دیسمنوره اولیه

With the increasing use of medicinal plants in the treatment of some diseases, studying their side effects is very important. One of these herbal medicines is fennel that various results have been reported regarding its side-effects on the amount of menstrual bleeding, therefore, the present research was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of fennel on the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding.

This quasi-experimental study was performed in 2016 on 50 students with primary dysmenorrhea living in the dormitories of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil. Participants were examined in three consecutive menstrual cycles. In the first cycle, participants did not take any medication; in the second and third cycles, in the first 3 days of menstruation they used fennel of 3-5 drops in water or tea three times a day. The standard Higham chart was used to determine the amount and duration of bleeding. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 17) and Paired-t test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean amount of bleeding before consuming fennel was 46.7±24.8 and in two consecutive cycles after consuming fennel were 48.4±26.2 and 49.5±24.3, respectively, which was not statistically significant. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in the duration of menstrual bleeding before the treatment (6.13±1.33) compared to two consecutive cycles after fennel consuming (6.82±1.45 and 6.26±1.02) (P>0.005).

In the present study, fennel consumption had no effect on the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding. To determine the definitive result and the safety use of fennel, conducting more studies is recommended.

According to the high prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its consequences on the quality of life and the effects of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs consumption, the present study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of the capsella bursa-pastoris on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea.

This triple-blind clinical trial study was conducted in 2022 on 80 girls referred to the comprehensive health service centers of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences with a history of primary dysmenorrhea. The participants were divided into two groups of 40 people, intervention and control. The intervention group received capsules containing 400 mg of hydroalcoholic extract of the "Capsella bursa pastoris" plant and the control group received 250 mg capsules of mefenamic acid every 8 hours for 3 days for 2 consecutive periods. The research tools were demographic profile questionnaire, menstrual status and physical activity questionnaire, and visual analog scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 19) and independent t-tests, chi-square, Bonferroni and analysis of variance with repeated measures. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Before the intervention, the two groups were similar in terms of pain intensity (p=0.689). The two-factor variance test showed that the two groups had a significant difference in terms of pain intensity after the intervention (p=0.001), but the reduction of pain was more in the capsella bursa-pastoris group.

The Capsella bursa-pastoris plant can reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhoea; Therefore, it is recommended to conduct more researches to confirm the effectiveness and safety of the Capsella bursa pastoris plant.

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common menstrual disorders among women that have a negative impact on their social activities. However, regular exercise training and consumption of medicinal plants is common among women in order to treat primary dysmenorrhea. Therefore, the present study was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of combination exercise training along with ginger supplementation on PGE2 levels and primary dysmenorrhea symptoms (intensity and duration) in sedentary girls.

In this quasi-experimental study, 60 sedentary young girls with moderate/severe primary dysmenorrhea were randomly placed into one of the four groups: training along with ginger consumption, training along with placebo consumption, ginger and control placebo groups. The training groups performed combination exercise training in two sections of endurance training and strength training.  The groups consuming supplementation used ginger capsules. The severity of pain dysmenorrhea was measured by the visual analog scale (VAS) and duration of pain by Cox menstrual cycle (CAS). PGE2 of all participants was examined in two stages before and after the research. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and ANCOVA, paired t-test and non-parametric tests. P<0.05 was considered significant.

The PGE2 level significantly decreased in the groups of training with ginger, training with placebo and ginger (P<0.05). In addition, a significant reduction in the intensity and duration of dysmenorrhea pain was observed in all the intervention groups compared to the placebo group in the second and third cycle of menstruation. Also, a significant difference was found between the two training groups with the supplement and placebo consumption in the pain intensity values (P<0.05).

Consumption of ginger supplementation and combination exercise training through reducing PGE2 levels can improve the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea in sedentary girls; it seems that combination of ginger supplement and combination exercise training have the synergistic effect.

Dysmenorrhea is a common, painful, and debilitating problem of personal activity with psychological symptoms of anxiety and distress. The present study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of Mandela therapy on anxiety, pain intensity, and distress in primary dysmenorrhea.

This randomized clinical trial study was conducted in 2022 on 80 university students in Arak city who had a pain intensity score of 4 to 8. People were placed in the intervention and control groups. The intervention group painted the mandala for five days in two menstrual cycles. The questionnaires of Spielberger's anxiety, Moos menstrual distress, and numerical pain measure were completed by two groups before and after two intervention periods. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 28) and Fisher's exact, independent t and paired t, and Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Although the mean score of dysmenorrhea distress after the intervention had a significant decrease in the intervention group (35.76±8.18) compared to the control group (40±7.93) (d=0.645, p=0.01), but the reduction in mean pain intensity in the intervention group (5.82±2.08) was not significantly different compared to the control group (6.45±1.96) (p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the mean of trait and state anxiety in the two groups after the intervention (p>0.05).

Mandala therapy can be effective in reducing the distress caused by primary dysmenorrhea.

Dysmenorrhea is usually cramped in nature and focuses on the lower abdomen and is a common disorder that manifests during the menstrual cycle and interferes with a person's daily activities. The present study was performed with aim to compare the effect of the medicinal plant of marigold and mefenamic acid on the pain of patients with primary dysmenorrhea.

This randomized clinical trial study with a control group was conducted in 2018 on 80 girls aged 18-25 years who referred to Khomein health centers. The subjects were divided into two groups: intervention (recipient of amaranth drops) and control (recipient of mefenamic acid capsule) (n=40 in each group) and drugs were taken for 2 months. Before the intervention and during 2 months, the primary dysmenorrhea pain score was evaluated by a visual pain measure including a pain ruler and a pain descriptive form and then were compared. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 19) and independent t, paired t and Wilcoxon tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Based on the results of Wilcoxon test, the pain intensity score before the intervention and after 1 and 2 months of consumption was significant in both groups (p≤0.001). Based on the results of independent t-tests and paired t-tests, there was a significant difference in the mean number of pain days (pain duration) before and after the intervention in the two groups (p≤0.001), and the duration of pain had decreased in the test group during the first and second month after the intervention.

Marigold medicinal plant and mefenamic acid reduced the duration of dysmenorrhea pain compared to before treatment, therefore, the use of marigold along with mefenamic acid is recommended in the treatment of dysmenorrhea.

Primary dysmenorrhea, is a common cause of referral to gynecological clinics. Due to its high prevalence and inability to provide ideal relief, it limits daily activities and absenteeism from work and school. There are several treatments for dysmenorrhea that are usually associated with complications. Many are looking for uncomplicated and effective methods to reduce complications. This study investigated the analgesic effect of Period Patch in dysmenorrhea.This interventional study was performed as a randomized clinical trial on 70 women with primary dysmenorrhea. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups receiving mefenamic acid and Period Patch containing iron powder, activated carbon, magnet, water and salt. Two treatments were used for one menstrual cycle. The rate of improvement in menstrual cramps was determined by dialogue and by a numerical analogue pain scale with a score of zero to ten. Finally, the effectiveness of methods in reducing pain was compared. In this study, reducing pain by at least 25% was considered as the effectiveness of treatment.70 people in two groups of 35 completed the study. The two groups were similar in terms of mean age, mean body mass index, marital status, frequency of exercise, smoking and age of onset of menstruation. The effectiveness rate was 22 cases (62.9%) in mefenamic acid group and 13 cases (37.1%) in Period Patch group, which showed a significant difference (P = 0.031).In this study, the effect of mefenamic acid analgesia was greater than Period Patch in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps without a pathological cause which is more common in reproductive age. According to Persian medicine, the cause of primary dysmenorrhea can be changes in Mizaj (Temperament). This study was performed aimed to evaluate the general temperament and uterine temperament of patients with primary dysmenorrhea.

This descriptive-analytical case series study was performed on 104 female students with primary dysmenorrhea living in the dormitories of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences of Tehran in 2015-2016. The questionnaire of personal information, general temperament and uterine temperament was completed by the researcher and the frequency of general temperament and uterine temperament was evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 17). Quantitative variables were expressed with mean and standard deviation and frequency of qualitative variables with number and percentage.

The total age range of the samples was 19 to 43 years with a mean of 23.03 ± 3.91 and the mean body mass index of the participants was 22.22 ± 3.06 kg/m2.The results showed that the highest frequency of general temperament in all patients with primary dysmenorrhea was moderate (47.1%) and dry (39.4%). The highest frequency of uterine temperament in all patients with primary dysmenorrhea was cold (91.3%) and wet (73.1%).

According to the results of this study, the highest frequency of general temperament in patients with primary dysmenorrhea was moderate and dry and considering the higher prevalence of cold and wet temperament in the uterus of women with primary dysmenorrhea, it can be said that the presence of this type of distemperament in women can be a predictor of primary dysmenorrhea. Also, by using preventive and therapeutic measures of this distemperament based on traditional medicine texts, it is possible to treat primary dysmenorrhea with a new approach.

Refusal of treatment, which may be in the form of refusal of treatment or request for discontinuation of treatment, is one of the logical consequences of obtaining consent and is considered to be patients' rights, but its implementation or non-implementation in dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstruation) and similar cases. Being curable and untreated has serious side effects and recurring physical, mental and other harm in the monthly period of women, there are many opinions that consider the jurisprudence of the limits of one's authority in the field of treatment and the duties of physicians in two types of compulsory treatment. The legality of the denial of acceptance of these persons is subject to review.This study is a descriptive-analytic one based on jurisprudential opinions and medical research results in identifying the complications of dysmenorrhea, and recognizing this complication as damaging and disrupting the life of the person and his / her surroundings, citing Jurisprudential arguments and criticism of the proponents of the law have called it a necessity for treatment, although the religious sanctity of a person's inaction does not necessarily constitute an obligation for medical treatment, and even when referring to such persons, the physician may Conditions and Conditions Avoid Patient Acceptance.

Primary dysmenorrhea is usually one of the most common complaints of women in childbearing age that affects their quality of life and their social activity. Various methods have been mentioned to control and treat dysmenorrhea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the wheat germ extract intake and flexibility exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in non-athlete female students.

This study is a randomized clinical trial in four groups including intervention groups (wheat germ, flexibility exercises, flexibility exercises with wheat germ) and control group with participating of 80 non-athlete female students from Shahrood University of Technology (shahrood, Iran). The training group participated in an 8-week flexibility- training program including abdominal, back, thigh and hamstring muscles stretching. They performed eight exercise four days a week for 8 weeks and each exercise included three repetitions lasting for 10 seconds. The wheat germ group consumed two 500 mg capsules of wheat germ daily from day 16 of the menstrual cycle until 5 days after the onset of menstruation for two consecutive months. The exercise group participated in both the flexibility exercise program and received a wheat germ supplement. While there was no intervention in the control group, they completed the menstrual disorders questionnaire only at the beginning and end of the work.

Significant decrease was foynd in the mean systemic symptoms of  primary dysmenorrhea in the wheat germ group from 16.10 to 8.55, in the exercise group from 14.20 to 7.55 and  in the exercise group with wheat germ from 14.7 to 8.40. Pain intensity dysmenorrhea was decreased in the wheat germ group from 2.60 to 1.65, from 2.35 to 1.40 in the exercise group, and from from 2.45 to 1.50 after in the combind group. The severity of primary systemic symptoms and VAS for pain decreased in all intervention groups as compred with before intervention condition except the control group (p <0.05).

The results of the present study indicate the positive and similar effects of the  wheat germ extract, flexibility exercises and flexibility exercises with wheat germ extract on systemic symptoms and pain intensity of primary dysmenorrhea.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of core stability exercises on physical fitness of core muscles and primary dysmenorrhea inteenage girls. Participants of the study included 30 teenage girls with primary dysmenorrhea. Participants were assigned into either the exercise group (n=15) or control (n=15) group randomly. All subjects completed the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) to measure symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Abdominal muscle endurance, balance and trunk flexibility of participants were measured respectively by sit up, one leg stance and Wels tests. Measurements were performed before and after the exercise period. The exercise group performed core muscle exercises for 8 weeks, 3 days a week. During this period control group did not participate in any kind of exercises. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Pearson correlation tests were used for data analysis. The result showed that core muscle exercises reduced dysmenorrhea symptoms (p=0.001), increased endurance of abdominal muscles (p=0.001), and flexibility (p=0.04) in exercise group. However, core muscle exercises did not change balance significantly (p>0.05). Dysmenorrhea changes were negatively related to physical fitness changes (r=0.55, p=0.002). Core muscle exercises can be used as a treatment to reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea which may be associated with increasing core muscle fitness indices.

Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are common disorders in women, which affect different aspects of life. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of cinnamon and ginger with walking and stretching exercises on dysmenorrhea and PMS.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design and a control group on 100 women with PMS in Qaemshahr, Iran in 2019. The patients were selected via convenience sampling and divided into four groups of 25 by drawing lots. The groups included exercise, cinnamon-ginger, combination of exercise and cinnamon-ginger, and control. The exercise training program comprised of stretching exercises and walking three sessions per week for eight weeks. A cinnamon-ginger capsule (500 mg) was administered thrice daily with the onset of pain within the first 72 hours of menstruation for two months. The patients were assessed before and eight weeks after the intervention using the visual analogue scale (VAS) of menstrual pain intensity, PMS screening tool, and PMS daily status. Data analysis was performed using paired t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test, and Tukey's test.

After eight weeks, the intensity and duration of primary dysmenorrhea and scores of the physical and mental symptoms of PMS significantly decreased in the intervention groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the effects of the combination therapy on the percentage of the changes in the intensity and duration of primary dysmenorrhea pain and scores of the physical and mental symptoms of PMS were more significant compared to the cinnamon-ginger and exercise groups.

According to the results, the non-pharmacological interventions of walking and stretching exercises, the simultaneous consumption of cinnamon-ginger, and combination therapy could significantly decrease the intensity and duration of primary dysmenorrhea pain and improving the physical and psychological symptoms of PMS. Therefore, these approaches are recommended as safe and effective therapies for the treatment of these disorders.

Dysmenorrhea is a common complain among young females students that impairs their educational performance, and their quality of life. Considering the importance of drinking enough water for health, the present study was conducted to assess the modifying role of water intake on quality of life of university students suffering from primary dysmenorrhea.

This Quasi-experimental research was conducted on 70 university students suffering from primary dysmenorrhea and had less than 1600 ml water intake per day. They were asked to modify their water intake based on a proposed protocol for two menstrual periods. Health related quality of life was examined by the 36-item short-form health survey questionnaire (SF-36) before and after intervention.  Using Wilcoxon signed-rank test quality of life was compared before and after modifying water intake.

Among physical and mental health summary measures of the SF-36, an inverse significant difference was observed between physical functioning, bodily pain, general health, role-emotional and mental health between and after intervention.

There was a significant difference between quality of life of university students who changed their water intake and suffered from primary dysmenorrhea indicating the modifying role of drinking water as a non-pharmacological intervention for primary dysmenorrhea.

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the common causes of decreased efficiency at work, education, and reduced quality of life in women. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to determine the effect of Teucrium polium L. capsules on the changes of pain intensity and duration among patients with primary dysmenorrhea. This triple-blind, controlled, randomized clinical trial was performed on 70 female students with primary dysmenorrhea in selected dormitories of Shahid Beheshti University in 2014. The subjects were randomly divided in two intervention and control groups. During first three days of menstrual period, the intervention group was treated with Teucrium polium L. capsules every 6 hours, and the control group received the starch powder capsules during two consequent months. The associations between duration and intensity of dysmenorrhea pain in different time periods were determined based on Bayesian network and data were analyzed statistically using Pair-copulas. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 20) and R (versions 1, 3, 4 (and independent t test, Mann-Whitney test, and pair-copula Bayesian network model. Given the fitting model, the patients who experienced high-intensive pain before the intervention had very high decrease of pain during the first month using Teucrium polium L. capsules (λ1=0). In the subjects with the lowest pain duration (3 days), there was no significant effect after using capsules in the first month (λ1=0.51, λu=0.51), but the significant effect of capsules was recorded in the second month for these patients. Teucrium polium capsule can be considered one of the drugs with high effect for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, because this drug has very high decreasing effect for patients who suffer from intensive and long duration menstrual pain.

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the common problems of women in reproductive age, disrupting the quality of life young women, especially when accompanied with symptoms such as headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and impatience. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Fennel on reduction of symptoms associated with pain in primary dysmenorrhea. This clinical trial study was conducted on 105 dormitory students of Ardabil Islamic Azad University with primary dysmenorrhea who consented to the study. Among them, 72 qualified individual with grade 3 primary dysmenorrhea were selected and then randomly divided into two experimental (Fennel) and control (placebo) groups. In experimental group and at the first 3 days of the menstrual cycle, 3-5 drops of fennel, in tea or water, was administered for three consecutive cycles. The control group received distilled water-containing capsule (placebo) 4 times a day for three consecutive cycles. The data were collected by five-part questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-square test in SPSS version 17. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in the symptoms associated with pain during menstruation cycle between experimental and control groups. The study found that Fennel was not able to reduce the symptoms associated with pain in the primary dysmenorrhea, including headaches, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. It seems that this herbal cannot be used as remedy for systemic symptoms in dysmenorrhea.

  The rate of bleeding is associated with impaired synthesis of endometrial prostaglandins, especially PGE2. One of the most common causes of anemia in women is menstrual bleeding. Bromelain, an enzyme found in pineapple, has anti-inflammatory effects and reduces prostaglandin E2 in inflammatory regions. This study was performed with aim to compare the effects of Bromelain and Mefenamic acid on the amount of menstrual bleeding. A double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 students with primary dysmenorrhea in dormitories of Velayat University of Iranshahr in 2017. The students were monitored for two cycles with Higham chart in terms of the rate of bleeding. Then, they were randomly assigned to two groups: Bromelain (n=32) and Mefenamic acid (n=34). The Higham chart was completed to measure menstrual bleeding in two cycles of control and two cycles of intervention. The subjects received 250mg capsules of Bromelain or 250mg capsules of Mefenamic acid, if needed, they received two interventional cycles every 6 hours during the first three days. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and Mann-Whitney, Paired t-test and independent t-test. P <0.05 was considered significant. The results of Paired t-test showed significant difference in the amount of bleeding after intervention in the Bromelain group (P = 0.036), but this difference was not significant in the Mefenamic acid group (P = 0.088). The difference between the mean of bleeding in two cycles of intervention compared to the two cycles of control was -6.79 ± 17.57 in the bromelain group and was -5.36 ± 17.57 in the Mefenamic acid group that showed no significant difference (P = 0.744). Consumption of Bromelain for reducing menstrual bleeding has no difference with Mefenamic acid in primary dysmenorrhea.

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the common disorders of the reproductive system. Various methods are suggested for treatment of dysmenorrhea. This study was performed with aim to determine the effect of Menstrugloe capsule and Vitamin E on the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea. This double-blinded randomized clinical trial was performed in 2017 on 120 female students with primary dysmenorrhea at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The samples were randomly divided in three 40-member groups. The first group received 500 mg Menstrugole capsules, second group 200 mg Vitamin E, and third group placebo capsule every 8 hours, from the first day of starting pain for 3 days during two menstrual cycles. The intensity and duration of dysmenorrhea in each cycle was compared by multidimensional speech scale and McGill pain scale. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and Chi-square, paired t-test, and ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Before the intervention, the mean scores of duration and severity of symptoms of dysmenorrhea was homogenous in the groups, but after the intervention, according to ANOVA test, there was significant difference between the subjects (P<0.001) and it was less in the Menstrugole group. According to Chi-square test, after the intervention, the severity of dysmenorrhea based on McGill pain scale was significantly different in the three groups (P<0.001) and it was less in the Menstrugole group. The use of Menstrugloe capsule like vitamin E can reduce the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea; therefore, due to limited side effects, it can be useful in women with dysmenorrhea.

Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common disorders of reproductive ages that puts lives of women and girls at significant risk, but there is a little information available about psychological and personality factors related to primary dysmenorrhea. The aim of this research is to determine the role of sense of coherence, alexithymia and self-compassion with self in predicting psychological well-being. This descriptive research is correlation type. Statistical population of this research is the all girl students with primary dysmenorrhea who are studying in district one high-schools of Rasht. Research sample included 211 girl students with primary dysmenorrhea which were identified among 542 students. Screening questionnaire of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale, self-compassion scale, Alexithymia Torento’s scale and Ryff’s psychological well-being scale were used for collecting data. Multiple regression analysis was used for analyzing data.
Findings: The results indicated that sense of coherence and self-compassion are significant predictors for psychological well-being, while alexithymia didn’t predict girls’ psychological well-being. These findings indicate the role of sense of coherence and self-compassion in preventing psychological effects of this syndrome for improving their psychological well-being

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological disorders; so that 50 to 70 percent of women suffer it. Dysmenorrhea is often treated by chemical drugs. However, studies showed that almost half of the population in industrialized countries is already using complementary medicine and alternative therapies. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to compare the effects of fennel and Gelofen on severity of primary dysmenorrhea. This clinical trial was performed on 72 students residing in dormitories of Islamic Azad University of Ardabil in 2016. Samples with grade 2 and 3 of primary dysmenorrhea were randomly divided in two groups of fennel and Gelofen receivers. The fennel group used 3-5 drop of fennel extract in water or tea three times per day during first 3 days of menstruation and Gelofen group used Gelofen capsule every 6 hours during this period. Both groups used this method for three consecutive cycles. Data collection tool included a dysmenorrhea severity questionnaire according verbal multidimensional scoring criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 17) and t-test and chi-square. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Both fennel and Gelofen reduced the severity of pain from severe and moderate to mild and no pain, but there was no significant difference between the two groups of fennel and Glofen in improvement of dysmenorrhea (p>0.05). The use of both methods of fennel and Glofen was effective in reducing the pain of primary dysmenorrhea and pain reduction was similar in both groups. Regarding the high prevalence of dysmenorrhea in female, the use of fennel in the relief of dysmenorrhea is recommended

Primary dysmenorrhea is characterized by cramping lower abdominal which happens just before and/ or during menstruation and has a negative impact on women's quality of life. The aim of this investigation was comparison of the effectiveness of walking assotiated with stretching exercises and cinnamon intake on the primary dysmenorrhea. In this semi-experimental study 59 sedentary females with moderate or sever primary dysmenorrhea were selected via purposeful and available sampling method, were randomly divided into control, exercise, cinnamon and exercise-cinnamon groups. Exercise training program comprised 6 stretching exercise (30-45 min per day) and walking training (25-45 min per day), and 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Cinnamon (capsule containing 500 mg Cinnamon) used 3 times per day with beginning the pain and during first 72 h of menstrual, respectively. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Cox Menstrual Scale (COX) were used for measuring the severity and duration of pain during menstruation. Repeated measures of ANOVA and one-way ANOVA used to analyze data. All the three interventions were associated with significantly decrease in the severity and duration of pain dysmenorrhea after 4 and/ or 8 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference between these the effectiveness of the interventions on the severity and duration of pain. But the effect of 8 weeks one of these interventions on pain severity and combined intervention on pain duration was only greater in comparison to the 4 weeks. Each of the non-medicinal interventions of either walking associated with regular stretching exercises and cinnamon intake or their combination is likely to reduce the severity and duration of pain during menstruation in sedentary females. Thus, these interventions can be regarded as safe and effective treatments for primary dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea is a common disorder that manifests during the menstrual cycle, causing cramps in the lower abdomen. The discomfort interferes in the daily activities of the individual. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of fenugreek seeds on the severity and duration of pain in primary dysmenorrhea in the students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
This randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2016. The subjects were equally divided into two groups of intervention (Fenugreek seeds) and control (placebo). Medications were administered for two months. Data were collected using demographic questionnaires, McGill pain questionnaire, and multidimensional speech scale before the intervention and one and two months after the medication administration. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 19 using independent and paired t-test and Chi-square at the significance level of In the group receiving Fenugreek seeds, mean duration and severity of primary dysmenorrhea pain decreased significantly at the end of the first and second cycle of the intervention (P Considering the positive impact of fenugreek seeds on reducing the severity and duration of the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea with fewer side-effects than chemical drugs, it is recommended that this herbal compound be used in the treatment of this disorder.