جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "درد" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Valepotriate (from Valeriana officinalis) on pain and inflammation in rats and to determine its possible analgesic and inflammatory mechanisms.

The present study was conducted with the objective of investigating the anti-inflammatory effect. To this end, 40 male rats were randomly divided into five groups. In the pain test, 56 male rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=8 each). Inflammation test: 1- Normal saline group, 2- Xylene group, 3- Dexamethasone group, 4 and 5- Groups that received the active ingredient Valepotriate at doses of 0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg as a single dose for each animal. Pain test: 1- Saline group, 2- Formalin, 3- Morphine + Formalin group, 4-5- Valepotriate group (0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg) + Formalin, 6- Naloxone + Extract group (0.2 mg/kg) + Formalin, 7- Naloxone+ Morphine + Formalin group

The results showed a significant decrease in pain response time at 0.2 doses of Valepotriate in acute and chronic pain phases compared to Formalin (P<0.001). Valepotriate active ingredient also exerted its inhibitory effect on xylene-induced inflammation, with the best inhibition percentage observed for 0.2 mg/kg dose and dexamethasone with extract at 0.2 mg/kg (P<0.01).

According to the results, Valepotriate has a relatively strong analgesic effect. It is likely that the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract is at least relatively similar to that of morphine based on opioid receptors. In the inflammation test, the extract was able to inhibit inflammation in a way similar to dexamethasone.

Peyronie's disease is a relatively rare urological disorder that can cause pain during erection, penile angle deviation, and sexual dysfunction due to the formation of plaque in the tunica albuginea part of the male penis. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for the management of Peyronie's disease is one of the emerging interventions. In this study, we aim to explore the effects of ESWT on Peyronie's disease.

We studied patients with the acute phase of Peyronie's who were treated with ESWT during the past two years, from 2021 to 2023. All patients were referred to the urology clinic of Imam Reza Hospital. Information including age, characteristics of fibrotic plaques, concurrent treatments other than ESWT, International Erectile Dysfunction Index (IIEF-5), and the severity of pain was extracted and documented from the patients' records by the urologist before and after the treatment.

The average age of the studied patients was 54.1 years. Eight percent of patients had a history of trauma to the penis, 30% suffered from diabetes, and 36% had high blood pressure. According to the statistical analysis, ESWT reduced pain and elevated the IIEF-5 score. However, this treatment had no impact on the length of the plaque.

ESWT, as a non-invasive intervention, can lessen pain sooner than the normal progression of the disease and improve the sexual performance of the individual. However, this approach had no significant effect on the length of Peyronie's plaque.

Cataract surgery is the most common surgery in the world. The prevalence of age-related cataract increases with age, and its prevalence increases with each decade of age after forty years. Various drugs are used to control analgesia and hemodynamics in patients undergoing cataract surgery. The purpose of this study is to compare dexmedetomidine and 2% lidocaine in the control of analgesia and hemodynamic changes in cataract surgery with local anesthesia.

In this double-blind clinical trial study, 52 patients with anesthesia class I and II underwent cataract surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: lidocaine (three cc) and dexmedomedin (five μg/kg + lidocaine). The information collection checklist in this study included: age, gender, history of aspirin use, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, intraocular pressure, postoperative complications, and postoperative pain.

 The Mann-Whitney U test showed that the Dex-Metomedin group had less pain than the Lidocaine group in the first hour after the intervention (P=0.012). Two hours after the intervention, the dexmedemodin group had less pain than the lidocaine group (P=0.001). In the investigation of IOP after retrobulbar block in the dexmedetomidine group, we saw a significant increase in IOP from 16.56±3.12 to 17.96±2.68 mmHg compared to before the block (P=0.001). In the lidocaine group, we also saw a significant increase in IOP from 16.18±3.66 to 19.66±4.67 mm Hg compared to before the block (P=0.001). Before and after retrobulbar block, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.694 and P=0.108, respectively). To investigate the effect of these interventions more precisely, the amount of IOP pressure change was also compared between the two groups, and we saw a greater increase in the lidocaine group than in the dexmedetomidine group (P=0.002).

The results of the present study showed that dexmedetomidine + lidocaine in retrobulbar form compared to lidocaine was able to control the pain level of patients after surgery and systolic and diastolic blood pressure during surgery. It is suggested to use this drug as local anesthesia in cataract surgery.

 Chronic non-specific back pain is one of the causes of disability in people, and chronic pain is one of the most important medical problems in the world.The aim of this study was to the effectiveness of Pilates exercises on pain, Disability, in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain.

From internal and external search engines Scopus, Semantic Scholar, Google Scholar, Pubmed, ISC SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Doaj with time limit 2010 to 2024 and the keywords Pilates,Pain, Disability, Non-Specific, Chronic Low Back The present study was Prisma (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes).

 Eleven articles were selected based on inclusion criteria. A systematic review on the effectiveness of Pilates exercises on Pain, Disability, in people with non-specific chronic low back pain.

 According to the research conducted in the present study, Pilates exercises can increase the cross-sectional area of ​​the lumbar multifidus muscle and increase the strength of the abdominal muscle. it seems that Pilates exercises improve pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain.

Neonatal pain can have serious consequences for infants' health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an empowerment program on improving nurses' knowledge, attitude, and performance in managing neonatal pain.

This semi-experimental, pre-post intervention study without a control group was conducted on nurses working in the neonatal intensive care unit of Shahid Montazeri Hospital, Najafabad, and Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, in 2022. Nurses were divided into 4 groups of 10 and received 4 empowerment sessions (in the form of educational classes and two 90-minute sessions per week) on neonatal pain management. Before, immediately after, and one month after the educational intervention, nurses completed questionnaires on knowledge, attitude, and performance. Data were analyzed using t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS version 21 software.

Intra-group analysis showed a significant effect of time on knowledge, attitude, and performance scores, and the mean scores of nurses' knowledge, attitude, and performance differed significantly between the three time points (P=0.001). Moreover, the Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the comparison of the mean scores of knowledge (F=65.82), attitude (F=24.42), and performance (F=49.88) between the pre- and immediate post-intervention, as well as the mean scores of these scores before and one month after the intervention, showed a significant increase (P=0.001). However, the comparison of the mean scores of knowledge (P=0.07), attitude (P=0.98), and performance (P=0.99) immediately after and one month after the intervention was not significant.

According to the results of the present study, the empowerment program led to a significant increase in nurses' knowledge, a more positive attitude, and improved performance in the field of neonatal pain management, and this improvement was sustained over time. Therefore, it seems that holding empowerment sessions for nurses can lead to improved quality of care for infants and reduce their pain experience.

Stress is a pervasive life experience, especially observed in military environments. Stress-induced analgesia is the reduction of the pain response after exposure to stress, achieved through descending pain inhibitory circuits. The prefrontal cortex is one of the brain regions that are important not only in executive functions but also in pain processing. Adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex are involved in pain processing. Considering the effects of adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex on processing pain under stress, the present study aimed to investigate the inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex on pain behaviors and brain oxidative capacity caused by forced swimming stress in male rats.

Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: Control (without receiving stress and drugs), sham (surgery but without receiving stress and drugs), stress (forced swimming stress), forced swimming stress group + propranolol (received 4 μg/μL of propranolol before forced swimming stress), and propranolol group (receiving 4 μg/μl propranolol without stress). In the present study, tonic pain responses (tail-flick test) and cold allodynia were investigated. Also, the levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde and catalase enzymes were investigated using biochemical kits.

The findings of the present study showed that forced swimming stress reduced the occurrence of tonic pain and cold allodynia. Also, the results showed that forced swimming stress did not significantly change the concentration of glutathione in the brain compared to the control group, but it decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde and catalase (p<0.05). Furthermore, injection of propranolol in the prefrontal cortex (stress group + propranolol) increased tonic pain and cold allodynia compared to the stress group. Moreover, injection of propranolol in the prefrontal cortex before forced swimming stress increased the concentration of malondialdehyde and catalase in the brain compared to the stress group.

The results of the present study showed that beta-adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex play a mediating role in stress-induced analgesia.

Axillary hidradenitis suppurativa is one of the complaints of patients who refer to surgery clinics, which, in addition to problems for patients, also faces challenges regarding appropriate treatment methods. Currently, the treatments include surgical excision and then skin graft or flap for reconstruction. However, the therapeutic results of these two methods, and their benefits and disadvantages have not been fully determined in previous studies and there is no comprehensive consensus. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of comparing the skin graft and flap methods for treatments of patients with axillary hidradenitis suppurativa who underwent surgery.

In this clinical trial study, patients with the complaint of bilateral axillary hidradenitis suppurativa referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran between 2009 and 2014 were included. In all patients, standard surgical treatment was performed, then skin reconstruction was conducted on the right axilla with a skin flap, and the left axilla with a graft method. Hence, the patients were followed-up for one, three, six, and twelve months, and the treatment outcomes and the recurrence rate between the graft and skin flap methods were analyzed.

In this study, 30 patients including 16 men and 14 women with mean age of 35.2 years (and standard deviation 9.3 years) were included. The statistical analysis showed that in the one-month follow-up, although the pain and limitation of shoulder movement in the skin graft was less compared to the flap, the rate of necrosis was less than 25% in the flap method and the satisfaction with symmetry and beauty in the flap method was reported to be higher than the graft method. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. Also, after 12 months of patient follow-up, none of them reported evidence of recurrence at the graft or flap site.

This study showed that the treatment results and the rate of recurrence among the flap and graft methods in patients with axillary hidradenitis suppurativa did not have a statistically significant difference; therefore, both methods can be safely used in the patients according to their conditions.

Orthodontic treatment involves the use of archwires to apply force to teeth, which can cause pain and discomfort for the patient. Pain may be one of the most significant factors deterring patients from continuing orthodontic therapy. The aim of the present study was to comparatively assess pain induced by different-sized nickel-titanium archwires during the first stage of fixed orthodontic therapy.

Methods and Materials:

 This double-blind randomized clinical trial included a total of 81 patients who received fixed orthodontic therapy. Patients were divided in to three equal groups according to the size of the utilized initial archwire (0.012, 0.014, and 0.016 inches). Perceived pain after archwire placement was evaluated using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Pain was assessed at three time points, immediately after bracket bonding (T1), 4 weeks (T2) and 8 weeks (T3) thereafter. Pain assessment at each time point was evaluated at four intervals- at placement, 3 hours, 24 hours, and 3 days after the placement of wire. The Repeated Measures ANOVA test was used to evaluate the effects of archwire size and time after placement on reported pain levels.

The results showed that the pain reported in the superelastic nickel-titanium archwires of 0.012, 0.014, and 0.016 inches did not differ significantly from each other during the bonding session, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after that (with p values of 0.404, 0.181, and 0.800, respectively). In other words, the size of the archwire did not affect the amount of pain caused. However, the intensity of pain over time at each of the mentioned intervals differed significantly (with p values of <0.001, <0.001, and 0.012, respectively), initially increasing and then decreasing over the time period.

Over an 8-week long follow-up period, the size of the arch wire does not affect the reported level of pain, but the intensity of pain varies over time and follows a non-linear pattern, increasing at the beginning of the time period and then decreasing.

Most of the brain-injured patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are not able to report their pain. In order to assess their pain, the CPOT-Neuro has been developed. Actually they may indicate different pain behaviors according to clinical conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of comparing pain behaviors in brain-injured patients based on their clinical characteristics.

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 132 brain-injured patients in Amol city, Iran who were enrolled in the study from December 2023 to March 2024. Data were collected using a demographic checklist and a Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool Neuro (CPOT-Neuro). Patients' behaviors were evaluated before, during and after change position (nociceptive procedure).

According to the frequency of pain behaviors observed during nociceptive procedure, a total of 105 patients indicated changes in facial expression, 13 patients in autonomic response, 88 patients in body movements, 46 patients in vocalization/ventilator tolerance and 31 patients indicated changes in muscle rigidity. By comparing the frequency of these behaviors during nociceptive procedure based on clinical characteristics, the chance of observing body movements during nociceptive procedure in non-traumatic patients was 60% lower than in traumatic patients (P<0.05). The probability of observing the autonomic response, vocalization/ ventilator tolerance and muscle rigidity during the nociceptive procedure decreased with the improvement of the level of consciousness (P<0.05). In addition, the chance of observing the autonomic response, body movements, vocalization/ ventilator tolerance and muscle rigidity during nociceptive procedure increased with the change in patients' sedation (P<0.05). The possibility of observing a change in muscle rigidity during nociceptive procedure in patients under mechanical ventilation was 74% lower than in patients without mechanical ventilation (P<0.05).

This study showed that pain behaviors in brain-injured patients were different based on the type of brain-injury, the level of consciousness, the level of sedation and the way of breathing. These findings highlight consideration of clinical characteristics when evaluating and managing pain in these patients.

Plantar fasciitis is a common, important and complicated disorder for which no fully effective treatment has been introduced to reduce the intensity of the pain caused by it, or the existing treatments have been associated with various complications. Therefore, according to the positive effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in previous studies, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of ESWT on the pain caused by plantar fasciitis according to gender, age and body mass index, duration of symptoms, patient’s occupation, and the number of treatment sessions.

This analytical-cross-sectional study included 18 patients with plantar fasciitis who were referred for ESWT. They underwent ESWT with Radial device of the Novin company with a pressure of 2.5 bar, 10 Hz and 2000 pulses at weekly intervals. Heel pain in the morning and standing time were evaluated using the Visual Analogue scale (VAS), at four time points: before, after the last session, after one week from the last session, and after one month from the last session. A between-group comparison was also performed based on patients baseline variables.

The intensity of pain decreased with a significant difference in all the investigated times compared to baseline. The amount of morning pain and pain while standing was reduced by more than 30% in 82% and 77% of patients, respectively. Among the different variables only patients with prolonged standing jobs demonstrated significant pain improvement 1 month after the intervention (P < 0.028). Only mild local pain and burning after ESWT was reported in 7 patients (39.9%) and other patients did not report any specific complications.

ESWT could be suggested as a safe and effective treatment in patients with plantar fasciitis.  Based on our preliminary results, ESWT may be of more benefit to the patients with prolonged standing jobs.

The aim of the present study was to the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on negative emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and psychological flexibility of women with migraine.

The current research design was semi-experimental and pre-test-post-test-follow-up with a control group. This clinical trial was conducted on women aged 20-50 with migraine who were referred to public and private treatment centers in Ahvaz in 2022 (N=100). Using the sampling formula, 72 people were selected as the sample size and were randomly replaced into two treatment groups based on acceptance and commitment and the control group (36 people in each group). The present study was one-way blind so that the data analyst knew how to allocate the studied groups. The research tools were Garneffsky et al.'s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2002), Dennis and Vanderwaal's Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (2011), and Simon and Gaher's Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (2005). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.

The findings showed that the approach based on acceptance and commitment treatment increased emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and psychological flexibility of women with migraine (P< 0.05). Also, the results of the follow-up phase showed that the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in increasing emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and psychological flexibility of women with migraine was stable.

The results emphasize the importance of using acceptance and commitment therapy in improving the emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and psychological flexibility of women with migraine headaches.

Chronic back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders worldwide. This study aimed To Compare the effect of motor control training plus ‎pain ‎‎education and postural ‎restoration exercises on pain, disability, and ‎‎psychological ‎characteristics in people with non-specific chronic back pain.‎

99 men and women suffering from non-specific chronic back pain were randomly selected in 2 experimental groups and a control group (33 people in each group) using available samples. The indices of pain, disability, fear-avoidance beliefs, pain self-efficacy, and fear of movement were evaluated. Next, two experimental groups trained for 8 weeks. The control group only participated in the pre-test and post-test. The statistical method of composite covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that both exercise groups had a significant effect on pain, disability, fear-avoidance beliefs related to work and physical activity, pain self-efficacy, and fear of movement compared to the control group; although motor control exercises combined with pain training had more significant effect on pain self-efficacy and fear of movement than postural ‎restoration exercises. ‎‎ (P≤‎‏0.05‏‎). ‎

Considering the effectiveness of both exercise groups, therapists are advised to pay attention to these exercises when compiling exercise programs.

Despite the design of various pain tools in children, pain management is still a caring challenge. Since information gathering is one of the most important steps in research, using precision tools is crucial to ensure the validity and reliability of research results. Therefore, this review article aims to investigate the psychometric properties of pain instruments in children in Iranian studies.

In this review study, articles from Persian and English databases (Iranmedex, Irandoc Magiran, SID and Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Ovid with keywords "nursing, pain" 'Iran and children' and 'Nursing, Pain, Instruments, Psychiatry and Children' have been searched for in the last decade. A total of 151 articles, considering the inclusion criteria, 30 articles were selected and 13 pain assessment tools were analyzed.

The results showed that the most commonly used instruments were the "Pain Behavioral Response Scale" and "Vang Becker Emotion Rating Scale". The results showed that only one study reported complete validity and reliability in one study. In 35% of the articles, there was no explanation for psychometric evidence including validity and reliability, and in many cases either partially measured reliability or relied on internal or external sources. In this case, we have the following:

The results showed that the psychometric properties of most child pain instruments in Iran have not been fully performed. Due to the importance of psychometric tools and their impact on the results of the studies, it is necessary to focus more on the research methodological issues in using valid and reliable tools in research and on the necessity of psychometric evaluation. Emphasize the precision of the tool before using it. Therefore, further studies in this area are recommended.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is often associated with disability for physiological and psychological reasons. Pain neuroscience education (PNE) is one of the non-pharmacological interventions that have recently attracted the attention of therapists. The purpose of this narrative review is to investigate and analyze the effect of pain neuroscience training on pain and disability in patients with CLBP.

Our research literature search includes articles published from 2018 to 2023, which were used from databases PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus, Pro Quest. Key words included (randomized controlled trial, pain neuroscience education, chronic low back pain, pain and disability). The PEDro scale was used to check the quality of the articles entered.

Among the 16 articles found, 6 articles met the inclusion criteria. These studies mainly measured the effect of pain neuroscience education in combination with traditional back and neck exercises, motor control exercises, core stability exercises, manual therapy, home exercises, movement therapy and physiotherapy and the positive effects of combining PNE with this interventions on the pain and disability have been recorded in these studies.

PNE with the aim of changing people's understanding of what pain is, its function and what biological and physiological processes support it. In combination with other therapeutic and exercise interventions, it can help guide and develop interventions and improve the management of CLBP.

One of the medical interventions in childbirth is episiotomy which is used to widen the pelvic outlet. The pain resulting from episiotomy affects mother's quality of life. Malva sylvestris L is one of the oldest medicinal plants that have pain relief properties due to its flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The present study was performed with aim to determine the effect of Malva sylvestris L ointment on intensity of pain episiotomy wound in primiparous women.

This triple-blind randomized clinical trial study with a control group was conducted on 92 primiparous women (43 in Malva sylvestris L group and 49 in placebo group) referred to Mahdieh Hospital in Tehran in 2022-2023. After delivery, a fingertip-sized amount of ointment was prescribed for local application to the episiotomy incision twice daily for 10 nights for both study groups. Data collection tools included the demographic questionnaire, midwifery characteristics checklist, and visual pain assessment scale (VAS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version 27) and chi-square, independent t and Fisher's exact tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

No statistically significant differences were found between the Malva sylvestris L and placebo groups regarding demographic characteristics, obstetric and health status prior to the intervention (P>0.005). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the intensity of pain scores before the intervention (P=0.809). The mean pain score in the Malva sylvestris L group on the fifth day and the tenth day had a statistically significant difference with the placebo group (P<0.001).

Malva sylvestris L extract ointment reduces the pain of episiotomy wound in primiparous women.

Tennis elbow involves the lateral part of the elbow that seriously impairs upper extremity function. Recently, radial shock wave therapy (RSWT) and dry needling (DN) have been proposed for the treatment of various tendinopathies. This study aims to compare the effects of DN and RSWT on the pain, disability and grip strength of patients with tennis elbow.

 In this pilot study, 12 patients with tennis elbow aged 30-50 years participated. They were randomly divided into two groups: RSWT (n= 6; three sessions per week; 1.5-Bar, 10-Hz, 2000 shock waves) and DN (n=6; five sessions). To assess the pain level, we used the visual analog scale (VAS) and pressure pain threshold (PPT). To assess functional disability, the quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (Quick DASH) questionnaire was used. We also measured the hand grip strength. All outcome measures were assessed before, immediately after and four weeks after the intervention.

In the RSWT group, the pain (VAS score) and disability (grip) in the follow-up phase showed a significant decrease compared to the pre-test phase (P<0.05), while the post-test scores showed no significant decrease compared to pre-test scores (P˃0.05). The score of quick DASH significantly decreased in the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the pre-test phase (P<0.05). In the DN group, the pain significantly decreased in the follow-up phase compared to the pre-test phase (P<0.05) and the disability significantly decreased in the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the pre-test phase (P<0.05). No significant difference in the quick DASH score was found among different time points (P>0.05). The mean PPT scores of the first and second trigger points and the PPT for the average of the first and second trigger points were not significantly different among different time points in any group (P>0.05). Moreover, none of the study variables were significantly different between the two treatment groups in the post-test and follow-up phases (P>0.05).

 Both DN and RSWT can reduce pain and improve the hand grip strength of patients with tennis elbow. Their effects on pain reduction were maintained four weeks after the intervention. The RSWT can reduce the Quick DASH score. There is no significant difference between their effects on pain, grip strength, and Quick DASH score. Therefore, both DN and RSWT have a therapeutic potential in treating tennis elbow.

Lower limb deformity in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is a common musculoskeletal problem and planovalgus is the most prevalent, characterized by talus median subluxation, calcaneal valgus, and supinated forefoot. According to studies, one issue in orthopedics and pathology is the accurate diagnosis and proper treatment of planovalgus deformity in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy, which has attracted researchers’ attention. Accordingly, the present study investigates the effect of planovalgus deformity on the motor performance and balance of these children.

This cross-sectional study employed a descriptive-analytical design. The convenient sampling method was used among children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy, diagnosed with unilateral planovalgus, who were referred to the clinics of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (Nezam Mafi) and occupational therapy clinics from September 2022 to February 2023 in Tehran City, Iran. Meanwhile, all participants were willing to cooperate in this research. A total of 27 participants were evaluated by an occupational therapist based on the specified criteria and gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), which included the assessments of balance, muscle strength, range of motion, and pain. Data analysis was done using the SPSS software, version 16.

The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean range of motion of ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension between the two limbs (P<0.001). The mean muscle strength of the quadriceps and ankle plantar flexors indicated a statistically significant difference in the affected limb (P<0.001). Additionally, the mean displacement of the center of pressure of the foot also demonstrated a statistically significant difference regarding topographical involvement (P<0.001).

Planovalgus deformity is one of the most common ankle deformities, which is of great concern for children with cerebral palsy. The results obtained from the assessments of the child’s balance and motor function demonstrated the importance of assessment strategies and early interventions to achieve better rehabilitation outcomes for children with CP and planovalgus deformity.

The accurate estimation of the intensity of children's pain and anxiety makes it possible to plan to minimize their pain and anxiety more accurately. This study was conducted to compare the nurses and mothers' accurate estimation of the intensity of pain and anxiety of 3-6-year-old children during venous catheter insertion.

In this correlational descriptive study, 150 children in the age group of 3-6 years who needed venous catheter implantation were selected by available sampling method. Intravenous catheter insertion was performed consistently for all children by the same nurse on each shift. During this process, the intensity of pain was recorded using the Wong-Baker Scale, and anxiety was assessed using the Piri Faces Anxiety Scale for Children by both the nurse and mother. Data were analyzed using Pearson and Chi-square correlation coefficient tests in SPSS version 23 software.

The mean pain score estimated by the nurse was 3.72±1.1, while that estimated by the mother was 3.7±1.79. There was a statistically significant and direct correlation between the mean pain intensity scores recorded by the nurse and the mother (P≤0.001). The mean anxiety scores assessed by the nurse and the mother were 3.64±1.14 and 3.6±1.72, respectively. There was a statistically significant and direct correlation between the mean anxiety intensity scores recorded by the nurse and the mother (P≤0.001).

There was a statistically significant and direct correlation between the mean scores of pain intensity and anxiety assessment of nurses and mothers. Therefore, the mean scores recorded by the mother or nurse can be a valid indicator for estimating the intensity of pain and anxiety in children.