خودزنی

Self-injury and substance abuse in people with borderline personality disorder can lead to serious harm to themselves and those around them. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation therapy based on dialectical behavior therapy on substance abuse and self-injury in people with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

This research was conducted using a single-case experimental design (SCED) of the multiple baseline type, consisting of eight one-hour sessions for three patients, followed by a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population included patients diagnosed with PBD. Three individuals were selected based on their voluntary participation and adherence to the research criteria, utilizing targeted and available sampling methods. Inclusion was based on a psychiatrist's diagnosis and a structured clinical interview. They received dialectical behavior therapy based on emotion regulation and mindfulness for eight sessions. Data were collected using the Risky Behaviors Questionnaire by Mohammadkhani and the Personality Assessment Inventory Borderline Features Scale (PAI-BFS).

Data analysis, presented through graphs and tables for SCED, indicated that mindfulness and emotion regulation interventions based on dialectical behavior therapy resulted in significant changes. The effect sizes for the first subject in the variables of self-harm and substance abuse were 4.526 and 2.260, respectively; for the second subject, they were 6.253 and 6.772; and for the third subject, they were 3.651 and 6.134.

This treatment method has led to statistically significant improvements in the symptoms of substance abuse and self-harm among patients with BPD.

Non-suicidal self-injury is a prevalent behavior among individuals. While various factors, including family dynamics, are associated with this behavior, there has been limited focus on the mediating factors in this relationship. This study aims to explore the mediating role of anger rumination in the connection between family functioning and non-suicidal self-injury.

This research is fundamental, cross-sectional, and descriptive-correlational in nature. The study population consisted of students from the Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur branch, in 2023. A sample of two hundred fifty-two students was selected through a cluster sampling method. Participants completed the short version of the Family Assessment Device (FAD-SF), the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS), and the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling methods.

The findings indicated that family functioning has a significant direct effect(P< 0.05) on non-suicidal self-injury. Additionally, the indirect effect of family functioning on non-suicidal self-injury, mediated by anger rumination, was also significant (P< 0.05). The model demonstrated a good fit, with the following indices: CFI = 0.98, NNFI = 0.98, IFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.95, and RMSEA = 0.057.

The results indicated that anger rumination indirectly contributes to the impact of poor family functioning on non-suicidal self-injury. It is important to recognize these psychological factors within the context of psychopathology and to develop prevention and intervention programs targeting them, as this could be beneficial.

 Adolescence is considered one of the most critical periods of life. Due to the rapid technological, cultural, and social changes in today's societies, adolescence is associated with many physical, psychological, and social problems for several adolescents and is the basis of many risky behaviors and social harms caused by it this period in adolescents. Is placed Changes in this period of growth may cause certain problems. When adolescents cannot successfully overcome developmental crises and challenges, they will experience psychological distress and significant disruption in the normal flow of daily life and emotional, social, and cognitive aspects. One of the subjects investigated in this course is the occurrence of high-risk behaviors such as self-harm and self-mutilation. Self-mutilation is an intentional, impulsive, non-lethal act that causes injury to a person's body. Self-mutilation refers to localized and conscious self-destruction, which is caused by the inability to tolerate the aggressive impulses internalized by a person, to punish himself or others. Approximately 1% of the population uses self-harm during their lifetime to cope with a crippling situation or feeling. Self-harm makes people imperfect. It is difficult to understand this behavioral phenomenon and it occurs in a very simple way or in an emotional situation where a person is under pressure. The overall prevalence of narcissism in the general population is 4% and in clinical samples, it is 21%, which is 3 times higher in men than in women. It begins in early adolescence and can be the first manifestation of a severe mental illness. Regarding self-mutilation behavior, several models have been proposed. One model is the self-regulation model, which considers self-mutilation as a compensatory measure to relieve anger, anxiety, or emotional distress. They have unpleasant tension and by harming themselves, they reduce this unpleasant feeling in themselves. The therapeutic approach of acceptance and commitment is a new therapeutic approach and uses the processes of acceptance, mental focus, commitment, and behavior change processes to create psychological flexibility. According to the mentioned materials and the study of the background of the research conducted in the field of this topic, it can be said that the treatment method based on acceptance and commitment can have a positive effect on regulating emotions and reducing aggressive behavior of people, and also there is a gap of studies in This field is the researcher's motivation for the research to investigate this situation more closely. Finally, the contents of this research, it is an attempt to answer the basic question of whether treatment based on acceptance and commitment reduces emotion regulation, aggressive behavior, and self-mutilation. Does it affect students?

The research method was quasi-experimental and the statistical population included teenage students with self-mutilation who were referred to the school counseling core and were referred to the emergency room of Zahedan city hospital in 1400. The sampling method was simply random, which included 40 people in three groups (20 people with acceptance and commitment therapy and 20 people as a control group). The research tools included the cognitive regulation of emotion questionnaires of Granfsky et al. (2003), aggression AGQ, and self-injury (SHI)). The experimental group received the intervention treatment method based on acceptance and commitment using cognitive behavioral therapy techniques in 8 one-and-a-half-hour sessions based on Bond and Hayes's (2004) treatment package. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software with multivariate analysis of covariance tests.

The results showed that the therapy training program based on acceptance and commitment had a significant effect on improving emotion regulation and reducing aggressive and self-harming behavior of students.

In explaining this finding, it can be stated that treatment based on acceptance and commitment, unlike most treatments, does not seek to change the content of thought. For example, cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders seeks to help clients reduce their distress by changing cognitive and behavioral responses to anxiety. In fact, cognitive-behavioral therapy enables clients to create a new communication network of compatible thoughts and behaviors that compete with incompatible networks and memories and eliminate them. To achieve this goal, cognitive-behavioral therapy includes these components: training on the nature of fear and anxiety, reviewing signs and symptoms, training on body relaxation and correct breathing, cognitive reconstruction, behavioral tests, and imaginary exposure. And alive with mental images, bodily sensations, and situations, preventing responses. In cognitive reconstruction, clients learn to challenge the validity of anxiety-inducing thoughts, identify the cognitive errors that these thoughts reflect, and create alternative thoughts for them. Behavioral experiments directly challenge anxiety-based predictions. It helps clients approach the feared stimulus and see if their expected consequences occur. Response prevention confronts clients with the stimulus and anxiety-causing contexts, and at the same time prevents anxiety-reducing behaviors and avoidance behaviors. But treatment based on acceptance and commitment is a behavioral treatment that uses the skills of mindfulness, acceptance, and cognitive dissonance to increase psychological flexibility. In therapy based on acceptance and commitment, psychological flexibility means increasing the client's ability to connect with their experience in the present and choose to act in a way that is appropriate based on what is possible for them at that moment. With their chosen values, establishing this situation can have a positive effect on regulating people's emotions. In the alternative explanation, the treatment is based on acceptance and commitment to cognitive reconstruction, acceptance of symptoms, and control of behavior. Acceptance in therapy based on acceptance and commitment is defined as: "Accepting an event or situation and letting go of the dysfunctional symptom control program and an active process of feeling emotions as emotions, thinking thoughts as thoughts, and so on. Acceptance should not be confused with tolerance or submission. Both of these are passive and imperative. In fact, acceptance means being aware of inner experiences (thoughts, feelings, memories, and physical symptoms) and actively accepting them, without taking action to reduce them and without taking action based on their verbal aspect, in treatment based on acceptance and commitment to control and Avoidance is a context in which experiencing an internal event in this context can be traumatic. Therefore, instead of focusing on changing that internal event, the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy therapist seeks to change this context. By changing this context and turning it into a context of acceptance, any internal event can be experienced without being traumatic. And by changing this context, the goal of functional Contextualism, i.e. predicting behavior and influencing behavior, is realized.

Self-mutilation of the armed forces is criminalized in the two legal systems of Iran and the United States and self-mutilation is a crime in many cases in these two countries. While the principle of criminalizing self-mutilation of the armed forces is criticized, heavy punishments for self-mutilation of the armed forces have been considered in Iran's legal system.

This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations:

In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.

There are fundamental differences in looking at the proportionality category in the two criminal law systems of Iran and the United States of America regarding self-mutilation. The element of proportionality is the most important element because self-mutilation is not considered a crime in society and the same act in the armed forces can bring the most severe punishment, which is death and punishment, even in the United States of America, the punishment is ten years in prison and deprivation of all rights. And benefits and dismissal for ten years are considered a disproportionate punishment.

In comparison and due to the fact that in the United States of America, all dimensions of self-harm in the armed forces have been taken into account and a combined punishment that includes dismissal from work for a period of time, deprivation of rights and benefits for a period of time and finally imprisonment for a period of time, can be He said that the element of proportionality in determining the punishment is better observed in this country. Articles 83 and 134 of the Uniform Law of Military Justice 2016 have respected the proportionality in determining punishment by observing the minimum and maximum, Article 51 of the Armed Forces Crimes Punishment Law 1382 has also observed this proportionality, except in the case of combat.

The aim of the current research was the pathology of self-harm (suicide and self-mutilation) among divorced women with borderline personality disorder syndrome: the case study was divorced women with temporary marriage experience.

The method of the current research was a qualitative phenomenological type. The study sample included 15 divorced women with experience of temporary marriage in the western cities of Tehran province (Rabat Karim and Parand) in 2019, who had problems related to borderline personality disorder with cases registered in welfare, which were selected by sampling method. were selected purposefully. To identify women, borderline personality disorder questionnaire (Leichsenring, 1999) was distributed among 350 people and 15 people with scores higher than 10 were selected, then a semi-structured interview was conducted with 15 of the selected people, then a word-for-word interview was conducted. was constructed and analyzed by interpretive phenomenology method.

In this study, 3 main themes and several sub-themes were identified: 1) emotions, such as impulsive behaviors, rapid changes in self-image and mood changes; 2) environmental sensitivity, such as inflexible laws and; 3) Communication, such as lack of mutual understanding, difficulty in conversation, superficial relationship and lack of empathy. 

According to the findings, it can be said that self-harm in divorced women is influenced by personality traits, emotions, environmental sensitivity and communication, and it is necessary to provide a support system for divorced women with psychological problems.

The family traditionally has special supportive care functions; However, in recent times, this social institution, along with increasing the fluidity of public culture, has faced significant functional challenges. Among them is the inability of the family to control adolescents formally and informally, which results in general abnormalities such as self-harm. This study aimed to investigate the family contexts leading to self-harm among female students in Yazd.

 This research was done by using a qualitative approach and the underlying theory method. Twenty-three high school girls in Yazd were selected by theoretical sampling method. They were in-depth interviewed about self-harm in the context of family issues. Until the data saturation, the theoretical sampling process continued. 

The data were analyzed by the open, axial, and selective coding method and presented as storylines including twenty-six main categories and one core category and paradigm model. Results showed that family time-space separation is mainly created by some agents including emotional/financial deficit, losing father, and family anomie by the second marriage, analogy humiliation, lived experience of punishment and injury, and the heritage of self-harm and consumption. Adolescent girls are choosing different strategies for this matter including comprehensive secrecy, dual behaviors in home and school, conventional show-off, and self-harm. These strategies can cause consequences such as the new family utopia, emotional separation from parents, persistent frustration, and trauma.

Family time-space separation has led to a problematic situation in which families lost their functions and capability of making positive change. In other words, there is no ability to solve problems from existing paths, or especially from prior and traditional paths. As a result, smart intervention measures must be taken in such families.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation and impulsivity control in self-reported soldiers.

In a quasi-experimental research design, 20 soldiers with self-harm symptoms were selected based on available sampling criteria and randomly divided into two experimental groups (10 subjects). And the control group (n = 10). Experimental group received 12 sessions of dialectical behavior therapy intervention in both groups. Participants in both groups were evaluated by Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Garnefsky Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P), and the Self-Behavior Questionnaire Gratz (GISB) in three stages of pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and SPSS software.

The results showed that group-based dialectical behavior therapy had a positive effect on the modification of emotion regulation strategies in soldiers with a history of self-injury and group dialectic behavior therapy training had a positive effect on reducing impulsivity. It has also been effective on some subscales of emotion regulation and impulsivity of soldiers with a history of self-harm.

The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy has a significant effect on increasing emotion regulation and impulsive control of soldiers with a history of self-harm.

Given the high prevalence of self-mutilation during military service as an important and sometimes stressful period for young people, it is essential to identify the interventions that prevent or reduce this problem. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Emotional Schema Therapy on improving cognitive emotion regulation in the soldiers with self-mutilation attempts.

This study was conducted following a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study design in 2019. The participants in this study consisted of 20 soldiers who referred to (505 Army Psychiatric Hospital) and were selected using availability sampling assigned to two groups, the experimental group and the control group awaiting treatment (10 in each group). Participants in the experimental group received 10 sessions of Emotional Schema Therapy for 90 minutes per week, and participants in the control group awaiting treatment did not receive any intervention. The instruments used in this study included Inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS), and a researcher-made demographic information questionnaire.

The mean ages of soldiers in the experimental and control groups were 19.7±1.6 and 19.5±1.7 years old, respectively. All participants were male and single. The results obtained from Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) confirmed the effect of Emotional Schema Therapy on reducing self-mutilation attempts (75%) and increased cognitive emotion regulation (76-89 percent) in soldiers (P<0.01).

According to the findings of the present study, it is suggested that Emotional Schema Therapy was effective and psychologists in military counseling centers after completing the necessary training courses, use the emotional schema therapy approach to treat and reduce self-mutilation attempts in soldiers.

Soldiering is a stressful period in which there is a possibility of self-harm, so it is necessary to consider ways to reduce it. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of resiliency training in reducing stress and self-injury and increasing the resiliency of soldiers.

This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group waiting for treatment in 2018. The statistical population consisted of 20 soldiers referred to the 505 Army Hospital in Tehran who were selected by convenience sampling and were assigned into two groups of 10 (experimental and control). The experimental group received resilience training in 10 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group received no intervention. The instruments used in this study were Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS), Clonensky Self-Reporting Inventory and Conner Resilience Questionnaire (ISAS) and Davidson (CD-RIS). Multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 24 were used for data analysis.

The mean age of the soldiers in the experimental and control groups was 20.6±2.3 and 20.4±1.5 years, respectively, and the mean length of military service was 5.3±2.5 and 7.7±4.1 months, respectively. Resiliency training program significantly reduced stress (98%) and self-injury (91%) in soldiers in the intervention group and significantly increased resilience (98%) (p <0.01).

Resiliency training seems to be effective in improving stress and self-harm syndrome and resilience in soldiers and it can be used in garrison settings.