رنج

 Multiple sclerosis (MS) can significantly affect the quality of life and daily life activities of caregivers, and how to cope with stressful situations and challenges for caregivers is determined by the personality of the caregiver. Based on this, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of low positive emotions, anxiety-related experiences and helplessness/hopelessness based on MMPI-3 in the experience of suffering and caregiver burden of caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis.

  The current research method was fundamental, cross-sectional, and descriptive of the correlation type. The statistical population included all the caregivers of MS patients in Mashhad city, who had visited specialized neurology clinics and Mashhad MS patients' support association between October and December 2024, and 336 of them were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools included the Minnesota multidimensional personality questionnaire - third edition, caregiver burden scale, and suffering assessment questionnaire. For data analysis, multiple regression analysis were used in SPSS version 26 statistical software. 

The results of the present study showed that the highest correlation was observed between anxiety-related experiences and the Experience of Suffering and the lowest correlation was observed between anxiety-related experiences and the helplessness/hopelessness. Also, helplessness/hopelessness and anxiety-related experiences explain 23% of the variance of suffering experience. In addition, it was found that experiences related to anxiety, low positive emotions, and helplessness/hopelessness explained 41% of the variance of caregiver burden.

Based on this and considering the relationship of personality dimensions with the experience of suffering and caregiver burden, it is suggested that in order to reduce and moderate the pain and suffering of caregivers, educational and therapeutic programs to promote and improve positive personality abilities and adjust negative personality dimensions, including centers Counseling and treatment, hospitals and universities should be designed.

The pervasive prevalence of coronary heart disease has posed serious philosophical challenges to contemporary man. After modernism and despair of heaven and spirituality, man struggled with the issue of emptiness due to the devaluation of divine and moral values, and by emphasizing humanism and forging new values ​​based on man. It had somewhat obscured the emptiness and meaninglessness of life. In addition to physical pain, Corona disease has inflicted psychological and intellectual suffering on human beings with astonishing speed, which can not be tolerated according to the philosophical foundations of humanism, and is considered as a destructive and harmful evil. د گردد. This disease has severely challenged features such as the thought of saving the experimental sciences and its progress and hope. Regarding the confrontation of contemporary man and humanism thinking with nature and God, this disease also prescribes the need to reconsider the attitude of arrogance, instrumentalism and utility towards nature and God, and invites contemporary man to a humble and loving attitude towards them.

The question arises whether philosophy can offer solutions to reduce despair and strengthen hope for the suffering caused by physical illnesses? Physical illnesses, which sometimes increase with the advancement of human beings in the experimental sciences, cause numerous sufferings, one of the clearest examples of which is the spread of the Corona virus. The purpose of this study is to find philosophical foundations in the Islamic field of reducing the suffering caused by diseases.Research

The present study is a problem-oriented and descriptive-analytical method to eliminate despair and strengthen hope in physical diseases with the focus on the thoughts of Sadr al-Din Mohammad Shirazi.

The findings of the research indicate that in the paradigm of Sadr al-Mutallahin, there are some basic principles that belief in them can be effective in relieving despair and strengthening hope in the desired suffering.

The result of the research indicates the existence of some principles in the wisdom of the sage in question, which will change the attitude in the face of physical diseases. Paying attention to the attributes of mercy and justice of the Almighty, praying and trusting in the Lord of the world and resurrection are also some of the influential factors in this issue.

The Quran is the word of revelation, the source of spiritual healing, treatment and mercy for all believers and guidance towards a prosperous life for all human beings in the world and hereafter.

The study was a rapid review of scientific publications conducted in the field of Quranic sciences and treatment of disease without limitation on date of publication in the most reliable citation database of the world, Web of Science (WOS) by searching the keywords: Quran, Quranic, Koran, Illness, Sickness, Diseases, Treatment, and Therapy.

Eventually, after eliminating repetitive and unrelated articles, 27 articles were included in the study and analyzed. Four main themes were identified which shows that the Holy Quran was effective and utilized in 1) treating mental disorders, resolving spiritual problems, and creating a sense of peace and tranquility, 2) reducing pain, anxiety during childbirth, and depression in women, 3) reducing physical pain and mental states in chronic diseases, and 4) as a complementary and alternative therapy.

this study has shed light on the fact that the Quran is the source of human happiness and prosperity and the prescription for healing diseases, pain and suffering more than ever before, as proposed by sound reasoning and on the basis of scientific research.

Suffering and critical situations are an integral part of human life and the type of dealing with it and its management, has a direct impact on spiritual health and other aspects of human health. The present study seeks to find out what active interaction one should have with God in the face of suffering. And what is the relationship between each of these interactions and spiritual health?

The present research has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner that data collection was done by documentary method and using library resources and data analysis was performed by qualitative method (interpretive and logical analysis).

Findings indicate that the type of exposure to critical situations plays an important role in weakening and strengthening spiritual health. people who have spiritual health and, consequently, mental, social, and physical health, not only maintain their relationship with God in crises but also deepen this relationship by establishing constructive interaction with Him. Some of the most important active interactions in the face of suffering are patience, perseverance with asking for forgiveness, supplication, prayer, striving for the meaning of suffering, believing in the sufficiency of God in crises, believing in the necessity of testing with suffering, having a sense hope and give alms.

Maintaining the principle of relationship with God and deepening it in the light of active interaction with Him in crises is the best way to get out of critical situations by maintaining and promoting spiritual health. The use of constructive interactions strengthens the spiritual health of the suffering person to attain the “good life” (ḥayātan ṭaīyibah) in the Qur'an, and the good life is the same as complete health with the rule of spiritual health.

With regard to the psychological problems of HIV infection، the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of spirituality with a sense of pain and quality of life in patients with HIV/ AIDS. This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on 43 patients with AIDS in Sistan & Baluchestan province which were selected via available sampling method. Spirituality was measured using the Spirituality Questionnaire، feeling of suffering using the Scale of Experience، and Perception of Suffering and quality of life using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression. There was a significant positive relationship between spirituality and quality of life and significant negative relationship between spirituality and feeling of suffering (p<0. 05). There was a significant negative relationship between spirituality and psychological suffering (p<0. 05). Component of self-awareness is the best predictor of physical and psychological health and also social relationships of the quality of life. In addition، component of self-awareness is the best predictor of physical and psychological suffering، and components of self-awareness and spiritual needs، respectively، are best predictors of spiritual and existential suffering. Reinforcing the spiritual and religious attitude in patients with HIV/AIDS through spiritual and religion instruction may increase the social-mental health and reduce the feeling of suffering and improve quality of life of the patients.

While elderly people enter the hospital in biological crisis, family caregivers enter the hospital in psychological crisis. But professional caregivers haven’t adequate knowledge of family caregiver's experiences. Therefore they forget that family caregivers are in suffering equally. Since suffering is a significant concept in nursing science and knowing and comprehending sources of suffering in family caregivers by professional caregivers is very important, this study is done to describe the nature and structure of sources of suffering in family caregivers of hospitalized elderly patients. This is a qualitative study with phenomenological method. Population of the research is all elderly patient's families that were hospitalized in one of the hospitals of Isfahan University of medical sciences. Sampling method was purposive and continued until data saturation. The numbers of participants are 12. Data were gathered through in-dept interview and data analysis done by “Parse” method that was not used in Iran. The finding of this research is summarized in these core concepts: Patients and therapeutic interventions as source of suffering, hospital as source of suffering, disturbance in family and social life as source of suffering, self neglect as source of suffering. These concepts will be discussed in the full article. Participant's experiences reflect the need for planning interventions such as developing supportive groups, providing facility and instruments and continuous support for family caregivers during hospital stay. Also results show that educational programs are necessary for effective adaptation in family caregivers.