درماتیت آتوپیک

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder characterized by intensely itchy eczema. Sensitivity to Malassezia species may be associated with the severity of AD symptoms. The growth conditions for Malassezia spp. on children's skin are lower than on adult skin, making adults more susceptible to Malassezia. There is a minor suspicion that Malassezia spp. plays a role in AD as it may interact with skin immune reactions and barrier function, and sensitization against this skin-colonizing yeast can be correlated with illness activity. Additionally, antifungal treatment shows beneficial effects in some patients. However, the pathogenetic process and mutual interaction between Malassezia spp. and AD remain relatively unclear, necessitating further research.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory disease of the epidermis. In this study, we examined the frequency of factors affecting the incidence and clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis.

In this descriptive-analytic study, all children under 5 years old referred to the allergy clinic of Motahhari Hospital in Urmia were examined. To diagnose the disease, standard criteria of Hanifin-Rajka in the form of a 25-item questionnaire were used. The obtained data were analyzed by using (SPSS) software.

In this study, 106 patients with atopic dermatitis (69 males and 37 females) with a mean age of 14.13 ±11.64 months were studied. 49 patients (46.2%) were less and 57 patients (53.8%) are more than one-year-old. Countries of atopic dermatitis were 1.4%. Flexor surface involvement was significantly higher in males than females (P= 0.004). Involvement of flexor levels in patients over 1 year of age was significantly higher than patients under 1 year of age (P= 0.006). Personal or family atopy sample was significantly higher in the patients under 1 year of age than patients over 1 year of age (P=0.005). Itching during sweating was significantly higher in males than females (P =0.016). Danny Morgan line was significantly higher in patients under 1 year than patients over 1 year (P = 0.001). Food intolerance (P=0.016) and skin infections (P = 0.047) were significantly higher in patients over 1 year of age than patients under 1 year of age.

Since we are not able to change some of the risk factors related to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, it is better to focus on other risk factors that are modifiable. This approach can be effective in preventing atopic dermatitis.

 Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease for which there is no adequate treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells have already been used to treat inflammatory diseases.  The present study investigated the effect of the administration of human mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) on the AD model and its relationship with central pain, the level of oxidative, and inflammatory stress factors in the skin.

 The AD model was established by topical administration of a 2% 4,2-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) solution on the dorsal and ear skin of mice. Mice received topical MSC-CM and betamethasone ointment as a positive control three times a day for 2 weeks. Skin interleukin-4 (IL-4) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured by the ELISA method in all groups. Changes in nociception were assessed by the tail flick test. Histological changes in the body and ear skins were evaluated after hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and mast cells number in toluidine blue-stained sections were counted in this study.

 Topical administration of MSC-CM and betamethasone was able to reduce pain, inflammation, and changes of dermis thickness in the dorsal and ear skins, as well as the infiltration of mast cells in the skin of groups treated with DNCB. Moreover, MSC-CM, similar to betamethasone, decreased the level of IL-4 and MDA levels in the skin of DNCB receiving groups.

 The increase in IL-4 levels and lipid peroxidation play an important role in inducing AD-like lesions in the skin of the mouse in the DNCB model; in addition, the topical application of the MSC-CM is a potential therapeutic agent for AD.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, irritating skin disease that causes psychiatric disorders. It is necessary to know the effective factors that deteriorate this complication. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the severity of depression in patients with atopic dermatitis.

This descriptive-correlational study was performed in 2019 on 76 patients with atopic dermatitis using the convenience sampling method. The research tools were a demographic questionnaire and the Hamilton depression questionnaire. The Chi-square and the Fisher tests were used for statistical analysis.

The findings of this study showed that 22.4% of patients with atopic dermatitis had mild depression, 13.2% had moderate depression, and 2.6% had severe depression. Additionally, depression was significantly associated with age, gender, and higher education. 

Considering mild, moderate, or severe depression in patients with atopic dermatitis along with the effective factors in exacerbating their condition, patients with atopic dermatitis at higher risks should be properly screened and psychological counseling, appropriate training, and standard treatment should be provided to them.

The outbreak of COVID-19 disease has led to a dramatic increase in hand hygiene and use of masks and gloves which cause skin problems, including eczema. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of eczema and its associated risk factors among different members of society during the Covid 19 epidemic and also to provide appropriate strategies to prevent and treat eczema.

In this systematic review, relevant studies were searched in scientific databases fusing keywords associated with eczema, Covid-19 and disinfectant from 2019 to 2021.  Articles were evaluated with the STROBE checklist. 

Finally, 10 articles including 6 articles on medical staff, 3 studies on children and 1 study on the general public were reviewed. These studies investigated the prevalence of eczema before and after the pandemic, the symptoms of eczema and its associated risk factors, as well as strategies to prevent and treat eczema.

The findings indicate a nearly two-fold increase in the prevalence of eczema in society during this pandemic. Most important risk factors associated with this finding were the frequency of hand washing, the use of gloves, and exposure to chemicals. Proper hand hygiene education and the use of emollients are the most important ways to prevent eczema.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and drug-resistant inflammatory skin disease and its prevalence is 9-20% throughout the world. Vitamin D has been recently suggested as a potential option for AD treatment. The goal of this study was to assess Vitamin D3 levels in infants and children with AD and investigating the relationship between Vit D3 levels and AD severity.

A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in children diagnosed with AD attending the Allergy and Immunology Clinics in Urmia Shahid Motahari Hospital, West Azarbaijan province, Iran. One-way ANOVA was applied to understand the relationship between disease severity and Vit D3 levels. All data analyses were performed in SPSS V16.

In this research, 46 people, including 29 males (63%) and 17 females (37%) were studied. Mean age of patients was 36.36±4.85 months, mean SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) was 45.94±2.84, and mean vitamin D3 levels were 30.70±2.35 ng/mL. Findings showed significant relationship between decrease in SCORAD and increase in vitamin D3 levels (P=0.046).

The current study, consistent with other studies, showed significant relationship between vitamin D3 levels and AD severity.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is caused by an inflammatory process stimulated by Th2 cells. Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is associated with an increase in sebum secretion, unusual pilosebaceous keratinization and an increased inflammatory immune response. Propionibacterium acne can induce IL-17 production and Th1/Th17 response. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in patients with acne.

In this case-control study, the case group consisted of 75 individuals with acne and the control group consisted of 75 individuals without acne matched in age and gender. Both groups were interviewed for atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis symptoms in the past and present. 

Prevalence of atopic dermatitis at present in patients who had acne was significantly lower than those who did not have acne. There was no significant difference between case and control groups in frequency of atopic dermatitis in the past and frequency of asthma and allergic rhinitis in the present and past time.

The inverse relationship between prevalence of acne and atopic dermatitis can be related to activation of different immune responses (Th1 versus Th2), but more studies should be done to confirm this relationship.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin and its prevalence is continuously on the rise. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of AD in adults living in Southwestern part of Iran and its association with respiratory allergic disorders.

In this population-based cross-sectional stratified, using multistage cluster random sampling method, a total of 5420 individuals aged 15-65 years were selected from Bushehr City, Iran, from which, 5201 completed the Global Allergy and Asthma Network of Excellence (GA2LEN) questionnaire (Response rate = 96.1%). The total prevalence of AD and its prevalence in allergic diseases was calculated, and the association of AD and these diseases was evaluated using multiple logistic regression model.

The overall prevalence of AD was 29% (32% women vs 25.9% men; P < 0.001). The highest prevalence was seen among participants in the age group of 25-34 and 35-44 years (P < 0.001). The prevalence of AD among the patients with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and allergic rhinitis (AR) was 50.5%, 48.4%, and 47.1%, respectively, that it was significantly related only with AR (P < 0.001).

The prevalence of allergic diseases in Bushehr City was high. The comorbidities of the other allergic diseases such as asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and allergic rhinitis (AR) leads to a higher prevalence of AD.

Allergic disorders are common in the world and they have different triggers. Food allergy may be contributed in allergic disorders. The aim of this study was to review to food sensitization in children allergic disorders such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and urticaria. We searched in some data bases include Google scholar, PubMed, Embase and  Scopus with key words  Skin prick test, in vitro test, RAST, Immuno-Cap, food allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, eczema, atopic dermatitis, Iran. 114 articles found. There was not limitation time for our search. We evaluate 20 articles.  All of papers have skin prick test except  two articles had skin prick test with  RAST  and one study had skin prick test, RAST and food challenge test. The articles have different sample size, food allergen and ages. More articles evaluate food allergens in atopic dermatitis in children. Eggs (yolk and white), cow`s milk, wheat, peanut and soya were more common food sensitization in allergic disorders. Food sensitization and allergy is more common in children than adults. Eggs and milk are more common food sensitization in allergic disorders in Iran.

Background. One of the mental issues regarding reproductive performance of women is premenstrual syndrome and hormonal factors are effective on dermatophyte, so that atopic dermatitis is more common in adult women. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the association between premenstrual syndrome and atopic dermatitis.
Methods. This case-control study was carried out on 82 women of reproductive age in 1395. The cases were women with atopic dermatitis and the control group had healthy atopic dermatitis. For each case, one control entered the study. After the selection of cases and controls, demographic questionnaire and Premenstrual Symptoms Screening test (PSST) were completed by both groups. The minimum score of PSST was zero and the maximum was 42. A significant level of 0.05 was considered.
Findings. The mean age of subjects in the case group was 17.17 ± 4.45 and in the control group was 27.29 ± 8.03 years. The results showed by controlling the possible confounding factors as age, occupation and marital status the probability of having moderate or severe premenstrual syndrome in patients with atopic dermatitis is 13.26 (OR= 13.26, 95% CI: 3.31, 53.07), as compared with healthy subjects.
Conclusion. The results showed that there is a strong relationship between moderate to severe menstrual syndrome and atopic dermatitis in women.

Chronic sinusitis is one of the most common diseases in childhood that can lead to a lot of complications. Many risk factors are considered to be responsible for the disease. An allergic disorder seems to be one of the most important risk factors. The role of allergic disorders in chronic sinusitis is currently unclear. Also no comprehensive study has been done yet in our country. Therefore in this study the prevalence of allergic disorders in children with chronic sinusitis had been evaluated.
This cross-sectional study was done in children between 3-14 years old (mean age 6.98 2.9) with signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis, who had referred to infectious & immunologic clinics of pediatric Hospital of Amir Kola in years of 2011-2012. 120 individuals were considered for our study, the sampling was done randomly. Population was divided by age into three groups (1-4 years, 5-9and, 10-14 years old). The data were collected by Questionnaire and check list and analyzed by SPSS 20 software and the appropriate statistical tests (T-test, Chi square).
The prevalence of children with chronic sinusitis were identified in each age group as following: (1-4) 31 (25.8%), (5-9) 67 (55.8%) and (10-14) was 22 (18.3%). There were 79 males (65.8%) and 41 females (34.2%) in the total population. Seasonal distribution was evaluated in this study as following: spring 31 (25.8%), summer 16 (13.3%), fall 37 (30.8%) and winter 36 (30%). Prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the general population was 30.0%, Asthma’s prevalence was 17.5% and the prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 0% in our study. The overall prevalence of allergic disorders was 36.66%, among which 10.83% of the total population had both asthma and allergic rhinitis and 25.83% had just one of them. There was no significant association between asthma and the age, sex or season (p Our study showed that the prevalence of chronic sinusitis in the (5-9 years) age group, males and the fall season is more. Allergic rhinitis had the most prevalence among allergic disorders; asthma was the second most common. It seems diagnosis and treatment of these diseases can be helpful in prevention and the development of chronic sinusitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease the skin. Food allergy is one of the main factors affecting the onset and severity of the disease. Recognition of the pattern of sensitivity to food allergens in the community can play an important role in the public awareness and prevention of recurrence of atopic dermatitis. The aim of this study was to recognize the prevalence of common food allergens in the patients with atopic dermatitis by means of skin prick test in Tehran during 2014.
Material and In this cross sectional study, we examined all the patients for the signs and symptoms of allergies in the Asthma and Allergy Clinic during 2014. Skin prick test was performed for common food allergens in the patients with atopic dermatitis . SPSS version 20, was used for data analysis.
Out of 1012 patients with allergy, 282 cases (approximately 28%) were diagnosed as atopic dermatitis. 87(52 female and 35 male) patients with atopic dermatitis, were sensitive to at least one food allergen (positive prick test). In patients with atopic dermatitis the prevalence rates of asthma, allergic rhinitis and urticaria were 6.8, 11.4 and 4.5 %, respectively. There was no relationship between gender and food allergy in the patients with atopic dermatitis. The most prevalent food allergens were egg yolk (38.4%), egg white (36.5%), hazelnut (33.3%), and peanut (28.7%), and the least prevalent allergens were found in rice (4.6%), barley (5.7%), and meat (6.9%).
The prevalence rate of atopic dermatitis in allergic patients in this study was more than expected. Sensitivity to egg and nuts as the most common allergens should be taken into consideration by families and allergy specialists.

Background and Atopic dermatitis is a common, chronic, itchy, inflammatory skin disease which has a profound impact on quality of life. The pruritic skin lesions lead to sleep disturbance, decreased performance and social activities of the affected individual in addition to financial expenses for the patient and his/her family and society. Mild atopic dermatitis can be controlled with emollients, antihistamines and topical corticosteroids, but severe cases often require treatment with immunosuppressant drugs (e.g., cyclosporine, azathioprine and systemic corticosteroids) with unfavourable side effects. Therefore, there is a tendency to use complementary and alternative medicines in atopic dermatitis. In traditional Iranian medicine, certain diseases have properties similar to those seen in atopic dermatitis, and all have been treated with Maa al-Jobon-e Aftimouni. This study deals with an explanation of atopic dermatitis by investigating both traditional and modern medicinal treatment of the disease. It tries to put forward a novel therapeutic approach to atopic dermatitis treatment by presenting Maa al-Jobon-e Aftimouni and specification of its potential activity. Studies demonstrated that Maa al-Jobon (whey) and Aftimoun (Cuscuta sp.) have anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, Maa al-Jobon can improve skin healing, decrease itching and increase the patient's ability to adapt to stress. It is hypothesized that Maa al-Jobon-e Aftimouni could be posed as a complementary treatment in atopic dermatitis.

Detection of various environmental allergens is the major challenge in allergic diseases and the only treatment is avoiding these allergens. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of food and airborne allergens in allergic patients using Skin Prick Test (SPT). A cross-sectional study was done on clinically confirmed patients of atopic-dermatitis (n=54), allergenic-rhinitis (n=64) and chronic-urticaria (n=39) who referred to asthma and allergy clinic at Afzali-Pour hospital in Kerman during 2008-2010. Skin prick test was done using allergen extracts to determine the patient's sensitivity to food and airborne antigens. Fifty-nine percent of patients responded to at least one allergen. Allergy to airborne and food allergens was 55.9 % and 21.7%, respectively. Chenopodiaceae (22.9%) and egg white (10.2%) were most prevalent airborne and food allergens. Allergy to cockroach, egg white, egg yolk and tomato was significantly higher in males than in females (P<0.05). The results indicated that allergy to food and airborne allergens is different depending on the nutrition and environmental conditions.

Being exposed to different allergens, followed by the production of specific IgE, has an important role in causing atopic dermatitis, recognizing the allergens and applying immunotherapy for treatment. We aimed to determine the frequency of common allergens in the patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. In this descriptive- analytical study the serum level of total IgE and frequency of specific IgE were measured by Immunoblotting method against 20 common allergens in 150 atopic dermatitis patients in 2010-2011. The control group included the individuals who have been diagnosed healthy. The mean age was 30.02±14.79; the participants were male (77; 51.3%) and female (73; 48.7%). In 90% of patients, total IgE was more than the reference range with the mean of 227.51±103IU/ml. The most frequent allergens related to: Cultivated rye (48.6%), Timothy grass (42.9%), House dust mite (22.7%), Cat (16.7%), Horse (10%), Birch (11.33%), Potato (11.33%), Dog (16.7%), Egg white (8.7%), Cow milk (8.7%). The frequency of positive allergens in plants and fungus group was 54.34%, in animals was 26.8% and in foods was 19.56%. In control group, there was no total IgE elevation. Based on the recognition of common allergens in east Azerbayjan, Iran, we recommend avoiding of these allergens and providing immunotherapy.

Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic dermatologic disorder in childhood affecting 10-30% of children. Allergen avoidance in combination to skin hydration and topical steroids are considered as major parts of treatment. As these allergen may be different in various cultures, recognition of them has importance In management of disease. The aim of this study was to recognize common allergens in children with atopic dermatitis in Mashhad by skin prick test. Method and materials: Skin prick test with common food allergens and aeroallergens in addition to positive control(histamine) and negative control (saline) was performed on 207 children with atopic dermatitis. 207 children with atopic dermatitis (116 boy and 91 girls) aged 3 months to 14 years participated in this study. The most common allergensrespectively included egg white, egg yolk, cow''s milk, weeds(Russian thistle), pepper, mites(D. Farinqe and D. ptteronysinus), curry and walnut.Food allergens were more prevalent in the young age and aeroallergens were more prevalent in the older age. Prevalence of allergens in each region is different depending on environmental conditions, food habits, ethical diversities and life style. Recognition and avoidance of allergens in combination to medical therapy has an important role in management of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease whose prevalence has increased in the last few decades. It is a multifactorial disease and، in addition to genetic factors، various environmental factors are important in the picture the present study was designed to investigate prevalence of atopic dermatitis and its risk factors in 2-5 year old children at the kindergartens of Birjand city.

In this case–control study، all 2-5 year olds (810 cases) at the kindergartens of Birjand city were assessed using Hanifin & Rajka criteria. After diagnosing afflicted children، in order to identify risk factors of the disease، 100 of them from the same kindergarten-without atopic dermatitis-were randomly selected as the control group. Both groups were matched with respect to age and sex. A self- designed questionnaire، consisting of 25 questions about risk factors of the disease، was used to collect information. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software (V; 15) using T-test، Chi- square and logistic regression.

Prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children was 14. 3%. of which 15. 8% were females and 15. 6% were over 4 years old. Mean age of feeding on cow milk and eggs was lower in the case group. (P=0. 04، P=0. 03، respectively). There was a significant association between keeping domestic animals and cigarette smoking in the habitation and atopic dermatitis (OR=3. 35، CI=1. 17– 9. 62، 0. 95; OR=3. 58 CI=1. 13– 11. 41، 0. 95 respectively).

In prevalence of atopic dermatitis، the role of some risk factors including early supplemental nutrition، particularly feeding on cow milk and eggs، cigarette smoking and keeping domestic animals in the habitation are determinative.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic، highly pruritic and inflammatory skin diseases. The exclusive influence of breastfeeding in the prevention of inflammatory diseases is a matter of debate. In this study، we aimed to determine the concentration of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)، tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)، interleukin-13 (IL-13) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokines as anti Th2 or anti Th1 cytokines in breast milk and their relationship with atopic dermatitis in breastfed infants. This study carried out in Afzalipour Hospital of kerman during one year from 2010 to 2011، we selected 50 breastfed infants with AD as cases and 50 healthy infants without AD or any other allergic disease as the controls. The concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA in the mothers'' milk. The demographic characteristics were recorded in a data collection form. Moreover، severity of the disease was determined by SCORAD index. T-test and logistic regression were used for assessment of the correlation among study variables. The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-13 were significantly higher (respectively، P=0. 04، and P=0. 02) in the case group. However، logistic regression revealed that only IFN-γ significantly increased the risk for atopic dermatitis (P=0. 02). Concentration of TNF-α was similar in the milk from mothers belonging to the two groups. The results indicate that the concentrations of IFN-γ، IL-13 and IL-4 cytokines are higher in the milk of mothers whose infants have AD. However، the risk for atopic dermatitis increases by 49% by every ten-unit (in pg/mL) increase in the level of IFN-γ.

More than 10% of Iranian children are affected with atopic dermatitis. Symptoms of the disease like itching and eczema can lead to emotional and sleep disorders in children and impose a lot of stress on parents. It can also have great time and money burden for families. Hence implementing consultation programs for parents can improve the effectiveness of treatment. Similarly، recognizing the relations between psychological characteristics of sick children’s mothers and the severity of the disease can result in more efficient treatment and support. The disease severity of 82 children with atopic dermatitis was measured. The psychological characteristics of the children’s mothers were evaluated by 5 questionnaires including depression anxiety stress scale (DASS)، the Frost’s multidimensional perfectionism scale، the neuroticism، extraversion، openness five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI)، general health questionnaire، and the parenting styles scale. Pearson’s correlation was used to analyze the relations between variables. There were positive، significant relationships between severity of the child’s disease and the mother’s level of stress and perfectionism. Significant negative relationships were found between severity of the child’s disease and the mother’s level of extraversion، self-openness، and general health. Strong relationships between severity of atopic dermatitis in children and psychological characteristics of mothers necessitate simultaneous therapeutic interventions for both children and mothers.