and communication skills, as well as follow-up of violence by the relevant authorities, is recommended to reduce the violence.KEYWORDS: occupational violence; emergency medical staff; paramedics

In international organization, deviant behaviors such as occupational violence is known as a serious crisis. It can lead to mental stress and reduce the job satisfaction, social and family relationships. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and job factors affecting the incidence of occupational violence among workers in different industries in East Azerbaijan.

Method and material:

 This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. Research population consisted of all personnel in five industries, including chocolate factory, food industry, health products, steel and agricultural industry in East Azerbaijan. Data were collected by a researcher made questionnaire, provided based on ILO and WHO standard questionnaires which its validity and reliability were confirmed in previous studies. Data analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression tests by SPSS-V22.

In all the industries, verbal violence, with frequency 46.6%, was the most common type of violence. Internal organizational factors had the important roles in the incidence of occupational violence in these industries. Logistic regression showed statistically significant associations between referring to a psychiatrist (P=0.005), gender (P=0.001), work shift(P=0.001) and occupational violence.

Because verbal violence is prevalence in the industries, it seems that planning and measures should be taken to reduce it. So, deployment of ergonomics and psychology intervention are recommended to reduce the stressful environmental conditions and violence among employees.

Nowadays, given the increased violence in medical centers and emergency medical personnel encounter with various types of violence, it is important to assess the related factors as well as their frequency and take actions to decrease them. This study aims at investigating physical violence against 115 emergency medical personnel and its related factors in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on emergency medical personnel of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 240 individuals were selected through systematic random sampling. Occupational Violence Questionnaire (Four sections: demographic information, physical violence, response to violence and violence in the last mission) and Goldenberg GHQ-28 General Health Questionnaire were used to gather data, which were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

According to the results of this study, 29.6 percent of personnel experienced violent physicalaggression during their work and the most violent acts were physical coarsening (54.9%). 76.1percent of violent actions occurred on the scene of the accidents and co-rider of the injuredperson were initiators of violent behaviors (73.2%). There was a statistically significantcorrelation between violent aggressive actions and recent uprisings of the country in the past sixmonths (p=0.02). The percentage of aggressive actions against the personnel in their lastcommission, were verbal insults (82%), physical aggression (14.6%), the cultural joke (3%) andsexual misbehavior (0%). The aggressive actions and insults in their last commissions of thepersonnel were correlated with their type of employment (p=0.03), age (p=0.03) and workhistory (p=0.01).

There is a high prevalence of physical violence against emergency medical personnel. Accordingly, providing the target personnel with communication skills and anger management
trainings and pursuing violence by authorities seems essential to eliminate occupational violence

According to the International Labor Organization, the prevalence of workplace violence has increased in the last decade and of the entire professional groups, health care personnel are the most likely victims of workplace violence but the documentary information on workplace violence in the operating room is very limited. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the frequency of workplace violence and related factors among the health care personnel in operating rooms.

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The research sample consisted of 223 health care personnel working in the operating rooms in the educational-medical centers of Isfahan in Iran. The sampling method was proportional allocation of quota and category. Data were collected from March to July 2018 using the WHO standard questionnaire “surveillance of workplace violence in the health sector” whose validity and reliability have been confirmed in previous studies.

The percentage of verbal violence was 91.9 and physical violence and ethnic violence were in turn 26 and 19.3 during the past 12 months. The most common cause of workplace violence (87persent), was working in a stressful environment and the perpetrators of workplace violence are often among health care personnel. The average age and work experience of personnel exposed to verbal violence were significantly lower than the others (P=0.01and P=0.02, respectively). Frequency of physical (P=0.03) and verbal (P=0.004) violence in centers with specific protocols for reporting violence were significantly lower than other centers.

Experience of workplace violence among the health care personnel in the operating rooms is considerable. The perpetrators of workplace violence are often among health care personnel instead of patients and their families. This study recommends the existence of documentary protocols for reporting workplace violence in all operating rooms.

IntroductionWorkplace violence leads to psychological and physical problems and reduces the satisfaction and performance of nurses. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence rate and source of workplace violence against nurses.Methods & MaterialsA cross-sectional study was conducted using 181 nurses at Neyshabur University of Medical Science’s teaching hospitals in Neyshabur, Iran, from April 2016 to June 2018. Participants were selected through stratified random sampling. Workplace violence in the health sector questionnaire was used for data collection. SPSS Statistics for Windows version 19 was used for data analysis.ResultsThe majority of participants (67.2%) were female and the mean age of the nurses was 28.8 years ± 5.3 SD. The incidence rate of physical, verbal, and sexual violence was 25.7%, 72.6%, and 1.2%, respectively. More than 66% of the nurses suggested that there is no procedures for reporting of violence in their workplace. Shortage of personnel and facilities and crowded wards was descript as most important causes of physical and non-physical violence against nurses. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between wards and verbal violence, sex and physical violence, and number of shifts per week and physical and verbal violence.ConclusionThe verbal violence against nurses is very common and occurs more often by patients and their relatives and physicians. Hospital managers pay very little attention to this problem. Nurses usually do not report workplace violence against themselves and workplace violence against nurses is becoming a typical phenomenon in hospitals.

There are some tensions in occupational activities that are caused by harsh conditions and occupational violence is considered one of these tensions. Workplace violence is a global problem. Healthcare workers are globally exposed to the workplace violence more than any other workers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between some individual and job variables with exposure to occupational violence among health care workers in the hospitals in Yazd province, Iran.
Material and This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted in eight educational hospitals in Yazd province, Iran. Research population (600 participants) consisted of all healthcare personnel employed in hospitals affiliated to the Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd and were selected by stratified sampling. The Negative Act Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) was used to investigate occupational violence and data analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression tests.
The average score of occupational violence was 19.3. Among individual factors, gender (male) and educational level (MSc degree), and among job factors, shift work (morning shift) and type of work environment (genecology and pediatrics wards) had significant relationships with the incidence of violence among the employees.
The importance of these findings is in planning and deployment of intervention measures using educational training with regard to the ways of preventing violence, decreasing the coworkers’ aggression, dealing with and increasing awareness about personal and civilian rights in order to reduce the phenomenon of violence among employees.

Occupational violence increasingly has been known as a problem in health care system. Emergency personnel, because of direct contact with patients and their relatives are exposed of the most invasions. Multiple refers to emergency unit than other hospital parts increase threat occurrences, physical and verbal violence and cause to physical and mental injury in medical personnel. In Gerberich et al viewpoint, working in ICU (intensive care unit), psychological and emergency unit is of important factors for exposure of violence. This study aims to determine the vulnerable factors of occupational violence against practitioner medical personnel in the emergency units of training hospitals of Arak city.
In this descriptive-sectional study, 108 of practitioner medical personnel of the emergency units were studied in verbal and physical violence in 1394. Studied society were practitioner medical personnel of emergency unit of training hospitals of Vali-Asr, Amir- Almumenin and Amir-Kabir of Arak. Entry measures were self-desire of personnel in all educational levels and occupational grades with one year work experience in current unit in turning shift. In order to collect information of violence in work place questionnaire in health units were used which include four parts (demographic information, threat, verbal and physical violence). This questionnaire is derived from standardized questionnaires of international labor office, WHO, international council of nurses, public services international which are balanced based on environmental and social conditions and its reliability and validity were confirmed. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21.
Ethical Considerations: This paper is a part of issued investigational plan of medical sciences of Arak University, by ethical committee confirmation of IR.ARAKMU.REC.1394.148. The goal of study was explained for participants and secrecy and anonymity were ensured to them. Also, verbal satisfaction was obtained from medical personnel for contribution in study.
Findings: Participants had average age of 31.45±6.26 years, total work experience mean 6.85±5.09 years and work experience mean 3.49±3.22 years in emergency unit. 28.7% of medical personnel were exposed of physical violence and 77.1% of them were exposed of verbal violence. 17.9% of participants reported verbal violence very much, 20.2% moderate and 36.9% low or very low. The most motivating reason of violence was crowdedness of unit and the most factors resulted to physical and verbal violence was patient's relatives. The most physical violence factor (856.4%) and verbal (60.5%) were for relatives.
Findings showed high prevalence of violence, especially verbal violence against medical personnel. According to occupational characteristics of practitioner personnel in emergency unit, it can be said that violence emergence in work place is inevitable and impossible work. Therefore, the best approach is to identify amount and vulnerable factors in regions violence and to program for reducing its occurrences as low as possible. It should be noted that workplace violence is a multidimensional problem which its destructive dimensions has adverse effects on emergency personnel performance and also on hospital performance. Thus, creating a supportive environment, preparing continual training programs, financial resources and enough human force, restricting visit hours, also observation and answering in patients care are recommended in order to successful performing care programs. In this study, violence was forced from patient relatives more which can be prevented by managing, planning and public training.

Professionals related to medicine emergency medicine system are among jobs that, result of situation jobs have direct with illness and injury encounter that their own wellbeing may cause violence in work place. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of violence in work place and the effective factors on occurrence of this kind of violence in Emergency Medical personnel of Kerman University of Medical Science. this research is a cross sectional – descriptive study,200 participants were selected randomly simple, which were selected using quota sampling. Using scale research making for combat of violence in work place, data were analyzed descriptive statistical.of 155 people of the sample 130 people (83.8%) have experienced violence in work place at least once a year. The results showed that, among the various kinds of violence the most frequent violence was the verbal violence (105 people, 67.7%), followed by physical violence (35 people, 22.5%), cultural violence (15 people 9.6%) and sexual violence (0%) reported.Discussion and the result of this study showed that public training and Emergency Medical personnel training about violence control is necessary. And after identifying the most important violence factors in Emergency Medicalpersonnel in this study, the necessity of a revision in structures and providing various training courses about how to deal with patient and patient comrade in order to decrease the psychological stresses and to improve public health level and to decrease their occupational exhaustion.

Workplace violence is considered as a health problem in nursing profession. The aim of this study was to determine nurses behavior meeting to workplace violence and their confronting reactions in violent events.

This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on all of nursing staffs of Khorramabad educational hospital in 2011. A questionnaire containing، personal and occupational characteristics، prevalence of four types of occupational violence (Physical، Verbal، Racial and sexual)، nurses confronting behavior and violence predisposing factors was used. After collecting، the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including mean and frequencies by SPSSversion16.

Analysis of the data showed that the most frequent type of violence against nurses was verbal violence committed by patient and their relatives (%78. 5)، managers (%46. 2) and staffs (%43. 1) respectively. The least frequent type of workplace violence was the sexual one. Most of the nurses'' confronting violent behavior was calling hospital guard، and most of the nurses’ confronting behavior was ineffective.

The result showed high prevalence of violence against nursing staffs، and the use of ineffective confronting behavior by nurses. Therefore it is necessary to develop educational program to empower the nursing staff against violent events.

Workplace violence is increasingly recognized as a problem in the health care system. Emergency medical technician students may be exposed to violent behavior during clinical training. However, no attention has been paid by researchers to this issue. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for workplace In this descriptive study, 48 Emergency medical technician students were participated with censuses method. Data is collected using a questionnaire that its validity and reliability were tested with content validity and test-retest respectively. In total, 47.91% and 20.08% of the respondents had been verbally abused and physically assaulted during their training program, respectively. Most of physical attacks and verbal abuses were happened by patients’ families. The most common causes of workplace violence were, delay in reaching the scene from the perspective of patients and their caregivers, and lack of knowledge about the role of the Emergency medical technician students. Emergency medical technician students are often exposed to violence during the course of their training programs. This group requires training on how to prevent and respond to workplace violence, and this important topic should be incorporated into their curriculum.

Verbal abuse is the most common type of violence that can adversely effect on staff professional practice in clinical environments. The aim of this study was assessing frequency and causes of verbal abuse against the clinical staff in hospitals in Iranshahr city. A cross-sectional analytic descriptive design was used. All of the nurses, midwives, operation room and anesthesiologist technicians, and nurse-aids who employed in hospitals in Iranshahr took part in this study (n=145). A two parts questionnaire about demographic data and verbal abuse (include frequency, causes of violence, perpetrator of violence, reactions to verbal abuse and the source of violence reported) and also, Job Violence Questioner that developed by WHO were used. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach‘s alpha) was (α=0.86). Data were analyzed by χ2 and SPSS 15. Verbal abuse was experienced by 84.4% of the samples during the last year. The most reported reasons fort verbal abuse were: prevention of Patient visit out of settled time for haunt, delay in providing patient care, insufficient facilities and personnel shortage. Women experienced violence more than men, and the risk of being abused was higher in younger staff with less job experience. Also participants who worked in emergency department, operation room, and women surgery wards were experienced more verbal abuse than the other wards. Patient, patients’ companions and physicians were the more reported perpetrators. 77.2% of verbal abuse cases were reported to managers such as supervisors, head nurses and nurse service administrators. The findings showed high frequency of verbal violence against hospital staff which can cause adverse mental or physical effects on abused staff. As most cases reported to nurse managers, they should prepare proper plans to prevent such events.

Workplace violence is one of the most complex and dangerous occupational hazards facing nurses working in today's health care environment and it has been noted that workplace violence most frequently occurs in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to assess the situation of workplace violence committed against healthcare workers in Tabriz. It was a descriptive, cross- sectional study. Clinical personel (n 400) of Tabriz educational hospitals (%13 of study population) were recruited by cluster sampling of hospitals, and randomly selection of one cluster in each group (seven hospitals were selected) considering their position. Data was collected using a questionnaire through face- to- face interviews and analyzed by logistic regression using SPSS-PC (v.16). Twenty-one percent and 64.3 percent of workers reported experiencing physical and verbal workplace violence during the last year respectively. The frequency of reported violence was %23.6. There was a strong correlation between physical and verbal violence (p<0.001).Avoidance of reporting violence was occurred because of shrug violence off (%31.9) or to be known as an offending or problematic person (%18.9). Men had more chance to confront with violence than women (CI: 0.26-0.82, p<0.009). Performing some measures such as educational courses about prevention of violence, repression of the opponent’s anger explanation of rules and regulations for workers and clients are recommended.