دیابت نوع دو

A significant increase in the elderly population with chronic diseases, including diabetes, has been accompanied by numerous challenges worldwide. Stress is recognized as one of the influential factors in the occurrence and exacerbation of diabetes complications. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of stress-coping skills training on the levels of anxiety and quality of life (QOL) in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes in Shiraz City, Iran, in 2018.

The present study was conducted using a semi-experimental educational intervention design on 100 elderly individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: the intervention and control. After conducting pre-tests and blood glucose tests, stress-coping skills training sessions were held over 6 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes, including  primary and secondary assessment of diabetes, training on how to deal with the stress caused by the disease in order to reduce the symptoms of the patients, assigning homework with the aim of calming the body, getting familiar with cognitive concepts, a test of dealing with negative thoughts, concentration of thought, and various other materials. Three months after the last session, post-tests and blood tests were conducted for both groups. The control group received their regular treatment program until the end of the study. The assessment tools used included a demographic information questionnaire, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Diabetes Quality of Life questionnaire (DQOL). The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and independent t-test, paired t-test, and chi-square test.

The intervention and control groups did not have a significant difference in demographic characteristics, and also before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of QOL, anxiety, and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels between the two groups. The findings of the study indicate that after the intervention, the QOL of the intervention group and its dimensions significantly increased, and anxiety significantly decreased (P < 0.001). However, a significant change in the level of HbA1C was not observed in the intervention group (P > 0.001).

The results of this study indicate that stress-coping skills training has a positive impact on reducing anxiety and improving the QOL in elderly individuals with diabetes and can be considered an effective educational method in this area. However, these skills did not have a significant effect on the level of HbA1C, and further investigation is needed in long-term studies and different age and gender groups.

Diabetic kidney disease is a common complication of diabetes and the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide. Empagliflozin is associated with slower progression of kidney disease and a lower incidence of kidney complications. So, the aim of the study is to compare renal outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients with and without empagliflozin.

This research is a cross-sectional study based on the information contained in the files of patients referred to Imam Khomeini and Golestan hospitals in Ahvaz in 1400-1401. Inclusion criteria included age over 18 years, type 2 diabetes, HGA1c less than or equal to 9, GFR between 30 and 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, use of empagliflozin for more than or equal to three months, and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio greater than 30 mg/dL. Exclusion criteria included patients not attending the clinic for follow-up during the study, proteinuria due to glomerulonephritis, type 1 diabetes, vaginitis, UTI, and liver failure based on history.
Based on this, 136 people with type 2 diabetes were included in the study and were randomly divided into two drug and control groups, one group of patients who took empagliflozin for three months and the other group of patients who did not receive this treatment. Patient data, including serum creatinine, HBA1C, albuminuria, weight, blood pressure, side effects, were extracted and then the patients' data were collected three and six months after receiving empagliflozin. Data analysis was done with descriptive and analytical statistics.

In this study, 56 (41.2%) were male and 80 (58.8%) were female. Changes in eGFR (P=0.044) and (P=0.003), HbA1C (P=0.014), albuminuria (P=0.001) during 3 months and 6 months, and changes in systolic blood pressure (0.020) during 3 months between the empagliflozin group were significantly different compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of weight changes during 3 months and 6 months (P=0.97) and changes in systolic blood pressure during 6 months (P=0.13).

Using empagliflozin can improve kidney function and reduce albuminuria.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease associated with increased inflammation, which plays a significant role in disease progression. IL-1β, SFRP4, and TLR4 proteins are recognized as key components in the inflammatory pathways involved in diabetes. This study was conducted with aim to examine the effect of aerobic exercise and yoga on inflammatory and metabolic markers in overweight women with type 2 diabetes.

This research was applied, multi-group, and comparative study conducted using a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test design. Thirty overweight women with type 2 diabetes were assigned to three groups: control, yoga, and aerobic exercise. The interventions were performed over 12 weeks, with three 60-minute sessions per week. The aerobic exercise group engaged in treadmill running and light weight exercises at 60-70% of maximum heart rate, while the yoga group participated in breathing exercises, asanas, meditation, and prayers. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and covariance analysis and t-correlation test. P<0.05 was considered significant.

Neither of the interventions showed a significant effect on the inflammatory markers IL-1β, TLR4, and SFRP4 (P>0.05). However, both interventions led to a significant reduction in metabolic markers FBS, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the effects of the two interventions on metabolic markers (P>0.05).

Aerobic exercise and yoga as non-pharmacological interventions can be effective to improve blood glucose control and quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes is a silent metabolic disease characterized by a chronic increase in blood sugar and disturbance in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Scientific findings have shown that exercise is an option for the treatment of these patients. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on glycosylated hemoglobin and resistin in overweight and obese people with type 2 diabetes.

A systematic search of English and Farsi articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Civilica, Scopus, Sid, and Magiran databases was conducted until January 2024. Mean difference and 95% confidence interval were calculated using a random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the (I2) test. Moreover, publication bias was evaluated by visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test.

In total, 57 studies with 1612 obese and overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes were meta-analyzed. The results showed that aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin [P=0.001, SMD=-0.98 mg/dL (-1.11 to 0.85)] and a non-significant change in resistin [P=0.36, SMD=-0.08 mg/dL (-0.27 to 0.10)]. Compared to the control group, overweight and obese people were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Results of the present meta-analysis showed that aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin and improved resistin values. It seems that aerobic exercise, as one of the appropriate and practical treatment strategies, can be effective in reducing metabolic disorders of overweight and obese people with type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease and a complex disorder with several micro and macro vascular complications in different parts of the body, which is associated with cardiac fibrosis. On the other hand, endurance training seems to prevent the development of cardiac fibrosis in diabetes by reducing fasting glucose levels and increasing antioxidant indices.

24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: healthy control (NC, n=8), diabetes control (DC, n=8) and exercise diabetes (DT, n=8) after familiarization with the laboratory environment. Diabetes was induced to diabetic animals through streptozotocin injection. Training groups, performed 8 weeks of intermittent endurance training on a treadmill. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome staining were used to check the level of fibrosis and cell disorder. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by thiobarbituric acid spectrophotometry. Also, total serum antioxidants were measured by FRAP method.

Compared to the diabetic control group, rats in the training group showed a decrease in fibrosis, fasting glucose, and also a decrease in triglyceride and total cholesterol (P<0.05).

Based on the results, it seems that Endurance training in diabetic Rats prevents the development of cardiac fibrosis caused by diabetes by reducing fasting blood sugar, lipid profile and increasing total antioxidants. However, more studies are needed.

Diabetes and its complications and treatment techniques are among the most fundamental issues facing medical and psychological knowledge today. In patients with type 2 diabetes, more than 95% of the treatment process is performed by the patient, and the treatment team has little control over the patient between visits, which requires more attention to promoting self–care activities. Designing and evaluating educational and therapeutic programs based on providing information, motivating, and teaching behavioral skills in health–promoting self–care behaviors will increase patients' adherence to self–care behaviors and create a sense of recovery and satisfaction with disease control. Among these therapies is compassionate therapy, which has attracted the attention of new therapists, even for certain diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of compassion–focused therapy on the self–care of people with type 2 diabetes.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population in this study consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the Ravan Yar Counseling Center in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019. The sample size of the present study included 30 people. They were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 in each) on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were as follows: voluntary admission to the study, non–use of psychiatric medication, a score below 50 in the self–care questionnaire, and at least 6 months have elapsed since the illness. The exclusion criteria were as follows: participants' reluctance to continue treatment and more than two absences from treatment sessions. The research instruments included Gilbert's Compassionate Therapy Program (2009) and the Summary of Diabetes Self–Care Activities Questionnaire (Toobert and Glasgow, 1994). Data analysis was done using univariate analysis of covariance, independent t test, and Chi–square test using SPSS version 22 software at a significance level 0.05.

Based on the results, the mean self–care scores in the experimental group before and after the test were 24.58 and 26.42, respectively. Also, the average self–care scores in the control group before and after the test were 25.58 and 25.27, respectively. The following results show that the mean self–care scores increased in the posttest of the experimental group and decreased slightly in the posttest of the control group. The results of univariate analysis of covariance showed that after adjusting the self–care pretest scores, in the posttest, the scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group (p=0.005).

Based on the results, compassion–focused therapy increases self–care in people with type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic non-communicable disease that has emerged as a significant public health issue in many countries and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. Physical activity is a proven intervention for the prevention, management, and treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, differences remain regarding the most effective type and intensity of exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercises on plasma homocysteine levels and selected cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Forty-four individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged 30 to 55 years, participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: aerobic, resistance, combined, or control (11 participants in each group). Each training program was performed over 12 weeks, with three sessions per week. Blood samples were collected from all participants one day before and 48 hours after the final training session to measure dependent variables. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA, with a significance level set at p<0.05.

After 12 weeks of exercise intervention, significant reductions were observed in total cholesterol (p=0.001), low-density lipoprotein (p=0.001), and homocysteine (p=0.01) levels in the combined exercise group, while high-density lipoprotein levels increased significantly (p=0.036) in this group. Additionally, homocysteine levels in the aerobic training group (p=0.038) and total cholesterol levels in the resistance training group (p=0.028) decreased significantly. No significant changes were observed in other examined parameters.

The results of this study suggest that combined exercises, through their significant impact on homocysteine reduction, lipid profile improvement, and atherogenic index optimization, can be recommended as an effective intervention for reducing cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Apelin is crucial for regulating energy homeostasis, yet its role in diabetes and insulin resistance remains inadequately understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exercise training (Exe) on serum apelin levels and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

A systematic search for relevant studies was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, SID, and Magiran databases. Effect sizes and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effects model.

Analysis of 14 interventions involving 386 adults with T2DM indicated that exercise training did not result in a significant change in serum apelin levels [SMD=0.083 (95% CI: 0.731 to 0.897), P=0.8] compared to the control group. However, exercise training was associated with significant reductions in fasting glucose levels [WMD=-19.034 mg/dl (95% CI: -11.69 to -26.37), P=0.001], fasting insulin levels [WMD=-3.616 μU/ml (95% CI: -1.804 to -5.429), P=0.001], and insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR [WMD=-1.574 μU/ml (95% CI: -1.104 to -2.044), P=0.001], relative to the control group.

The results of this meta-analysis indicate that exercise training does not significantly affect serum apelin levels. However, it contributes to reductions in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance in patients with T2DM. Thus, exercise is an effective strategy for improving insulin resistance in individuals with T2DM.

Complications associated with type 2 diabetes include various oral and dental issues, which can significantly reduce patients' quality of life. Effective self-management of the disease empowers patients to take an active role in their own care, fostering responsibility for controlling complications, maintaining independence, and enhancing overall performance. This study aimed to determine the impact of self-management training on the oral health-related quality of life among patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. 

In this clinical trial research, 70 type 2 diabetic patients were selected using a simple random sampling method at Torfeh Hospital in Tehran and informed consents were taken from them. The patients were then randomly allocated into two groups—intervention and control—each of 35 individuals. Demographic information and Oral Health-related Quality of Life questionnaires were completed by all patients. In addition to the usual measures, the intervention group participated in a self-management training protocol consisting of 12 sessions, while the control group received only routine care. Finally, the patients completed the questionnaires again, and the data were analyzed bySPSS software version 23 using chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and paired t-tests.

The findings of the present study showed that the oral health-related quality of life decreased by -1.32±0.2 in the control group after the intervention, although this change was not significant (p≥0.05). However, this decrease in the intervention group was -7.05±0.6, which was statistically significant (p≤0.05). These findings indicate that the oral health-related quality of life improved by 12.5% after the educational intervention.

It could be concluded from the results of this study that self-management training can lead to an improvement in the oral health-related quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, considering the positive impact of diabetes self-management training on oral health, it is recommended that this method be utilized to enhance the oral health-related quality of life for patients with diabetes.

Sexual function is an important part of the life of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes and changes in it, especially in menopause, can affect their health. The sexual function of these women can be affected by various factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of distress tolerance in the relationship between anxiety and depression and sexual function in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

The present research is descriptive. The statistical population in this research included postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes in Tehran City in 2023. A sample size of 300 people was selected based on Kline model and by convenience sampling. Data collection tools included Isidori’s Female Sexual Function Index, Beck’s Depression Inventory-II, Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, and Simons and Gaher’s Distress Tolerance Scale. The data were analyzed using structural equations modelling.

The findings showed that the direct effects of anxiety, depression, and distress tolerance on sexual function were significant (p=0.001). Also, the results showed that distress tolerance has a mediating role in the relationship between anxiety and depression and sexual function.

According to the results of the current study, sexual function of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes can be affected by anxiety, depression, and distress tolerance. It is concluded that anxiety and depression affect the distress tolerance and cause defects in the sexual function of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes; so it is suggested to reduce their anxiety and depression in psychological interventions for these women.

Type 2 diabetes is a common disease, which is associated with psychological problems. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of self-healing on difficulties in emotion regulation and blood sugar index in patients with type 2 diabetes.

This research was semi-experimental (pre-test, post-test, follow-up with control group). The statistical population consisted of 300 people with type 2 diabetes who visited Sedighe Tahereh Clinic in Isfahan in 2021. Of these, 40 people were selected through purposive sampling and were assigned randomly in the experimental and control groups. Data collection tool was Gratz and Romer’s (2004) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and laboratory equipment to measure blood sugar index. the experimental groups underwent 12 sessions of self-healing therapy and the control group did not receive any treatment. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni’s post hoc test were used to analyze the data. SPSS version 24 was used to analyze the data

The results showed that self-healing has an effect on difficulties in emotion regulation and blood sugar index (P<0.05) and this result is continuous (P<0.05).

According to the results, it can be said that self-healing is effective in manegment of blood sugar of people with type 2 diabetes.

the chronic nature, tiring treatments and debilitating and threatening complications of diabetes affect the physical, mental, social, life expectancy and death anxiety of the affected person, so the present study aims to determine the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and A commitment was made to the life expectancy and death anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes.

The current research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population includes all patients with type 2 diabetes with deceased relatives who visited Milad specialized and sub-specialized hospitals in the second six months of 2022, 30 eligible people were selected by purposive sampling method and by simple random sampling (paired sampling method) or the person inside the box) were placed in two groups (15 people in the test group and 15 people in the control group). The data collection tools included life expectancy questionnaires by Schneider et al. (1991) and death anxiety questionnaires by Templer and Ruff (1971). The intervention group was subjected to group intervention in eight 90-minute face-to-face sessions over a period of two months, and the control group received the normal intervention. In order to analyze the data, SPSS version 22 software and the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements between groups were used, observing the statistical assumptions.

The results showed that there was a difference between the average scores of life expectancy and death anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test stage, and these results remained stable until the follow-up stage (P<0.01); Therefore, the treatment based on acceptance and commitment improved the life expectancy and reduced the death anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Based on the results of this study, therapists and health care providers can use acceptance and commitment therapy as an effective treatment method in improving the health and psychological status of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Patients with type 2 diabetes often experience poor sleep quality, which can affect the severity and management of the disease, as well as the psychological well-being of patients, by disrupting metabolic function and glucose intolerance. Considering the effect of bibliotherapy, behavioral activation therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on sleep quality in different groups, this study was conducted with the aim of comparing these three interventions on sleep quality in females with type 2 diabetes.

The current reserch method was semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and control group on a three month follow-up. 60  people from  the  female clients with  type  2  diabetes  referred to Tehran  Sajjad Clinic of  the first three months of the year 2023, were purposefully selected and placed in four groupes of 15 (three experiment groupes and one control group). The interventions were performed for test groups.The control group did not recived any intervention. Data were collected with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Buysse et al. (1998) in the three stages of pre-test, post -test-and, follow-up. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 22 software using anaysis of variance with repeated measures method and Bonferroni's post-hoc test.

The results showed a significant effect of all three interventions at post-test and follow-up on sleep quality at the level of 0.05 (P≤0.05). Also, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.05 (P≤0.05) between the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with behavioral activation treatment and bibliotherapy on sleep quality at post-test and follow-up, but there was no significant difference between the effect of behavioral activation treatment and bibliotherapy at post-test and follow-up at the level of 0.05 (P≤0.05).

Considering the greater effectiveness and stability of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, it is suggested to implement this intervention as a Complementary intervention in medical centers with the aim of increasing sleep quality caused by diabetes complications along with medical treatments.

Clinical and experimental studies have shown that type 2 diabetes is associated with depression-related disorders. Inflammation has been identified as a common mechanism in both type 2 diabetes and depression. Several studies have suggested that swimming exercise might be able to reduce depression-related symptoms

The present research aims to investigate the effect of swimming training on inflammatory cytokines in the serum of rats with depression-type 2 diabetes.

The experimental research design is a randomized controlled trial. The statistical population is male C57BL6 mice kept in Pasteur Institute of Iran in 2021. 40 mice were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups (20 samples in each group). One group became diabetic with a high-fat diet and Streptozotocin. Diabetic samples underwent swimming training for 4 weeks. Then, depression-like behaviors were assessed with Sucrose preference, Novelty-suppressed feeding, Social interaction, and Tail suspension test. We also measured the levels of glucose, insulin and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum of the animals. The data were analyzed by Graphpad Primes.

The results indicated that type 2 diabetes significantly increased anhedonia- and depression-like behaviours in mice. Moreover, swimming exercise reduced anhedonia- and depression-like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise also decreased glucose and inflammatory cytokines in the serum of mice with type 2 diabetes.

Collectively, this study demonstrates that swimming exercise decreased depression-like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice.Further clinical studies are needed to validate these findings in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes, as one of the common causes of mortality worldwide, extends beyond physical aspects and can impact psychological and emotional dimensions as well. Therefore, the present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of spiritual therapy on the psychological well-being and self-efficacy of patients with type 2 diabetes in Tehran.

This study was a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and a three-month follow-up design with a control group. The study population consisted of all the patients with type 2 diabetes who attended treatment centers in Tehran (Masih Daneshvari, Nikan, and the Iranian Diabetes Association) from August to November 2023. Among the patients, 37 were selected using purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (N=18) and the control group (N=19). The data collection tools included a demographic information form, the standardized Ryff's scale of psychological well-being– short form (Cronbach's alpha= 0/72), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Cronbach's alpha= 0/83). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-21 software. Additionally, given the different stages of measurement (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up), repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis.

The results indicated that spiritual therapy led to an increase in psychological well-being (F=132/56, P<0/001) and self-efficacy (F=15/51, P<0/001) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the effect size of spiritual therapy on psychological well-being was 79%, and self-efficacy was 31%, and the sustainability of its effects was observed up to three months after treatment.

The findings suggest the impact of spiritual therapy on enhancing psychological well-being and self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended that, in addition to the routine treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes, spiritual therapy be utilized to enhance the psychological well-being of the patients.

The present study was conducted to investigate The effectiveness of psychological capital training on health promotion behaviors and self-care of patients with type 2 diabetes. The research method was semi experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a 3 month follow-up phase. The statistical population of the study included people with type 2 diabetes, members of the Diabetes Association, who referred to Bushehr medical centers and clinics in the second half of 2022. 35 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental (18 people) and control groups (17 people). The experimental group received ten ninty-minute sessions of psychological capital training during ten weeks. The applied questionnaires included Health Promotion Behaviors Questionnaire (Walker et al, 1987) and Self-Care Questionnaire (Galiana et al, 2015). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA method via SPSS23 software. The results showed that psychological capital training has significant effect on the health promotion behaviors (F=71.28; Eta=0. 68; P<0001) and self-care (F=52.56; Eta=0. 61; P<0001) of patients with type 2 diabetes. According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that psychological capital training can be used as an efficient method to improve health promotion behaviors and self-care of patients with type 2 diabetes through applying the mechanisms such as optimism, self-efficacy, resilience and hope.

Diabetes can be a life-threatening condition, and maintaining blood sugar levels, proper nutrition, and regular physical activity are crucial for controlling diabetes and preventing its complications. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of resistance band training on the levels of spexin and insulin resistance indices in women with type 2 diabetes.

In this semi-experimental study, 22 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups: resistance band (n=11) and control (n=11). The exercise program consisted of 12 weeks, three sessions per week, and each session lasted for 45 to 60 minutes. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used for within- and between-group changes.

The results showed that the interaction changes in serum spexin levels were significant between the experimental and control groups (p=0.012). However, no significant changes were observed in glucose (p=0.229), insulin (p=0.116), and insulin resistance index (p=0.178). Within-group changes in the insulin resistance index were significant (p=0.04). According to the Bonferroni post-hoc test, there was no significant difference in serum spexin level between pre-test and the eighth week (p=0.141) and between pre-test and the twelfth week (p=0.429).

Resistance band training, compared to the control group, significantly increased spexin and led to a considerable improvement in fasting glucose concentration, insulin, and insulin resistance index. Therefore, it is suggested that resistance band training can be implemented as a suitable alternative to home-based resistance training for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Insulin resistance (IR) is known as the most important cause of Liver Disorders, Which is associated with decreased expression of Peroxisome proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and increased expression of Sterol regulatory Element Binding Proteins (SREBP-1C) and Carbohydrate response element binding protein (CHREBP) in diabetic type 2 male rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on hepatic PPAR-α , SREBP-1C and CHREBP expression and IR in n diabetic type 2 rat.

In this experimental study, 27 male Wistar mice were randomly divided into three groups of healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic exercise. Medium and progressive aerobic exercise protocol on the treadmill was performed and The trainings lasted 8 weeks and 5 days/week. At the end of the trainings PPAR-α, SREBP-1C and CHREBP expressions were examined via ELISA technique in the liver tissue. One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were used to compare the groups and the significance level was considered at p < 0.05.

The post-hoc test results indicated a significant reduction in IR between the diabetic control group and aerobic training (P<0.05). Despite a notable increase in hepatic expression, it PPAR-α, SREBP-1C and CHREBP was statistically significant

aerobic exercise for eight weeks improved IR in type 2 diabetic rats. There was a significant difference in the expression of liver proteins between the groups. 

Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is one of the strongest genetic risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on hepatic TCF7L2 expression in T2DM rats.   

In this experimental study, fourteen males Wistar rats with T2DM induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide injection were randomly divided into exercise (n=7) and control (n=7) groups. The exercise group performed the HIIT protocol on a treadmill for 10 weeks and 5 days per week. Hepatic TCF7L2 expression, blood glucose level, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin and insulin resistance were measured 48 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed by independent T test at P< 0.05.

Hepatic TCF7L2 expression and serum insulin were significantly higher in the exercise group compared to the control group (P˂0.05). Blood glucose level, HbA1c and insulin resistance were significantly lower in the exercise group than in the control group (P˂0.05).      

Based on these findings, it seems that the improved glycemic control in response to HIIT is partially dependent on the inhibition of gluconeogenesis caused by increased hepatic TCF7L2 expression.

Adipokines have recently emerged as potential biomarkers for diabetes management. Given the presence of various cathepsins in adipose tissue, the identification of these enzymes in the context of obesity and diabetes has garnered significant attention. This study aimed to compare the alterations in serum cathepsin levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) following aerobic and resistance training in men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

In this quasi-experimental study, 29 men aged between 25 and 45 with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to three groups: aerobic training, resistance training, and a control group. The participants underwent aerobic training (at 55-75% of their maximum heart rate) or resistance training (at 55-75% of their one-repetition maximum) three times a week for 10 weeks. Serum levels of cathepsins K, L, and S, along with HbA1c percentages, were measured before and after the intervention.

Both the aerobic and resistance training groups exhibited significant decreases in the serum levels of cathepsins K, L, and S, as well as HbA1c, in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). However, no notable differences were observed between the two training modalities.

The findings suggest that both aerobic and resistance training are equally effective in mitigating diabetes-related risks by reducing cathepsin levels and HbA1c concentrations.