جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "زنجان" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that infect various food sources such as raw milk, cheese, ice cream, vegetables, ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, poultry, meat, and fish. Listeria monocytogenes can cause severe diseases such as meningoencephalitis, abortion, and septicemia, with a high mortality rate (30%) in humans. Therefore, the present study was carried out to molecularly investigate the frequency of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk samples.

In this study, 150 raw milk samples from Zanjan province, Iran, were collected at regular intervals. Pure isolates of Listeria monocytogenes were obtained after enrichment in Buffered Listeria enrichment broth (BLEB), followed by plating onto blood agar and PALCAM agar medium and incubation at 35 °C for 48 hours. A hly gene-based PCR assay was developed to detect the presence or absence of virulence genes in isolated Listeria monocytogenes.

The results showed that only one sample was positive by both real-time and conventional PCR methods. It contained three virulence genes, including hlyA, actA, and prf-A, among the virulence genes studied.

The prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in Zanjan province was lower than in previous studies, which was attributed to the small number of samples and the sampling season.

Indoor air pollution in hospitals could be a serious health threat to the patients, medical staff, and visitors. In previous studies, the importance of paying attention to air quality during the Coronavirus pandemic has been proven. In this study, the effect of visiters' presence under normal conditions and the imposition of hospital restrictions at the time of pandemic on air quality and environmental parameters in a hospital has been evaluated.

Air sampling was carried out in Valiasr Hospital of Zanjan in two periods, September 2019 (morning and visiting hours) and during the pandemic in October 2020. All wards inside and the outside of the hospital were examined for air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO2) and environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, and sound levels).

The results of this study showed that except for the sound levels, other pollutants are at an acceptable level. Particulate matter of different sizes in the air of the hospital has a correlation, often with an external source, and has been imported through construction activitie;. However, nitrogen dioxide concentration is dependent on urban traffic. Visiting hours are associated with an increase in the concentration of particulate matter and the sound levels. The pandemic had a positive effect in some wards, on some parameters and often improved the air quality due to the imposing strict health protocols.

This study showed that natural ventilation has a direct effect on the air quality inside of the hospital. It is also suggested that in wards where patients are sensitive or in the need of intensive care, restrictions on commuting and visitation be applied.

Monitoring the amount of ultraviolet radiation from sunlight can provide a basis for assessing people's exposure, raise public awareness and warn people against this radiation. Measuring the sun's ultraviolet index over a working period is an accurate choice to achieve this goal.

In this study, the amount of solar UV index in one of the outdoor locations of Zanjan city was measured using Solarmeter model 5.6 UV index meter for one year period. Measurements were performed from 9 am to 5 pm every 30 minutes in direct sunlight in even days for one year period (2018-2019). Finally, the results were analyzed using Excel software.

The highest value of the maximum daily UV index was related to July, with an average value of 11.87 ± 0.649; while, the lowest value of the maximum daily UV index obtained in January, with an average value of 2.23 ± 0.944. In most months of the year, except for late November, December, January and cloudy days, the average value of the maximum daily UV index around noon exceeds the UV index alert threshold set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Even for the safe time period during spring and summer, the average UV index can exceed the UV index warning threshold.

Determining the intensity of the sun's hourly UV radiation is important and necessary to increase the peoples’ and workers’ awareness working in the open environment, as well as to plan for protective measures in any place, especially in Zanjan.

Soils have a key role in establishment and growth of biota and also are as a natural resource, national capital and life substrate in any country. Therefore, every contamination can be transferred from soils to higher food levels with its negative impacts. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate oil pollution in soils caused by the establishment of Shahid Tondgovian Oil Storage in Zanjan province. The depot has three storage tanks with capacity of 47, 35 and 26 million liters of oil and gasoline and kerosene, respectively.

Soil samples were collected from a depth of 5-15 cm at 20 sites and the values ​​of EC, pH and PAHs were measured. Then T-test was used to compare the results with standards and control sites.

The mean of pH and EC results were 8.24 and 281 µ/cm, respectively. The results showed PAHs values ​​were lower than the standard and there was no statistically significant difference between the study sites and the control one (P > 0.05). Also, the amount of benzo (a) pyrene compound, used as an indicator of total PAHs to study carcinogenic effects, was lower than standard in study area. Therefore, there is no health risk for the oil residents in collected samples from Shahid Tondgoian Oil Storage.

Currently, oil pollution is not observed in the soils around the study area and there is no health risk for the residents in the suburbs.

The importance of evaluating the performance indices of the emergency department as one of the most important hospital wards is obvious to everyone. Therefore, in the present study, we determined emergency performance indices in emergency centers of educational hospitals of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. In this study, data related to performance indices of emergency center in educational hospitals of Gilan University of Medical Sciences were collected during one full week in Ayatollah Moosavi and Valiasr hospitals by simple random sampling of the Poisson model in a continuous and gradual manner and we recorded the data. In this study, in total, 1341 samples were evaluated in relation to the variable of indices. Finally, the data were analyzed using proper descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS Ver. 22. The instrument was a questionnaire which included the underlying profile (age, gender, marital status, insurance status, place of residence and degree of education) of the referrals to the emergency department and data of performance indices. Given that the questionnaire used is a checklist related to the standard performance indices recommended by the Ministry of Health of the country, it is reliable and valid.

Emergency performance indices in Zanjanchr educational centers was at a favorable level in comparison with other studies; except in cases when there is a triage time interval up to the first physicianchr visit that is suggested that by doing provisions on the physical environment and ease in the process of patient admission, reduce this time interval and to reduce the long-term stay of  patients in emergency departments we can mention strategies such as preventing multiple services, making the number of counseling purposeful and restricting them to essential counseling and ultimately, following up on the treatment as soon as possible by the relevant services.

Emergency performance indices in Zanjan educational and treatment centers is at a favorable level in comparison with other studies; except in cases when there is a triage time interval up to the first physicianchr visit that is suggested that by doing provisions on the physical environment and ease in the process of patient admission, reduce this time interval and to reduce the long-term stay of  patients in emergency departments we can mention strategies such as preventing multiple services, making the number of counseling purposeful and restricting them to essential counseling and ultimately, following up on the treatment as soon as possible by the relevant services.

Today, the use of the Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSE-MS) in the workplace to protect the health of employees, reduce occupational incidents, create a safe environment, modify or eliminating harmful impacts on the environment, increase productivity and sustainable development. In perspective of resilience, attention is paid to the intra-system and its reproducibility, learning mechanisms, component integration, and other features that enhance the systemchr('39')s adaptability to any environmental changes and shocks. Resilience Engineering(RE), as a new approach to management systems, seeks to maintain system performance under different conditions, relying on strength instead of weaknesses.  The resilience engineering perspective is a new and attractive approach because it emphasizes the preview models of human error analysis and considers the system as a whole. This focus is on present and future safety, that is, preventive safety rather than reactive safety, and so it is not just focused on past mistakes. This approach views humans as an integral part of resilience and does not focus solely on technical components or redundancy as key elements in enhancing immunity in systems. In the resilience perspective, unlike the vulnerability perspective that emphasizes outward looking within the system, attention is paid to the system and its reproducibility, learning mechanisms, component integration, and other features that enhance system adaptability to any environmental changes and shocks. . Therefore, resilience absorbs perturbations and effects by improving the systemchr('39')s capabilities and capabilities, and facilitates return to pre-perturbation state for the system. As all control systems fail over time or become obsolete due to changes, continuous performance measurement of HSE management under the resilience engineering parameter is necessary. Such measurement can occur at different levels, such as individual workstations, individual management processes, or at the level of the HSE management system in general. Investigating integrated health, safety and environmental management systems from a resilience engineering perspective can emphasize the benefits of reducing vulnerability to hazards, increasing safety levels and reducing harmful environmental impacts or mitigating environmental impacts. The purpose of this study was to Assessment the health, safety and environmental management system from a resilient engineering perspective in Zanjan Zinc Industrial Plants.

This is a descriptive-analytical study. The community study is 12 active zinc casting companies with a Health,Safety and Environment Management System or Integrated Management System Zanjan Zinc Industrial Plants. Zinc processing companies, with the above mentioned second category, were selected from 12 companies and 1460 personnel as the study population. Interviews were conducted from 300 people, including 12 top management or top management representatives, 12 HSE experts and 276 unit staff. The tool used to do this research is a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed for three groups: staff (55 questions), HSE experts (161 questions), top management or management representative (55 questions).Interviews were conducted with staff in groups and in many cases as work units. Interviews with staff from all units were attempted, but in some cases interviews with staff from all units were not possible and units with the highest risk of HSE were replaced for the interview. The interview was also conducted without the presence of HSE managers and staff. The HSE-MS standard questionnaire was designed based on ISO 9001, 45001ISO, ISO 14001, ILO-OSH2001 and based on literature review in the field of HSE and RE management system. Health, safety and environmental checklists were collected from the Health Center, Labor Inspection Office, EPA respectively. To determine validation, we used content validity and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha represents the proportion of a group of items that measures a construct. Conventionally, a minimum Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of 0.6 is desirable for descriptive studies. But a good internal validity index is usually considered to be between 0.7 and 0.8. In this study Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was 0.802, Which was considered 0.7 and above. To complete the questionnaire, a structural approach was first analyzed, which was limited to analyzing the documents and records described in the evidence sources for each HSE-MS case. Then the performance approach, where the indices extracted by the companychr('39')s HSE unit, were examined. After the structural and functional evaluation, the HSE-MS operational approach was evaluated, which included direct supervision, field visits, and staff interviews. given that the companies were in three shifts and rotations that were presented to each company for three consecutive weeks. Interviews, documentation reviews, field visits and direct observation were used to complete the questionnaire. Characteristics of the researcher-made questionnaire (Structured Interview) used in this study were: 7 main criteria, 20 sub-criteria, 5 sub-sub-criteria of evaluation. For each case, three types of audits, sources of evidence, RE assessments and requirements were identified. HSE-MS Criteria from the RE Perspective:1. HSE-MS Planning 2. Operational processes and Risk assessmen management 3. People management 4. Generic safety factors 5. Planning of the performance monitoring 6. Feedback, learning and continuous improvement 7. Results .Questionnaire scoring was based on the Brazilian National Quality Award, and finally the HSE-MS status was determined from the standpoint of resiliency engineering.

The status of the Health,Safety and Environment management system from the resilience engineering perspective, in Zanjan Zinc Industrial Plants was evaluated with a score of 57.8% on average. In the main criteria of Health,Safety and Environment management system, the criteria for assessment and risk management with 65.97%, and the criteria for the results with 42.95%, sub- criteria, the leadership and top management commitment with 71.4%, and the sub-measure of preventive performance with 42.46 %. and sub- sub- criteria of the sources with 77.91%. and contractors with 38.13%, respectively, had the highest and lowest score. Structural and operational approach were rated as 62.57% and 60.55% at moderate level and functional approach as poor as 42.95%. In the structural, operational and functional approaches, the system structure, the actual activities in the operational units and the results of the performance indicators were evaluated, respectively. The four principles of resilience: top management commitment 63.92%, learning 61.13%, flexibility 65.08% and awareness with 61.41% were determined by evaluating the criteria of health, safety and environment management system, and integration with resilience engineering.

Evaluate the health, safety and environmental management system from a resilience engineering perspective, which is a combination of HSE-MS and RE elements, and is a comprehensive assessment of other HSE management system audits. Because at the same time, three structural, functional and operational approaches coupled with resilience engineering were evaluated in one model. Considering the criterion of competence and its ability to influence the principle of learning from the principles of resilience engineering, it is important to note that the failure to employ a full-time HSE expert and, in the short term, the termination of collaboration with experts, had a negative impact on this principle. It was the success of companies that focused on selecting, retaining and valuing this group of experts. There was no training need assessment in many companies. If accidents and pseudo-incidents did occur, if properly documented and analyzed, they could serve as lessons learned for later periods. Another reason is that in examining accident reporting forms, similar incidents happened with similar causes, if they were preventable by corrective measures. Integrate management systems and integrate them with change management to optimize performance. Personal safety and process safety should be considered, because good performance in personal safety does not necessarily mean good process safety performance, while poor performance in process safety results from poor personal safety. Employee awareness of the results of HSE audits and the performance of the HSE management system can be effective in contributing to and improving indicators.

Due to the wide use of swimming pools and the necessity of maintaining the health of swimmers and controlling health issues, management and monitoring of such sites are necessary and necessary for compliance with established standards by competent authorities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and bacteriological indices of swimming pool water in Zanjan in 1995 This study was descriptive-analytical and all of the active swimming pools were sampled during the summer and autumn seasons. Physical and chemical parameters such as air and water temperature, turbidity, residual free chlorine content, electrical conductivity, oxidation and regeneration potential (ORP) and bacteria including total coliforms and fecal coliforms, plate counting of heterotrophes, stool streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Pidmonas Aeroginosa was studied Among the microbial parameters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fecal coliforms, the plate count of heterotrophs was 64%, 26.9% and 12%, respectively, and were at an unsatisfactory level compared to the standard. This indicator was obtained for parameters of turbidity, water temperature, air, pH and free chlorine 98%, 94%, 88.9%, 79.6%, 41.7%, respectively Physicochemical and bacterial parameters are in poor compliance with the national standard. Trainers instructors and managers of swimming pools are responsible for basically exploiting pools, implementing retraining courses for health inspectors, controlling routine operation and interventional parameters such as turbidity and temperature, and Effective on the disinfection process and the use of digital and up-to-date digital imaging devices has a significant impact on the water quality of the pools

A desirable level of happiness among nurses is related to the quality of nursing care services. This study aimed to evaluate the level of happiness among nurses and its’ relation to some demographic factors in Zanjan province- 2017.
Methods & Materials: In this cross sectional study, 371 nurses employed in the hospitals affiliated to Zanjan University of medical sciences were participated. The Oxford happiness inventory was used to collect data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test through the SPSS software version 16. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean and standard deviation of age of samples were 32.2±7.08. Most nurses were female (86.79%) and married (68.46%). Most nurses had a bachelor’s degree (94.88%) and the rest of them had a master’s degree. The mean score of happiness in nurses was 43.1±13.3 (the range 0-87). Concerning the demographic and occupational variables, a statistically significant relationship was found between job satisfaction and happiness level (P=0.049). According to the findings of the study, the level of happiness in the nurses was at an acceptable level. Considering the relationship between happiness and job satisfaction, and given the importance of job satisfaction in the motivation and retention of nurses in the profession, it is necessary to pay attention to this matter.

  Despite frequent vaccination, Pertussis is still relatively common in the world. The prevalence of this disease has been reported differently in different parts of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical and pediatric findings and compare them with the results of nasopharyngeal culture in suspected Pertussis patients in Zanjan province. In this cross-sectional study, records of all patients referred to Zanjan health center during 2011-2015 with suspected Pertussis were evaluated. Data were collected from questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS v16 software using frequency distribution, chi-square and chi-square test.
Findings: Of the 243 patients examined, 17 (7%) patients were positive for nasopharyngeal culture. Eight of them were male and 9 were females. The highest number of cases was in winter (9 cases). We found cough in all cases and post coughing vomiting in 15 cases . Of the 17 positive cultured patients, 11 patients were below 6 months (before completing three doses of vaccine).
Discussion & In this study, the positive nasopharyngeal culture was similar to most of the national’s studies but was less than that of other countries.

Heavy metals are toxic and can enter the food and thus the health of people who consume these kinds of foods may be affected. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in fruits and to estimate the exposure level of heavy metals by fruit consumption.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 60 samples (35 samples of apple fruit and 25 apricot fruit samples) were randomly collected from gardens around Zanjan and Mahneshan city in 2016. The concentration of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software.
The average concentration of the elements in the samples was as follows: Pb (0.121 mg/kg wet weight), Cd (0.052 mg/kg wet weight), Zn (10.63 mg/kg dry weight), and Cu (4.99 mg/kg dry weight). The average lead concentration in apple and apricot was, respectively, 0.17 and 0.057 mg/kg wet weight, cadmium 0.08 and 0.003 mg/kg wet weight, zinc 9.15 and 12.7 mg/kg dry weight, Copper 4.4 and 5.583 mg/kg dry weight. Furthermore, it was found that 28.3% of the samples were contaminated with Pb, 13.3% with Cd and 3.3% with Zn. Cu contamination was not detected above permitted concentration. The concentrations of heavy metals in Zanjan were more than Mahneshan and the concentrations of Pb and Cd in the apple samples were higher than the apricot samples but the concentration of Zn and Cu in the apricot samples were higher than the apple samples.
Heavy metals pollution was found in samples belonging to the gardens around the factories and mines of lead and zinc. However, there is no risk of non-cancerous diseases with the use of these fruits in accordance with the national standard declared per capita.

Due to the numerous side effects of synthetic analgesics, attention has been paid to find new analgesic agents with fewer side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic properties of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil in mice.
In this study, eighty male NMRI mice were randomly assigned to 5 groups including a control group, groups receiving Satureja bachtiarica essential oil at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg and a group that received morphine at a dose of 10 mg/kg. After intraperitoneal injection of morphine and essential oil, pain response was determined using hot plate and tail immersion tests.
In the hot plate test, 100 mg/kg of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil showed significant analgesic effect compared with the control group but, 50 and 25 mg/kg doses of essential oil did not show any significant effect. Intraperitoneal injection of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil at a dose of 100 mg/kg increased resistance to the hot water at 0, 2, 4 and 6 minutes after the beginning of the tail immersion test (P The results of this study showed the analgesic effect of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil on mice.

Identifying maternal and neonatal risk factors and timely resuscitation at birth can lead to the prevention of asphyxia, which is the third leading cause of neonatal death in the world. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the need for neonatal resuscitation and its related factors in the delivery rooms of hospitals in Zanjan province. This cross-sectional study was performed in two years. The prevalence and risk factors of neonatal resuscitation, resuscitation processes, and its short term prognosis were extracted. Data were analyzed by using univariate and multivariate logistic regression with SPSS18 software. Results showed that 9.9% of newborns needed initial resuscitation and 1.5% needed advanced resuscitation. Cesarean delivery and normal delivery by means of forceps or vacuums, maternal diseases, and interventions during labor increased the chance for the need of resuscitation. Also, for each week increase in the gestational, one gram increase in newborn weight, and an mother educational level the probability of the need for a newborn resuscitation is reduced. Delivery type, maternal underlying diseases, interventions during labor, maternal demographic factors, gestational age and newborn’s weight were the most important risk factors associated with the need for resuscitation. Identifying the predictors need for newborn resuscitation is important for planning and effective interventions.

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most important opportunistic parasites and can lead to acute toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. Due to the specific conditions of dialysis patients, this parasite may have different clinical features when compared to other individuals. Given the vulnerability of these patients and lack of information on this subject in Zanjan and Mazandaran, this study was performed on dialysis patients in these two provinces.
280 patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis were studied. Their personal information was recorded with questionnaires while blood samples were collected and sera were isolated and subjected to anti-Toxoplasma antibody evaluation using ELISA technique.
The patients included 156 men (55.7%) and 124 women (44.3%). Anti-Toxoplasma IgG was positive in 232 patients (82.9%). The sero-positive ratio of patients in Mazandaran was higher than that of Zanjan (P The study showed that Toxoplasma seroprevalence (indicative of parasite existence in their body) in patients undergoing hemodialysis in the study areas is high. Considering the particular circumstances of dialysis patients and the possibility of reactivation of this parasite from its chronic phase to its acute phase, regular screening for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in this group of patients is recommended.

Congenital craniofacial anomalies emerge as changes in structure, function and metabolism at birth. This study aimed to identify congenital malformations of the face and different non-healed and healed craniofacial fractures and their epidemiology in people younger than 18 years in the province of Zanjan.
This study was carried out on all urban healthcare centers and school health units in the province of Zanjan in order to evaluate all people younger than 18 years for craniofacial anomalies. In rural centers, trained health workers completed the relevant forms for all the people in their area. Later they referred patients with specific needs to Ayatollah Mousavi hospital for more evaluation. Afterwards, all individuals with facial fractures were referred to the plastic surgery clinic of the above mentioned hospital.
87,356 people were evaluated in this study. 152 children and adolescents (1.7 per thousand people) had an anomaly. 86.2% (131) of the cases referred for treatment while 13.8% did not. Of the referred cases, 49 individuals (32.2%) had not undergone surgery. There was a surgery satisfaction rate of 36% and a surgery dissatisfaction rate of 36.9% in those who had undergone surgery.
This study clarified that healthcare referral system has not been working properly. Among the people with facial fractures who have been referred to surgical unit, many have not undergone surgery. In general, there was a surgery satisfaction rate of 36% and a surgery dissatisfaction rate of 36.9% in those who had undergone surgery. Individuals with facial fractures had long-term problems such as trouble in speaking and listening and communicating with others. Since the adverse effects of surgery can affect their quality of life, overcoming these problems with secondary treatment is required.

Most patients suffering from kidney failure who undergo dialysis for a long time have complaints of sleep disorders. Sleep disorders in these patients accompany some serious complications that reduce quality of life and increase mortality. Nowadays most treatments for diabetes are pharmaceutical drugs, which have many side effects and are expensive[d1] . The aim of this study was to survey the effect of cool hemodialysis on improving sleep quality in hemodialysis patients.
This was a pre-post test, quasi experimental study that was performed in Semnan Fatemiyeh hospital. 23 patients were purposefully selected. Data collection was performed using demographic questionnaires, patients’ medical records and Pittsburgh Sleep Index. Patients underwent standard hemodialysis (37°c) 3 times weekly, for 4 weeks, and afterwards they underwent cool hemodialysis (35°c), in the same circumstances and time intervals. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical data analysis.
Results showed that the mean and standard deviation of patient age was 60.2 ± 14.6 years. 47.8% patients required dialysis due to diabetes, 17.4% due to hypertension, 13% due to congenital diseases and glomerulonephritis. Sleep quality (P Cool hemodialysis (instead of standard hemodialysis) could improve sleep quality thus improving quality of life in dialysis patients.

Patient satisfaction is one of the important indicators of the quality of the services of emergency departments. This study aimed to determine the satisfaction rate of patients referred to emergency departments of teaching hospitals of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 193 patients who referred to the emergency centers of teaching hospitals were selected by time sampling during one week in each three working shifts. The patients who entered the study should at least have 6 hours of hospitalization. A satisfaction questionnaire approved by the Ministry of Health was used to collect data through individual interviewing. The study data were analyzed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS Ver. 22.
The mean score of patient's satisfaction in both departments was 64.66 with a standard deviation of 10.26. The highest level of satisfaction related to nursing services, amenities and Waiting time for diagnostic tests result, and the lowest level of satisfaction was related to teaching patients during discharge time and the waiting time for physician visit.
Although the satisfaction rate of patients in Emergency Centers, in particular nursing services, was acceptable, in some cases, such as patient education during discharge and timely attendance of a physician, more monitoring and effective measures are needed from the managers of the these departments.

Radon is highly regarded because of its impacts on public health. Northern regions of Iran have a high potential for radon emissions. This research aimed to measure residential radon concentrations in Tarom country- Zanjan and to compare the results with international standards and acceptable values.
Passive diffusive samplers, Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD), with the ability to determine background and longtime concentration, were selected for this study. A total of 30 detectors were located based on a pre-identified network in the residential buildings of Chavarzaq, Ab Bar and Gilvan for a period of three months. Then, detectors were sent to a laboratory for counting the traces.
Based on the results, average radon concentrations in Chavarzaq, Ab Bar and Gilvan were 220.51, 95.25 and 119.84 Bq/m3, respectively. The average radon concentration in Tarom was about 130.57 Bq/m3. There was no meaningful relationship between radon concentration with the age of buildings or number of occupants. In comparison of the results with USEPA standards it was observed that among total samples just one of them was in the range of target level, and 15 detectors were in the range of target to action levels and the remaining samples showed high level of radon requiring corrective measures. In addition, 12 detectors showed values less than the reference level of WHO and the remaining detectors had higher values than WHO level.
Based on results of this research, soil analysis before construction, application of building materials resistant to leakage and regular monitoring of radon levels in region were suggested.

The Emergency Department is the first line of the communication channel between the patient and the patient care system and the main entrance of the patient to the healthcare system. In case of lack of knowledge and awareness of the clients about the type of services provided and admission to the treatment centers, the complications and irreparable consequences Will bring. the aim of this study was to determine the causes and demographic factors of patients referred to emergency departments of educational and therapeutic centers of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.
This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study environment of the triage unit of the emergency wards of two hospitals, Ayatollah Mousavi and Valiasr, and all of the patients who were referred to the emergency department during one year. Data collecting tool The registered individuals from September 1390 to September 2012 in the triage card, which included demographic characteristics and information about the reason for referral to the treatment center. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical methods.
Of 56493 patients referred to the emergency departments of Ayatollah Mousavi and Vali-e-Asr medical centers, 33843 were referred to Mousavi center and 22650 to Vali Asr center. Most of the patients referred to Vali-e-Asr center (87.4%) were women with joint problems and in the muscular center of men (75%) were respiratory problems.
Collecting the causes of referrals to educational and therapeutic centers will be of great help in gaining the knowledge and awareness of people about the type of service provided in these types of centers and transferring these statistics to the relevant authorities will lead to the identification of the type of provision of services in medical centers Managing people and upgrading hospital equipment with the high number of referrals to centers in different seasons and hours will be provided to provide the best services with full citizen satisfaction.

Seemingly no research has investigated so far to heavy metals determination in leafy vegetables widely consumed in Zanjan city using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer. Therefore, the objective of present research was determine heavy metals contents (Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni) in some selected leafy vegetables widely consumed in Zanjan city (Dill, leek, Coriander, Parsley and Cress) from three major cultivation areas (Rah Ahan, Dizaj Bala and Kushkan).
For more accurate results four pre-treatment methods (wet ashing with electrical furnace, acid leaching method and ultrasound-assisted acid leaching) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry were evaluated.
Obtained results show that wet ashing is the effective method among other pre-treatment procedures. According to the obtained results about heavy metals measurement the level of these metals depended on the type of vegetable and different cultivation areas, so Rah Ahan region showed the highest contamination. Among evaluated heavy metals only the level of the Pb in all samples was higher than permissible levels recommended by standards (1.8-2.5 mg/Kg). The maximum and minimum concentrations of Pb were exhibited by Dill (9.28±1.95 mg/Kg), and leek (2.35±3.33 mg/Kg), respectively. The mean Ni, Cd and Co concentrations in vegetable samples varied from 0.44-3.93 mg/Kg, 0.1-0.2 mg/Kg and 0.5-1.08 mg/Kg, respectively, which were lower than the recommended safe limits. In the case of Zn, all of samples except Cress showed the concentration levels below the acceptable tolerance level (50 mg/Kg).
In general it can be concluded that pretreatment methods, both vegetable and cultivated area could be helpful in determining the amount of heavy metals pollution. Considering the importance of accurate determination of these metals, these factors should be considered.

Child weight is considered as one of the most appropriate criteria for determining the nutritional status of the children particularly prior to 24 months of age. There is an association between duration of breastfeeding and child weight via which childhood and even adult obesity can be predicted. Regarding the importance of breastfeeding and its critical role in future health of children, the present research was carried out to investigate the association between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the weight of 24- month-old children in Zanjan province.
This cross-sectional research was carried out using the registered data from 24 months old children records in rural/ urban health centers of Zanjan province. The sampling included all records of neonates born from 2010 to 2012 which were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were assessed by ordinal regression with the Proportional odds model and chi-square test. Stata12 was used for data analysis.
Of 8456 children with the age of 24 months, 4146 (49%) were female. The mean age of the mothers was 27.1±5.4 years. The mean duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding with related standard deviation were 20.3±5.8 and 4.7±1.4 months, respectively. The mean and standard error concerning 24-month- old children’s weight was 11939±13.2 grams. There was an inverse relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding with 24-month-old children’s weight (p This study elucidates that continuation of breastfeeding until 24 months of age may prevent child obesity. Therefore, exclusive breastfeeding encouragement and the continued breastfeeding until 24 months are critically recommended.