خوش بینی

Considering many life problems today, research on positive psychology is growing daily. Psychological well-being is a state of mind and the ability to cope with problems and different communication modes in society. Among the positive factors that affect psychological well-being are worry, self-efficacy, distress tolerance, hope, and optimism. Considering that students constitute a considerable part of the country's population and mental health is directly related to all aspects of people's lives, mental health and well-being are necessary for the maintenance and durability of the social, occupational, and academic functions of the people in society. This condition causes improvement and growth and realizes the human character. So, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between worry, self-efficacy, and disturbance tolerance with the psychological well-being of junior and senior high school students with the mediating role of hope and optimism.

The research method used correlational analysis, which was done using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all senior and junior female and male high school students in the city of Bileh-Swar, Iran, in the academic year 2022-2023. According to the conceptual model of the research and observance of the minimal criteria proposed by Klein (2016), 200 people were selected as the standard sample. The random sampling method was a multi-stage cluster. Data were gathered via the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) (Scheier et al. 1994), the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB) (Ryff, 1989), the Penn State Anxiety Questionnaire (PSWQ) (Meyer et al., 1990), the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) (Simons & Gaher, 2005), the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Snyder et al., 1991), and the Self-Efficacy Scale (Sherer et al., 1982). The Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis using SPSS 24 and AMOS 24. The significance level in all tests was considered 0.05.

The results showed direct paths between worry (p<0.001, β=-0.75), self-efficacy (p<0.001, β=0.44), disturbance tolerance (p<0.001, β=0.61), hope (p<0.001, β=0.75) and optimism (p<0.001, β=0.81) were significant with psychological well-being. The goodness of fit indices supported the good fit of the research model with the collected data (RMSEA=0.071, CFI=0.933, AGFI=0.927, IFI=0.941, GFI=0.932, NFI=0.939, CMIN/df=2.50).

Based on the research findings, worry has a negative and significant effect on psychological well-being, and self-efficacy and disturbance tolerance have a positive and significant effect on psychological well-being. In addition, hope and optimism effectively play a mediating role between worry and self-efficacy and distress tolerance with psychological well-being.

Examining the mental health of female heads of the household and the factors affecting it is important. studies have shown that psychological capital can predict the mental health of people. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the lived experience of women heads of households about the role of psychological capital in mental health.

The research was a qualitative phenomenological type. The participants of this research were the female applicants who were the head of the household covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Birjand. interviews were conducted with 21 women through the purposeful criterion sampling method and based on the entry criteria, and this process continued until the theoretical saturation of the data. The research tool was semi-structured interview. To analyze the data from Colaizzi's seven-step strategy and to validate the answer to the main research question about the role of psychological capital in the mental health, Guba and Lincoln's four criteria were used. Finally, the research data was coded in the MAXQDA-11.

The data were categorized into 4 axes: "self-efficacy", "resilience", "optimism" and "hope". The analysis showed that the psychological capitals, including self-efficacy, resilience, optimism and hope, have played a very important role in dealing with psychological tensions and developing the mental health of female heads of households.

The results while explaining the importance of psychological capital in improving the mental health of women heads of households and the importance of conducting more extensive research with the aim of understanding the dimensions of this effect, bring this importance to the support organizations to work hard in order to improve the psychological capital of women heads of households

During their working process nurses are involved in extensive tensions which cause an increase in compassion fatigue and a decrease in empathy and optimism which has a negative effect on the quality of their clinical services.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of group spiritual-Islamic mindfulness on nurses’ compassion fatigue, empathy and optimism.

This research was a semi-experimental study whose statistical population included nurses working in Arefian Hospital in Urmia city. In the year 1401, 60 nurses were selected randomly using available sampling method and were put into two experimental and control groups (30 people in each group). The experimental group received inervention during 8 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The measurement tools were questionnaires from Figley's Compassion Fatigue (1995), Baron-Cohen's Empathy (2003) and Seligman’s Pessimism-Optimism (1982). The participants completed the questionnaires in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up phases. The data was analyzed using the repeated measures and SPSS22 software.

There was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the experimental and control groups in all three research variables. The intervention of group spiritual-Islamic mindfulness had a significant effect on nurses’ compassion fatigue (F = 10.980; P < 0.01), empathy (F = 53.071; P < 0.01) and optimism (F = 25.406; P < 0.01).

Group spiritual-Islamic mindfulness was effective on nurses' compassion fatigue, empathy, and optimism; Therefore, this intervention can be used to improve the performance and quality of clinical care of nurses.

Nurses are under great mental and emotional pressure at work; therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of optimism and spiritual experiences in predicting the psychological stress in nurses.

The present study was a descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all the nurses of the Coronary and Emergency Department of Waliasr Hospital in Birjand in the first two months of 2022; 104 nurses participated in the study selected by available sampling, including all the people of the statistical population in the form of a census; they responded to the Spiritual Experience Questionnaire of Underwood and Tersey, and the optimism subscale of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire by Luthans et al. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression on the SPSS version 24 software. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

The results showed that the calculated correlation between spiritual experiences (r=0.603) and optimism (r=0.416) with psychological stress was negative (P<0.01). And the components of spiritual experiences and optimism explained 46.8% of the variance in psychological pressure.

The results of the study show the importance of optimism and spiritual experiences in reducing the psychological stress of nurses, therefore, in order to reduce the psychological stress of nurses, it is recommended to strengthen optimism and spiritual experiences in the framework of educational workshops in hospitals and health care centers.

One of the most important concerns of education today is to increase the quality of learning in students and solve their learning problems. Among the factors that can be effective in this field is procrastination. Based on this, the aim of the current research was to compare the effectiveness of creativity training and learning strategies training on optimism and adaptive social performance of procrastinating female students.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all second high school female students of Arak city in the academic year of 1998, numbering 13,700 people. Out of this number, 60 students whose academic procrastination score was low were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to three groups, two experimental groups and one experimental group (20 people in each group). The first experiment group received the research educational intervention including the creativity training program based on the Pirkhafi model (2013) and the second experiment group received learning strategies training based on the Kerami and Amirtimori model (2013). In this research, procrastination, optimism and adaptive performance questionnaires were used. Also, multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data..

The results of the analysis showed that in the field of creativity training and learning strategies training, there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the level of academic vitality and self-efficacy, and there is also a significant difference in the comparison of the effectiveness of the training in favor of creativity training (p≤0.001).

The results of the present study indicated that teaching creativity and learning strategies promotes optimism and adaptive performance in procrastinating female students

 The commitment of nurses to their jobs and patients has made nursing one of the human service professions susceptible to burnout syndrome. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict burnout based on metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia with the mediation of optimism in nurses.

 The current research was based on applied purpose and descriptive-correlational research design, specifically, structural equation modeling. The statistical population in this research was all the nurses in the hospitals of Qom City in 1401, and 200 nurses were randomly selected to participate in the present research. In this field study, the participants completed  Burnout questionnaires by Meslech and Jackson (1986), a metacognition questionnaire by Wells and Cartwright-Houghton (2004), the Toronto dyslexia scale, and the Scheer and Carver optimism scale (1994). Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and structural equation model using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software.

 The results showed that the correlation coefficients between the variables are significant (p<0.01) and there is a positive and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia with burnout in nurses, and there is a negative and significant relationship between optimism and burnout (p<0.01). Also, there was a negative and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia and nurses' optimism (p<0.01). Also, the results of the path analysis showed that optimism plays a mediating role in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia with nurses' burnout.

 In general, current research emphasizes the importance of optimism in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and alexithymia with nurses' burnout and optimism is an effective factor in reducing nurses' burnout.

Optimism and hope are a group of non-cognitive abilities and skills that increase the ability of a person to succeed in coping with educational pressures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of optimism and hope belief in predicting the academic vitality of students of Payame Noor University in Zahedan.

A correlation research design was used to conduct this study. The study population consisted of psychology students of Payam Noor University of Zahedan in the academic year 97-98, 80 of whom were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using Shire & Carver's Life Orientation Questionnaires (1994), Schneider's Life Expectations (2008), and Hossein Chari and Dehghanizadeh's Academic Health (2012) and were then analyzed using SPSS-23 software. Pearson correlation and regression models were analyzed.

Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between academic life with hope (r = 0.46) at 99% confidence level, but there was not significant relationship between academic life and optimism (0.05≤ p). Also, strategic thinking measures could explain 48% of students' academic vitality.

The results indicate the importance of hopelessness variables in predicting students' vitality in psychology. Therefore, students' hopes can be raised to improve their academic vitality.

Among the tensions that nurses face during their service, we can mention job burnout, which is influenced by several factors. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of optimism and religious coping in predicting nurses' burnout.

The present study was a correlational descriptive study. The research population included all the male and female nurses working in the first three months of 1401 at Imam Hossein Karaj Hospital (400 people), based on the table of Gorjesi and Morgan (1971), 196 were selected by stratified sampling method (male and female).. And they responded to the questionnaires of life orientation of Shier and Carver (1985), religious confrontation of Iranians, Irizar and Aguilar (2010) and job burnout of Maslach (1996). Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression with the help of SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that the correlation between optimism and religious coping with job burnout was negative and significant (p<0.01). Also, optimism and religious coping explain 38% of the variance of job burnout.

By using religious confrontations and having an optimistic attitude in the work environment of nurses, it is possible to target nursing actions, make it easier to bear work problems, and consequently, it can reduce their job burnout.

Women's health in different dimensions is related to the health of the family and ultimately the health of the society, so the present study was conducted with the aim of the role of optimism and spiritual experience in predicting women's psychological health.

This descriptive research was of the correlational type and the research population included all the women working in the health, treatment and health centers of the 10th district of Tehran in 2022 (6000 thousand people), which according to the table of Kejarsi and Morgan (1971), 360 People were selected as samples using available sampling method; And they responded to the optimism questionnaires of Shier and Carver (1985), spiritual experiences: Underwood and Tersey (2002) and psychological health of Goldberg and Hiller (1979). Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression were used in data analysis using SPSS version 23 software.

The results showed that the relationship between optimism (r = -0.552) and spiritual experience (r = -0.586) with psychological health was negative and significant (p < 0.01). Also, optimism and spiritual experience components (40.8%) had the ability to predict women's psychological health.

Based on the results, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of optimism and spiritual experience in predicting women's psychological health

Public vaccination programs are a way to control the Covid-19 disease. The success of a vaccination program requires the acceptance of the Corona vaccine by the society. The aim of the present study was to predict the acceptance of the Corona vaccine by medical students based on their anxiety, optimism and rumination.

Methods and Materials:

 This was a descriptive and correlational research. The study population consisted of all the medical students of Azad University, Tehran, Iran during the academic year 2021-2022, from among whom a sample of 509 was selected by the available sampling method. Data were collected using the Acceptance of the Corona Vaccine (KAPC), Anxiety of the Corona Virus (CDAS), Life Orientation (LOT) and Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation, partial correlation and standard regression tests.

Data analysis showed that several variables including corona anxiety (with components of mental and physical anxiety), optimism (with components of expectation of a positive outcome and hope for the future) and confidence in the safety of vaccine could positively predict the acceptance of the Corona vaccine. Rumination (with two components of depression symptoms and brooding) negatively predicted the acceptance of corona vaccine. Finally, the reflecting component, age and gender could not significantly predict the acceptance of the Corona vaccine.

To increase the acceptance rate of corona vaccine, paying attention to the roles of psychological factors such as corona anxiety, optimism, trust, and rumination can be helpful.

The current research was conducted with the aim of determining the role of mental resilience and optimism through the mediation of social support on anxiety during the corona pandemic period on the employees of the technology centers.

The research method is practical in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of approach. The statistical population of the research includes the employees of technology centers. The sample size of the research includes 200 people. A simple random method was used to select the statistical sample. Data collection tools include Green et al.'s standard organizational optimism questionnaire, as well as Good's existential anxiety scale and Conner and Davidson's standard resilience questionnaire. In order to test the hypotheses of the research, the structural model has been estimated in two modes of non-standard and standard coefficients.

The value of Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability index for all research variables is higher than 0.7, indicating the reliability of the variables, and the average extracted variance or AVE for all research variables is higher than 0.5, indicating the convergent validity of the variables. Also, the direct effect of resilience, optimism and social support on anxiety is significant, and the direct effect of optimism and resilience on social support was proved.

According to the obtained results, it can be said that with the increase of optimism and resilience and social support, anxiety decreases and it can also be said that with the increase of optimism and resilience, social support also increases

Studentschr('39') relationship with school is one of the most important aspects of education, several variables can be involved in this relationship and affect it. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of predicting school-based relationships based on academic optimism and emotional schemas.

The present study was descriptive and correlational and its statistical population consisted of all high school students in Kangavar in the academic year 1399-99. A total of 200 individuals were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Measurement tools were questionnaires related to Rezaei Sharif et al. (2011), Shearer and Carverchr('39')s academic optimism questionnaire and Leahy emotional schema questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis.

The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between optimism and emotional schemas associated with the school of students. Also, 52% of the total variance of the connection with the school of students can be predicted based on optimism and emotional schemas.

Accordingly, predictor variables can be considered as important and key components in the relationship and connection of students with school, and awareness of parents and teachers can lead to deepening and strengthening the connection with studentschr('39') school.

Borderline personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, emotions, impulsivity, and suicidal behavior, which develops in early adulthood and manifests in a variety of contexts. It is important to determine what psychological factors contribute to increasing the level of psychological well–being. One of the factors related to psychological well–being is optimism. The next important factor related to mental well–being is resilience. Some of the consequences of high–level features of borderline personality disorder are that may interfere with emotional regulation, achieving life goals, and psychological well–being. So, this study aimed to examine the relationship between optimism and resilience with psychological well–being based on the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation of university students with symptoms of borderline personality disorder at Allameh Tabatabai University.

The present study was analytical using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study was all students of Allameh Tabatabai University in Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year of 2018–2019, which according to the information was 18500 students. Because the target sample of this study, students had symptoms of borderline personality disorder at Allameh Tabatabai University, the research sample was selected by purposive sampling method using a Borderline Personality Scale (Jackson and Claridge, 1991), and considering the cut–off point 10 among the students. Finally, 554 students with symptoms of borderline personality disorder were selected. Data were collected via Psychological Well–Being Scale (Ryff, 1989), Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor and Davidson, 2003), the Optimism Questionnaire (Scheier et al., 1994), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to analyze the data of this research. In the descriptive statistics section, the lowest and highest scores, mean and standard deviation were used. In the inferential statistics section, the Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used in SPSS version 23 and LISREL version 8.80. The significance level for all tests was considered 0.05.

The results showed that among the research variables, spirituality and open–mindedness and refocusing on planning had a higher degree of a direct relationship with psychological well–being (p<0.05). On the other hand, rumination and catastrophizing variables had a lower degree of inverse relationship with psychological well–being (p<0.05). Also, the indirect effect of optimism (p=0.042, β=0.072) and resilience (p=0.001, β=0.277) on psychological well–being through positive emotional cognitive regulation was significant. Also, the indirect effect of optimism (p=0.126, β=0.011) and resilience (p=0.187, β=0.006) with psychological well–being through negative emotional cognitive regulation was insignificant. Also, the fit indices were all at a suitable level (NFI=0.93, CFI=0.94, GFI=0.92, AGFI=0.90, RMSEA=0.064).

The results of this study show that emotion regulation is an important psychological construct in predicting borderline personality symptoms and in clinical interventions, emotion regulation can be considered a useful goal to reduce the symptoms of borderline personality disorder.

Cardiovascular patients face many problems in the field of health and marital life, and in this field couple therapy method with compassion therapy can be effective. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determine the effectiveness of couple therapy with compassion therapy method on depression, married quality life and optimism in cardiovascular patients.

This study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with control group. The research population was cardiovascular patients referred to Javad Al-Aeme Cardiovascular Hospital of Mashhad city in the first half of 2021 year, which from them 30 people after reviewing the inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling method and by simple random with lottery replaced in two equal groups. The experimental group 8 sessions of 90-minute (two sessions per week) underwent the couple therapy with compassion therapy method and during this period the control group did not receive any training. Data were collected through the questionnaires of depression (Beck & Clarck, 1988), marital life quality (Zhang et al, 2013) and optimism (Scheier et al, 1994) and analyzed by tests of Chi-square, independent t and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-19 software.

The findings showed that the experimental and control groups did not significantly different in terms of education, gender, age and duration of cardiovascular disease (P>0.05). Before the intervention, there was no significantly different between the mean scores of depression, marital life quality and optimism of the experimental and control groups (P>0.05), but after the intervention, was found significantly different between the mean scores of all three variables (P<0.05). The couple therapy with compassion therapy method led to reduced depression (F=151/44) and increased marital life quality (F=139/48) and optimism (F=381/53) in cardiovascular patients (P<0.001).

The results of this research indicated the effectiveness of couple therapy with compassion therapy method on reducing depression and increasing marital life quality and optimism in cardiovascular patients. Therefore, health professionals and therapists can use this method to improve the characteristics of related to health and married life in cardiovascular patients.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between economic resilience and age and psychological well-being with the mediating role of optimism in COVID-19 epidemic in small and medium-sized businesses. The methodology was correlational using structural equations. To this end, 230 people with small businesses in Kerman were selected using purposeful non-random sampling method. They answered the questionnaires of economic resilience, optimism, and psychological well-being. The data were analyzed by path analysis using Amos and SPSS. The findings showed that economic resilience not only directly affected psychological well-being, but it also indirectly affects peoplechr('39')s psychological well-being in COVID-19 epidemic through influencing optimism. Moreover, it was found that age had an indirect effect on psychological well-being and the model had a good fit. According to the findings, it can be concluded that in the situation of COVID-19 epidemic, optimism plays a mediating role in the relationship between economic resilience, age, and psychological well-being.

It is necessary to pay attention to the perception of competence and quality of life in students because of its effective role on mental, physical and social health; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of optimism training on the perception of competence and quality of life of elementary students.

In a quasi-experimental study of pre-test and post-test with a control group, from the fifth and sixth grade students of Chabahar city in the academic year 2020-2021, 30 people were selected by available sampling method and in two A group of 15 people were tested and tested; And responded to Harter's Merit Perception Scale and Quality of Life Ravens Siberi et al. The students in the experimental group underwent Seligman optimism training for 8 sessions of 60 minutes, but the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and multivariate analysis of covariance at the significance level of α = 0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the perception of competence and quality of life of students in the experimental group compared to the control group (P <0.01).

The results showed that optimism education improved the perception of competence and quality of life of elementary students, so the results of the study require more attention of educators in the field of the effect of optimism on improving the psychological status of students.

Academic stress is a result of the individual's assessment based on the experience of inconsistency between understanding the demands of academic opportunities and  Intrapersonal resources. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of optimism educational package by storytelling method on academic stress in girl’s children.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students in Kerman in the academic year 2019-2020. A total of 40 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then, Ang and Huan's academic stress questionnaire was administered to all three groups. The experimental groups received 10 sessions of storytelling optimism training. After the intervention, all two groups completed the above questionnaire as a post-test.

The results showed that the intra-case factor of teachers' expectations is significant in three levels of pre-test, posttest (p <0.01 and F = 120.57 (114 and 2), so it can be concluded that the expectations of parents/teachers of individuals are significantly different at tow levels. Also, since the results are significant in the interaction between the expectations of parents/teachers and the group (p <0.01 and F = 18.09 (114 and 2), so it can be concluded that the interaction between the expectations of parents/teachers and groups are meaningful.

Considering the effectiveness of storytelling optimism training, it is suggested that it be used to improve students 'psychological health and reduce students' stress.

Positive psychology is one of important branches of psychology that investigates the psychological positive aspects of human such as well-being, welfare and experiences of flow. Optimism is of this kind of variables and many studies on optimism show that optimists have a better status in terms of psychological variables compared to others, which is one of indexes of mental health. It may be understood that the closest concept to optimism in religious contexts is “favorable opinion” meaning “good thoughts”. The objective of this study is to investigate “favorable opinion” as a mental health index from the perspective of Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya and explain its difference with optimism.

This study was carried out using analytical and interpretive method by referring to the Quran verses and narrations of other infallibles with an emphasis on Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya and comparative analysis of the psychological findings. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Favorable opinion has various concepts in Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya. In spite of optimism in psychology, which is interpreted from an “individual” and “human” perspective, favorable opinionin Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya is interpreted from a “God” and “Human” aspects.

The most important innovative aspect of this research is studying the concept of favorable opinionin all supplications of Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjdiyya and interpretive use of the Quranic verses and narrations to show the influence of favorable opinionon mental health. Results of this study show that favorable opinion of God and human may cause spiritual peace, reduction of grief and better communication with the others. These features cause mental health. In spite of some common subscriptions, “favorable opinion” and “optimism” have some differences. A major difference between them, as emphasized in religious contexts is that the human must fully trust God while such a view is not a scientific approach about optimism in psychology. Finally, considering the differences between these two concepts, it may be concluded that the concept of “favorable opinion” is wider and deeper compared to optimism.

Diabetic patients rescued from Coronavirus face many health-related problems. One of the therapeutic methods derived from positive psychology to reduce health-related problems is the well-being therapy method. As a result, this research aimed to determine the effectiveness of well-being therapy on fasting blood sugar, depression, happiness, and optimism in diabetic patients rescued from Coronavirus.

This study was semi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The research population includes diabetic patients rescued from the Coronavirus who were members of Mashhad diabetes association in 2020. Forty people were selected by purposive sampling technique and randomly divided into two equal groups. The experimental group was trained 10 sessions of 90 minutes with the well-being therapy method (two sessions per week) and the control group was placed on the waiting list for training. The research tools were the blood sugar test and questionnaires of depression, happiness, and optimism. Data were analyzed using tests of chi-square, independent t, and multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the groups in the pretest stage were not significantly different in terms of fasting blood sugar, depression, happiness, and optimism (p<0.05), but in the posttest stage there was a significant difference in terms of all four variables (p<0.001). In other words, the well-being therapy led to a decrease in fasting blood sugar and depression and an increase in happiness and optimism in diabetic patients rescued from Coronavirus.

Based on the results of this research, health experts and therapists can use the well-being therapy method along with other treatment methods for health-related interventions.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress management training on academic burnout, self-efficacy and students' optimism. The family is the cornerstone of human societies and plays a significant role in the strength of social relations and the growth of each individual in society. In this regard, efforts to strengthen the family and stabilize relationships within the family, firstly, the health and individual well-being of family members and secondly, improve the level of social health. The family institution as an institution that has long been considered by researchers in socializing and transferring basic life skills can have various functions, one of which is to raise healthy and efficient children. This function will be achieved if we have the necessary knowledge in the field of recognizing relationships and the impact of parental behavior on children's behavior and make appropriate decisions at the right time. It is important to have the right mindset. Mindfulness is a concept that in recent years, under the influence of Buddhist thought, has attracted the attention of psychologists, psychotherapists and researchers. Mindfulness is defined as the state of arousal and awareness of what is happening in the present moment. Mindfulness helps us to understand that negative emotions may occur, but they are not a permanent part of the personality. It also allows the individual to respond thoughtfully rather than respond to events involuntarily. Dort and Pinto-Gavia (2016) in a study examined the effect of mindfulness on adaptive behaviors and concluded that mindfulness has a significant effect on improving adaptive behaviors in personal and professional life. Carrots, Steinboon, Speaker, Rah and Van Schick (2016) have also reported similar results and have concluded that mindfulness has an effect on improving adaptive behaviors and reduces psychological problems. In this regard, psychologists have been using mindfulness for some time to reduce stress levels and stress management. Mindfulness-based stress management training teaches people to observe thoughts, feelings, and situations without judgment and not to act impulsively. Mindfulness-based stress management seeks to reduce stress and increase the level of psychological well-being of individuals. Therefore, mindfulness-based stress management training for parents can change the behavior of parents, which can affect the interaction of parents with students, as well as their behavior. So far, no coherent and significant studies have been conducted in this field that the researcher in this study seeks to investigate the effectiveness of stress management training based on mindfulness on academic burnout, self-efficacy and optimism of students. Self-efficacy, hope and optimism are three concepts that are closely related. All three of these structures are related to the expectations of achieving positive results in the future, and of course there are differences. Regarding hope and self-efficacy, Snyder (2002) stated that self-efficacy mainly refers to the expectation or expectation of a person who thinks he can do a certain activity, while hope is related to the expectations that a person has. He thinks he will achieve his goals. In line with this claim, Bandura (1977) compared self-efficacy with expectations of goal outcomes. In this regard, output and performance expectations are different, because people can believe that a particular action will produce certain results, but if they have serious doubts about whether they can take the necessary action. Such information does not affect their behavior. On the other hand, optimism is a kind of hope for the result. According to Snyder (2002), as opposed to hope and optimism, optimism is primarily expected to have positive results regardless of one's actions, while hope is explicitly about the expectations that are met. Positive results will occur through planning (directions) and motivation (authority) of the person. Shereer, Carver, and Bridge (2001) define optimism as "hopes that are generalized - hopes that are more or less relevant to one's entire living space."

This research is applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of method. The statistical population of the study included first year high school students in Tehran in the first semester of the 2018-2019 academic year and their parents, of which 30 students (15 as an experimental group and 15 as a control group) Together with their parents, they were selected as a study sample by multistage cluster random sampling. Among the experimental group, mindfulness-based stress management training based on Kabat Zayn (1970) training package was performed in 8 two-hour sessions and during this period, the control group did not receive any training. Data collection tools required for the study included Bresso et al.'s (1997) burnout questionnaire, Scherer et al.'s (1982) self-efficacy beliefs questionnaire, and a revised version of the life orientation test (LOT-R; Schier, Carver, & Briggs, 1994). Finally, after ensuring the normal distribution of research variables, the data obtained from the research questionnaires were analyzed using analysis of covariance.

The results showed that mindfulness-based stress management training has a significant effect on reducing the level of academic burnout and improving students' self-efficacy and optimism.

From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that reducing the level of academic burnout and improving self-efficacy and optimism of students need to learn stress management skills based on mindfulness among parents. Mindfulness-based stress management seeks to reduce stress and increase the level of psychological well-being of individuals. Therefore, mindfulness-based stress management training for parents can change the behavior of parents, which can affect the interaction of parents with students, as well as their behavior. So far, no coherent and significant studies have been conducted in this field that the researcher in this study seeks to investigate the effectiveness of stress management training based on mindfulness on academic burnout, self-efficacy and optimism of students. Self-efficacy, hope and optimism are three concepts that are closely related. All three of these structures are related to the expectations of achieving positive results in the future, and of course there are differences. In general, it can be concluded that improving students' self-efficacy and optimism requires learning mindfulness-based stress management skills among parents. Therefore, it is appropriate for schools to improve the psychological factors in students by providing suitable conditions for the development of stress control based on mindfulness, planning and management at work.