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Background and Adolescents with diabetes are faced with some constraints and may show some negative reactions such as aggressive behavior. These behaviors increase the level of glycosylated hemoglobin in these patients. It is important to assess some interventions that reduce aggression and improve glycosylated hemoglobin level in diabetic adolescents. This study aimed at determining the effect of implementation of the modified aggression replacement training program (ART) on glycosylated hemoglobin levels in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes. A clinical trial was conducted in 70 adolescents suffering insulin-dependent diabetes attending Parsian Diabetes clinic in Mashhad, 2014. They were divided into two groups: a control (n= 35) and intervention (n= 35) group. The intervention program comprised five sessions of 1.5-2 hours. The sessions were held at five days intervals and each group consisted of 8-10 individuals. Glycosylated hemoglobin tests were performed before the intervention and two months later. Data was analyzed in SPSS by student t-test and Chi-square test. Before the intervention the glycosylated hemoglobin levels were not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.457). But in post-intervention phase, the glycosylated hemoglobin levels decreased significantly in intervention group (8.7±1.4) compared to the control group (9.6±1.5) (P<0.017). The modified ART could be effective in reducing glycosylated hemoglobin levels in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended as part of a comprehensive treatment for diabetes.

Self-efficacy is a crucial factor in controlling adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Subsequently the negative behavioral reactions such as aggression adversely affect on self-efficacy. Therefore، interventions are essential to reduce the aggression and to improve the self- efficacy in these patients.

To determine the efficacy of the modified «aggression replacement training» program on self-efficacy of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes.

In this clinical trial، 70 adult subjects with IDDM who were referred to Parsian Diabetes clinic of Mashhad in 2014 were divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention program، including three aspects including: anger control training، social skills training and moral reasoning training was performed in five sessions، each 1. 5-2 hours. A five-day interval was between the sessions and each group consisted of 8-10 individuals. The self-management standard questionnaire of “insulin-dependent diabetes management self-efficacy scale (IDMSE)” was filled before the intervention and two months afterwards. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11. 5 with paired and Independent t-tests.

In this study، 38. 5 and 61. 5 percent of the subjects were boys and girls، respectively with total mean age of 15. 9±2. The self-efficacy of the subjects before the intervention was not significantly different within the groups (p=0/57). Nevertheless in post-intervention assessment، the self-efficacy of the Intervention group significantly increased (49. 0±11. 1) compared to the control group (33. 7±5. 5) (p<0. 001).

Our findings revealed the modified aggression replacement training programs can be effective in improving the self-efficacy of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Therefore، the implementation of the program is recommended as part of comprehensive treatment programs for management of IDDM.

Wolfram syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative autosomal recessive disorder. That occurs in association with diabetes mellitus، diabetes insipidus، and optic nerve atrophy، hearing loss، urinary tract infection and nervous complication. Case: The present report belong to a 24 years old girl who was effected by diabetes mellitus in 10 years old & has been effected by Diabetes insipidus، recurrent UTI، hearing loss and other type of disorders in 20 years old.

Strict control of blood glucose and regular fundoscopy، for early detection of optic atrophy are important. Step in management of this syndrome and quality of life is improved with hearing and vision aid tools.

Wolfram syndrome is a neurodegenerative autosomal recessive disorder. The occurrence of the disease should be suspected if non-autoimmuneinsulin-dependent diabetes occurs in an under-sixteen year old person having bilateral optic nerve atrophy. Diabetes insipidus (DI), neurosensory deafness, urinary track disorders, and nervous system complications are also seen in this disorder. The current report presents a 13-year-old female patient with diabetes mellitus type I (since age 4) along with recurrent urinary infection and enuresis and progressive renal failure (since age 10). Bilateral optic atrophy was evident on fondues examination. The patient also had diabetes insipidus, neurosensory deafness, neurogenic bladder, short stature, combined with delayed sexual maturity.

Diabetes is one of most important medical diseases in pregnancy and value of Glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) showed mean of blood glucose in 4-8 weeks ago in these patients. In different studies significant relation were seen between HbA1c and incidence of complications in pregnancy. Aim of this study is to investigate correlation of maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes with mean of HbA1c in insulin dependent diabetic women. This prospective study was performed on 31 insulin dependent diabetic women who cared in Khorasan diabetic research center in year 2004. First demographic characteristic and obstetrical history of participations recorded. Value of HbA1C was measured in three trimesters of pregnancy and subjects divided into four groups based on mean of HbA1C. Fetal and neonatal complications include abortion, congenital malformations, macrosomia, fetal death, hypocalcaemia, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress and so maternal complication include pre eclamsia, polyhydroamnios, preterm labor, retinopathy and type of delivery were studied. Relation between mean of HbA1c and maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes statistical analyzed by using SPSS software version 11.5 and t-test. P value less than 0.05 considered significant. Mean of maternal age was 24.5 years that 41.9% women were primigravid. About half of participations (41.9%) had HbA1C equal or higher than 10% and only in 12.9%, HbA1C was in normal range (4.6%-7.6%). There were not significant relation between mean value of HbA1C and maternal and fetal complications including abortion, fetal death, macrosomia, congenital malformation, respiratory distress and so preeclampsia, polyhydroamnios and retinopathy but most of these complications were accompanied with HbA1C higher than 10%. Only respiratory distress syndrome was accompanied with normal value of HbA1C. Relation between preterm labor and HbA1C was significant. (p=0.034). No hypocalcemia was seen in any of neonates who were born of these women. Incidence of fetal, neonatal and maternal complications except hypocalcemia and respiratory distress was related to level of HbA1C more than normal. But relation between preterm labor and level of HbA1C was significant.

Diabetes can affect organs including the oral mucosa. There is a disagreement about the prevalence of oral mucosal disease in diabetic patients. We therefore decided to investigate more about that. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of soft tissue pathologies by assessing burning mouth and xerostomia in diabetic patients on the basis of type of diabetes and control status of diabetes.

This descriptive, analytic study was done by visiting 486 known diabetic patients who were referred to the Endocrine Clinic in summer of 2005. Their demographic information with history of systemic diseases accompanied by the amount of HbAIC and duration of disease was recorded in their questionnaire. Diagnosis of oral lesions was done by clinical examination. Burning mouth was assessed by visual analog scale in persons who suffered and subjective xerostomia was evaluated by standard questionnaire. Data collection was done by software SPSS 10, and statistical analysis was done by X2 and logistic regression test.

In this study, 34 patients were type I and 434 were type II patients with mean age of 47.84±9.77 years. Frequency of all candidasis lesions was 15.4% which included denture stomatitis 5.3%, angular cheilitis 4.1%, median rhomboid glossitis 1.5%and papillary atrophy of tongue 4.5%. Frequency of non-candidal lesions was 20.1%, which included fissured tongue 10.5%, geographic tongue 7.9% and lichen planus 1.7%. 6.2% of patients suffered from glossodyna. 15.6% of patients had xerestomia. By logistical regression test, we found that type of diabetes affects denture stomatitis, angular cheilitis, tongue atrophy and amount of HbA1c.

All of the pathologies were greater in type I than type II diabetes patients. Level of HbA1c had an important role in appearance of oral lesions and level changes can cause problems in the mouth. Thus, patients should maintain their oral hygiene and control their glucose regularly

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1 diabetes is created by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas in genetically susceptible individuals. The relationship between human leukocyte antigens (HLA) associated factors and susceptibility to IDDM disease, was reported by several investigators. Association with different HLA types depends also on the studied populations. The aim of the present study was to determine HLA antigens which represent a high susceptibility to develop the IDDM disease in this area. In this study, the prevalence of HLA class-I and II antigens has been determined in 31 Arakian patients with IDDM and 57 normal healthy controls with similar ethnic background and from the same geographical area. The typing of HLA antigens was carried out using standard microlymphocytotoxicity method. A significantly higher frequency of HLA-A2, A3, B21, DR3 and DQ2 were found in IDDM cases compared to the controls. In contrast, HLA-DR2, DR7 and B53 were represented at a somewhat higher frequency in controls compared to the IDDM patients. These results indicate that HLA-A2, A3, B21, DR3 and DQ2 antigens contribute to susceptibility to IDDM independently and HLA-DR2, DR7 and B53 antigens maybe associated with prevention of IDDM in Arakian patients.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1 diabetes is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that caused by destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Etiology of this disease is still unknown. It is seen that genetic and environmental factors play an important role for susceptibility to develop type 1 diabetes. The relationship between HLA associated factors and susceptibility to IDDM disease, was reported by several investigators. Also, some studies show that dermatoglyphics is associated with type 1 diabetes. However, it is maybe there is an association between HLA and dermatoglyphics inpatients'with type 1 diabetes and these characteristics could be applied for diagnosis of disease.

In this study, the prevalence of HLA (with using standard microlymphocytotoxicity method) and dermatoglyphics determined in 30 Iranian patients with IDDM and 30 normal healthy controls with similar ethnic background and the same geographical area.

A significantly higher frequency of HLA-DQ, A2, DR3 and DQ2 were found in IDDM cases compared to the controls. The results obtain from dermatoglyphics showed that line ab was reduced in male and female type 1 diabetes. The reciever operating chractristics curve showed that the positive point for lines ab in right and left hands were 34.7 and 35.25, respectively.

There is no association between HLA and dermatoglyphics. With considering of genes encoding of HLA separated from genes determining dermatoglyphics, HLA typing and dermatoglyphics seem to be interesting tools for genetic studies related to type 1 diabetes. Further studies are recommended in order to provide more insight into the susceptibility to this disorder.

Diabetes is one of the most important world health problems and a chronic disease that needs continuous care. Therefore, these kinds of patients should take self- care education. This study is an attempt to investigate the effect of nutritional education on blood sugar level and macronutrients intake in IDDM patients. 24 IDDM patients under 20 were selected for educational program on nutrition. The data were collected two times using food questionnaire (24- hour recall) and blood sugar level before and after education was estimated. The data were analyzed by paired t-test, using SPSS and Food Processor. There was not statistically significant relationship between blood sugar level before and after education. Also the results showed that there was statistically significant relationship between macronutrients intake before and after education (P=0.35). After education, macronutrients were similar to WHO recommendations. HbA1C level in most of the patients was 9-12% which refers to the moderate control of this diseases and hypoglycemia decreased from 4.2% to 3%. There were no remarkable changes in blood sugar but the amount of HbA1C and Macro Nutrients showed that education had a positive effect on patients.

Introduction. There is evidence that trace elemnets metabolism has changed in insulin-dependent diabetes melitus (IDDM). In this study, status of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mn) in serum and hair of IDDM patients was investigated. Materials and Methods. Two groups were studied: Patients with IDDM and healthy control. Zn, Cu, and Mn in serum and hair of these subjects were analyzed by atomic absorption. Results. In comparision with control group, in patiant group Cu of serum was sigmificantly decresed (P