سالمندان

The elderly population faces numerous challenges threatening their quality of life, autonomy, and mobility. Therefore, it is essential to implement activities that address and enhance these issues. This study aimed to examine the effects of rehabilitation exercises on the mechanics of transitional movements among the elderly.

The present study was a systematic review. Articles in Persian and English were searched from December 2020 to May 2024. The study examined the effects of various rehabilitation exercises on the biomechanics of transfer movements in elderly individuals. Specialized databases, including Magiran SID, Scopus، PubMed، ISC، WOS, and Google Scholar were utilized for the review. Initially, 74 relevant articles were selected, and ultimately, 21 articles related to different types of rehabilitation exercises for the elderly were analyzed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The results showed that a variety of rehabilitation exercises can effectively enhance the reduction of peak ground reaction forces during transitional movements. Additionally, it was observed neuromuscular exercises improved the balance index. Conversely, resistance exercises improved both static and dynamic balance and reduced the risk of falling among the elderly.

Prolonged participation in combined exercises, which merge two or more rehabilitation exercises, might yield more beneficial results. However, further research is needed to determine the best type and intensity of exercise for improving the biomechanics of transfer movements in the elderly.

A significant increase in the elderly population with chronic diseases, including diabetes, has been accompanied by numerous challenges worldwide. Stress is recognized as one of the influential factors in the occurrence and exacerbation of diabetes complications. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of stress-coping skills training on the levels of anxiety and quality of life (QOL) in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes in Shiraz City, Iran, in 2018.

The present study was conducted using a semi-experimental educational intervention design on 100 elderly individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: the intervention and control. After conducting pre-tests and blood glucose tests, stress-coping skills training sessions were held over 6 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes, including  primary and secondary assessment of diabetes, training on how to deal with the stress caused by the disease in order to reduce the symptoms of the patients, assigning homework with the aim of calming the body, getting familiar with cognitive concepts, a test of dealing with negative thoughts, concentration of thought, and various other materials. Three months after the last session, post-tests and blood tests were conducted for both groups. The control group received their regular treatment program until the end of the study. The assessment tools used included a demographic information questionnaire, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Diabetes Quality of Life questionnaire (DQOL). The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and independent t-test, paired t-test, and chi-square test.

The intervention and control groups did not have a significant difference in demographic characteristics, and also before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of QOL, anxiety, and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels between the two groups. The findings of the study indicate that after the intervention, the QOL of the intervention group and its dimensions significantly increased, and anxiety significantly decreased (P < 0.001). However, a significant change in the level of HbA1C was not observed in the intervention group (P > 0.001).

The results of this study indicate that stress-coping skills training has a positive impact on reducing anxiety and improving the QOL in elderly individuals with diabetes and can be considered an effective educational method in this area. However, these skills did not have a significant effect on the level of HbA1C, and further investigation is needed in long-term studies and different age and gender groups.

Sleep quality and overall quality of life are key factors in improving the health and well-being of the elderly. Given the preference for non-pharmacological methods, this study examines the effects of sleep hygiene training and reflexology massage on sleep quality and the quality of life among the elderly.

This randomized controlled trial, conducted in 2023, included 127 elderly individuals in Sari. Participants were divided into three groups: two intervention groups and one control group. The intervention groups received either sleep hygiene training (delivered in small groups of 2–5 participants) or black seed oil massage (administered in 8 sessions over 4 weeks). The control group received no intervention. Sleep quality and quality of life were assessed at three time points: before the intervention, immediately after, and one-month post-intervention, using standardized questionnaires. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis, Tamhane post-hoc tests, and generalized estimating equation tests.

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in sleep quality between the groups (P = 0.763). However, post-intervention and one month later, significant improvements in sleep quality were observed in both intervention groups (P= 0.001). Similarly, quality of life was significantly higher in both intervention groups compared to the control group (P= 0.05). No significant difference in quality of life was found between the intervention groups immediately after and one-month post-intervention (P= 0.525).

These results indicate that non-pharmacological methods, such as sleep hygiene training and foot reflexology massage, can significantly improve both sleep quality and quality of life in the elderly. Based on the findings, both methods are recommended, with foot reflexology massage showing greater effectiveness. It should be considered as a primary approach to enhancing sleep quality and overall well-being in the elderly.

 The incidence of cancers, especially stomach, colorectal, and esophageal cancers, is increasing in the Iranian elderly population. At present, family members often identify the needs of cancer patients and provide their main care. Therefore, the present study determines the relationship between caregiver burden and quality of life in the caregivers of elderly patients with digestive system cancers referred to selected hospitals in Tehran City, Iran, in 2023.

 This was a descriptive-analytical study. In this article, the relationship between caregiver burden and quality of life was investigated in 270 caregivers of elderly patients with digestive system cancers referred to selected hospitals in Tehran City, Iran, in 2023. Sampling was done using a cluster sampling method, and the time limit was from March to December 2023. In this research, personal and social profile questionnaires, Zarit care burden questionnaire, and cancer caregiver quality of life index were used. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software, version 22, along with statistical tests. Descriptive statistics, one-sample t test, and univariate linear regression were used, and P<0.05 was considered significant in all stages.

 The average score of caregiver burden among those caring for elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer was 30.63±14.10, indicating  the average care burden in the caregivers of elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer(P<0.001) The average score of quality of life in the caregivers of elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer was 70.39±18.12, reflecting a low quality of life score (P<0.001). A significant negative relationship was observed between caregiver’s care burden and caregiver’s quality of life (P<0.001), meaning that as caregiver burden increases, quality of life decreases. Caregiver burden accounted for 30% of the variation in quality of life. Caregiver burden was significantly associated with increasing average age (P=0.04), number of children (P=0.03), duration of care (P=0.002), retired caregivers (P=0.03), and living with others (P=0.03). On the other hand, the average social support increases (P=0.002), and this increase has been significant. Quality of life scores significantly declined among older caregivers (P=0.001), had more children (P=0.001), were retired (P=0.04), lived with a spouse (P=0.01), had low to moderate social support (P=0.001), or had chronic conditions such as depression, arthritis, diabetes, asthma, or angina pectoris (P=0.003).

 Caregiving burden can play an effective role in reducing the quality of life of caregivers of the elderly with gastrointestinal cancer, and by reducing the caregiving pressure, we can observe an increase in the quality of life of caregivers of the elderly.

 The increase in the older adult population is a public health challenge worldwide. The present study is designed and conducted as a cross-sectional study to identify the specific types of needs among the elderly population.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted on 501 elderly subjects residing in western Iran (Hamadan Province). The data collection process consisted of four sections, including a demographic information questionnaire, the abbreviated mental test (AMT-10) test questionnaire for identifying the absence of dementia, cognitive impairment, the Barthel index questionnaire for measuring functional independence status, and finally, the Camberwell assessment of need for the elderly. The Stata software, version 17, was used for data analysis, considering a 95% confidence interval.

 The social dimension had the highest mean of met needs (15.98±0.15), the psychological dimension (66.93±0.7), and the physical dimension (91.04±1.8) had the lowest met need. For each one-year increase in age, the scores of met needs decrease by 0.05 units (95% confidence interval: -0.01, -0.08). The elderly with academic education had a higher score of met needs by 2.23 units (95% confidence interval: 1.40, 3.05). Furthermore, with an increase in self-rated health score, the average met needs also increased by 1.91 units (95% confidence interval: 2.63, 1.20).

 The social and physical needs of the elderly, particularly in the areas of vision and hearing, are not being adequately met. Therefore, it is essential to increase the quantity and quality of comprehensive assessments of physical and psychosocial performance of the elderly annually in an integrated elderly care program. Incorporating educational programmes in the form of self-care skill packages is necessary for improving psychosocial and physical performance, especially in the elderly with a history of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. To promote healthy and dynamic aging, it is essential to identify basic and immediate needs, continuously monitor progress, improve the quality and quantity of program services, and review the elderly care program. This requires upgrading specialized and trained human resources. Finally, future studies should assess the health-related needs of all elderly residents in the community, including those in long-term care facilities.

“Given the increasing population of elderly individuals and the various psychological challenges they face, such as feelings of loneliness and anxiety stemming from rejection, there is a growing necessity to focus on effective intervention methods. Mindfulness, as a psychological technique, can help individuals engage with their emotions and thoughts in a more constructive manner. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness on loneliness, sensitivity to rejection, and rumination in the elderl

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness on loneliness, sensitivity to rejection, and rumination in the elderly. The research method was semi-experimental, utilizing a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all elderly individuals residing in government-run nursing homes. Using a convenience sampling method, 50 individuals were selected and randomly assigned to an experimental group (15 participants) and a control group (15 participants). Data were collected using the Ruminative Response Scale by Nolen-Hoeksema (1991), the Russell Loneliness Scale (1980), and the Downey and Feldman Sensitivity to Rejection Scale (1996). The mindfulness program was implemented for the experimental group over eight 90-minute sessions, once a week. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS version 26.

The results indicated that mindfulness training significantly affected loneliness, sensitivity to rejection, and rumination in the elderly, and this effect remained significant during the follow-up period (P < 0.001).

Therefore, based on the findings, it can be concluded that these results emphasize the importance of utilizing mindfulness techniques to enhance the mental health of the elderly and can serve as a foundation for designing effective intervention programs for this age group.

The aging population is increasingly recognized as a significant demographic that requires focused attention in mental health research and interventions.The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of reminiscence therapy on social functioning and emotional well-being in the elderly.

This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up, including a control group. The statistical population consisted of all depressed elderly individuals with a history of trauma residing in Qazvin in the year 1402 (2023). The sample included 20 depressed elderly individuals with a history of trauma, identified based on a cutoff score of 21 on the Beck Depression Inventory and a cutoff score of 4 or higher on the Walker and Stang (1987) Elderly Questionnaire, along with clinical interviews. Participants were matched by gender and assigned to either the reminiscence therapy group or the control group (10 individuals in each group). The study utilized the social functioning questionnaire developed by Farokhnia et al. (2017) and the emotional well-being questionnaire by Keyes et al. (2003). The experimental group received 12 sessions of Butler’s reminiscence therapy. Data analysis was conducted using repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS-26 software.

The results indicated that reminiscence therapy had a significant effect on social functioning and emotional well-being (P < 0.001), and this effect remained stable during the follow-up period.

This research underscores the importance of reminiscence therapy as an effective method for improving the psychological and social status of depressed elderly individuals and suggests that this approach should be incorporated into therapeutic programs for this age group.

 This study aims to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on caregiver burden and psychological flexibility in caregivers of elderly individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD).

 The semi-experimental research method and the statistical population consisted of caregivers of elderly patients with AD referred to neurology clinics in Tehran, Iran, in the spring of 2023. A total of thirty participants were selected using the purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups, namely an experimental and a control group. Subsequently, the treatment focused on compassion was implemented in an experimental group in eight 90-min sessions over 8 weeks. The second edition acceptance and action questionnaire–II (AAQ-2) and the caregiver burden inventory (CBI) questionnaire were completed as pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases. The analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data with SPSS software, version 23.

Compassion-focused therapy was effective in caregiving stress and psychological flexibility in caregivers of the elderly with AD. The amount of F index for the effect of the group on lack of time, interruption in growth, physical pressure, social pressure, and emotional pressure was 12.64, 19.23, 19.06, 21.26, and 27.06, respectively. Also, the F index related to psychological flexibility was equal to 19.28. The significance level of all cases was less than 0.05, and the effect size was greater than 0.4.

It is recommended for clinical and health psychologists to support the caregiver’s family in their role and improve their mental health in the above cases through intervention programs based on treatment focused on compassion so that by improving mental health, they can be more efficient in the treatment process of elderly patients with the AD.

 Individuals undergoing chronic hemodialysis face various daily challenges due to their unique lifestyle, which significantly reduces their quality of life. Self-care plays a crucial role in improving health behaviors and delaying the progression to the final stages of the disease. Since self-care is comprehensive, learnable, and improvable, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between loneliness and self- care in elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis.

This cross-sectional study involved 138 elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Citizen Dialysis Center in Sari, selected through a census method. Data collection tools included a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Standardized Elderly Self-Care Scale, and the Russell Loneliness Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics. The significance level was set at P≤ 0.05.

The average age of the participants was 68.67±6.28 years, and the majority (51.4%) were female. Pearson correlation analysis revealed no significant association between total self-care scores and loneliness (r=0.14,P=0.108), physical self-care scores and loneliness (r=-0.03,p=0.694), or illness-related self-care scores and loneliness (r=0.11,P=0.218). However, a significant negative correlation was observed between spiritual self-care scores and loneliness (r=-0.33,P=0.001) and between social self-care scores and loneliness (r=-0.20,P=0.018). As loneliness scores increased, spiritual and social self-care scores declined.

The findings underscore the importance of addressing the emotional and social needs of elderly hemodialysis patients along with their physical health needs to enhance their overall quality of life. Healthcare providers and policymakers should implement self-care interventions, particularly those emphasizing spiritual and social aspects, into care plans for elderly hemodialysis patients to reduce the negative impact of loneliness and promote their well-being.

A smart phone with advanced hardware and software capabilities is able to perform complex tasks. The use of this tool has become an inseparable part of the lives of people all over the world in all ages. Considering the importance of memory in the independence and well-being of the elderly in doing daily life tasks and the effective effect of smartphones on memory, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of using a smartphone on the performance of prospective and retrospective memory in the elderly who own a smartphone.

The current study is cross-sectional and analytical, and the sample size was 220 people according to similar studies. Sampling was carried out in a simple random manner and the research members completed Crawford's demographic and prospective and retrospective memory questionnaires according to the inclusion criteria. Data analysis was done using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis test and correlation coefficient.

The results of the study showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the use of a smartphone (in terms of year) and total memory performance (P=0.022). There is a positive correlation between the duration of using a smartphone during the day and total memory performance. It exists, but it is not significant. (p=162)

In general, it can be said that the duration of using a smartphone in terms of years had a positive effect on the overall, retrospective and prospective memory of the elderly and it was statistically significant.

Diabetes is one of the most important chronic diseases of elderhood. Adherence to treatment and self-care, is one of the main pillars of controlling diabetes and reducing disease complications. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relation among  adherence to treatment and self-care of elderly with type 2 diabetics.

This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 116 elderly with type 2 diabetes who referred to the diabetes clinic of Gorgan in 2022. The sampling was performed using the convenience method, and the data collection tools were adherence to treatment and self-care Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software by descriptive statistics (table, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Spearman, U-Man-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis correlation coefficient) at a significance level of 0.05.

The results related to adherence to treatment and self-care rates were achieved in mean and standard deviation as much as 84.24 ± 8.87 and 76.83 ± 8.69, respectively. Spearman's correlation coefficient test did not show a significant relationship between adherence to treatment and self-care of the elderly (r=0.03, P=0.712).

According to the results, there was no significant relationship between adherence to treatment and self-care of the elderly. Patient participation in self-care in the treatment of diabetes plays a crucial role in the treatment and prevention of the disease. Therefore, Health care workers, especially nursing staff, should identify the care needs of elderly diabetics and develop educational and care programs to improve patients’ adherence to treatment and self-care.

The increase in the older population over the past decades has become a global phenomenon, so it is necessary to make appropriate policies for improving the welfare and well-being of this group. There is little consensus in the theoretical field regarding the concept of well-being. Therefore, this study examines the dimensions and indicators of the seniors' well-being in the published studies in this field.

Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage methodological framework for scoping reviews guided this scoping literature review. This study has reviewed all English and Persian papers published in the last 20 years that have examined the dimensions and indicators of well-being in older people. After screening, 25 studies were included in the analysis. 

The dominant approach to study well-being in older people is a multiple approach, exploring a combination of objective and subjective dimensions. The most mentioned dimensions are health status, mental well-being, social relationships, living environment, economic status, resources, and capabilities. The well-being indicators are presented in a multifaceted model according to individual, family, local, and social levels.

Policymaking for seniors' well-being needs to consider objective and subjective dimensions and different indicators based on the context of society.

 This study was conducted aiming to assess the effect of an educational intervention based on the health belief model on the nutritional behaviors of the elderly with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

This semi-experimental research was conducted on 156 elderly participants (intervention and control groups) with fatty liver referred to comprehensive health service centers covered by the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The data was collected by a valid questionnaire. The educational intervention based on the health belief model was presented during 5 sessions only for the intervention group. One month after the intervention, the data was analyzed using descriptive and statistical tests.

The mean age of the participants in the intervention group was 64.47±3.68 years and it was 65.32±5.3 years in the control group. The majority of the elderly in both groups were women, married, housewives, and having secondary educational level. By comparing the mean scores of the two groups before and after the intervention, only significant statistical differences were observed for attitude (p=0.011), perceived barriers (p=0.034) and cues to action (p=0.002).

The design and implementation of an educational program based on the health belief model could influence attitude, perceived barriers and cues to action that might possibly improve the nutritional behavior of the elderly with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Studies have shown that comprehensive urban and rural health centers can provide 80% of the health needs of the elderly population. However, elderly individuals often do not utilize these services. The present study aimed to investigate the reasons why elderly individuals do not access services provided by comprehensive rural and urban health centers in the southwest of Khuzestan province, from the perspective of health center staff.

This descriptive-analytical study utilized a multi-stage random sampling method to select 338 employees of comprehensive health centers in southwestern Khuzestan. A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to collect information, including demographic data and 39 questions regarding reasons for non-attendance at health centers. The validity and reliability of the survey questionnaire were assessed prior to data collection.

The majority of participants in this study were female (77.81%), married (74.26%), and had a bachelor's degree (32.25%). From the healthcare providers' perspective, preference for the private sector and personal factors related to the elderly or their families were identified as the main reasons for non-attendance at health centers. However, factors related to the physical condition of the centers, the quality of services provided, and the level of trust between elderly patients and healthcare providers were not found to have a significant impact on utilization of health center services.

The elderly population's willingness to utilize first-level services in the health and treatment networks was not viewed favorably by healthcare providers. Integrating some level two and level three services into the first level of service could potentially incentivize the elderly to make greater use of these services. In addition, healthcare providers suggested that traditional medicine services should be considered and incorporated at the first level of service, given the interest in traditional medicine among the elderly population.


As people age, physical dysfunction often increases, leading to various challenges and a heightened need for urgent medical services. Elderly individuals are among the primary users of healthcare and pre-hospital emergency services. Their subjective experiences during emergencies are influenced by their need for timely and relevant information regarding emergency procedures and their clinical condition—a need that is also shared by their caregivers. This study aims to elucidate the experiences of elderly individuals who have used pre-hospital emergency services in Shiraz.


This qualitative study was conducted in two phases. In Phase 1, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 elderly participants using purposeful and snowball sampling until data saturation was achieved. The interview transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method to extract key themes. In Phase 2, a panel of experts was convened to further discuss the findings and provide recommendations.


Analysis of the interviews revealed several themes related to the elderly’s experiences with pre-hospital emergency services. These themes were categorized into sub-themes including ambulance condition, performance of technicians, timeliness of emergency response, and issues related to emergency rules and regulations. In Phase 2, the expert panel offered practical solutions to address the identified challenges.


The findings indicate that elderly patients face significant challenges when accessing pre-hospital emergency services, such as poor ambulance conditions, suboptimal technician performance, delayed emergency response times, and restrictive emergency protocols. The recommendations provided by the expert panel could inform policy development and lead to improvements in the quality of pre-hospital care for the elderly.

Transferring to elderly service centers is one of the most difficult experiences for the elderly. This experience can be effective in creating a sense of depression and loss of social support in them. In this research, the aim is to examine the factors affecting the elderly living in the nursing home from the perspective and narrative of the elderly.

For this purpose, with the qualitative method and conducting interviews and using the LHC (life history calendar) technique, milestones were extracted in which people are affected during their life from childhood to old age, and factors which was important regarding living in nursing homes, was taken into consideration. Tehran's Kahrizak Nursing Home was chosen due to the large number of elderly people with different characteristics (people who are able to speak and do not suffer from dementia) were selected, and 6 men and 6 women who were willing to participate were interviewed.

Important time milestones were extracted from the interviews: the time of parents' death, spouse's death, illness and accident, and children's marriage time, the birth of grandchildren and the growing up of grandchildren and research areas were determined in the form of economic, social and cultural issues.

In economic issues, areas such as homelessness, loss of inheritance, living space and residential homes of children, high costs of maintenance and treatment were identified, and under social issues, the desire to have privacy, polygamy and the presence of a stepmother, celibacy and childlessness. (celibacy) and children's differences, and under cultural issues, areas such as generation gap, valuing youth and weakening of religious beliefs were raised.

Aging is associated with decreased physical function and psychological vulnerability. The elderly often require care due to specific physiological conditions. One crucial aspect of care is assisting them with showering, which helps maintain personal hygiene and provides thermal comfort. This study aims to raise awareness among nurses and caregivers regarding optimal ambient and water temperatures during showers to enhance the elderly's sense of thermal comfort.

This study was conducted in a laboratory setting with a sample of 108 (healthy) men, selected using the convenience sampling method in December 2024. The laboratory environment was set to ambient temperatures of 17°C, 23°C, and 29°C, and water temperatures of 38°C, 40°C, and 42°C. The subjects underwent testing for duration periods of 10 minutes and 20 minutes. The thermal comfort status of the participants was recorded using the American ASHRAE standard questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using a three-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with SPSS 27 software.

The findings indicated that both the ambient temperature factor before showering and the water temperature during showering had a significant relationship with the thermal comfort of the elderly after showering (p<0.001). The duration of showering had no significant relationship with the feeling of thermal comfort of the elderly (p=0.550).

Nurses and caregivers should be aware that maintaining optimal ambient and water temperatures can significantly improve the well-being of the elderly. If the ambient temperature drops below a comfortable range, the water temperature for showers should be set to 4°C higher. This adjustment helps accommodate the thermal and physical sensitivity experienced by elderly individuals after showering.

The world population is rapidly aging and according to the World Health Organization report, the number of people aged 60 and over will reach two billion in 2050. Because of this, an important issue is emerging. It defines a new generation of healthcare platforms with the ability to monitor people's quality of life. In recent years, an increasing interest in product-service systems has been recorded in many industries. Various companies have recently introduced new services related to their products to meet customers' new and higher expectations. This interest increased with the introduction of new technologies and developments brought about by the Fourth Industrial Age. In this research, after presenting an introduction about the health-oriented smart product-service system, its importance has been examined for the components and indicators of the health-oriented smart product-service system for older adults.

In this qualitative study, by analyzing and reviewing the content of the studies conducted regarding the health-oriented smart product-service system and by obtaining the opinion of a focus group including 10 managers and experts in this field, the conceptual model of the smart product-service system The health of older adults was presented.

According to the review of the literature on the subject and the study of past research, the components and indicators of the smart health-oriented product-service system in a comprehensive manner (taking into account all the models and opinions raised in this field) present and the components of the system consisting of 10 main components; Actors and integration network, cost of system implementation and management, cloud platform and platform, physical platform, connectivity, personalization and customization, experience management and user interface (UI, UX), user feedback systems, drug management and clinical review. It is an educational guide and rules, and each component's indicators and system parameters are also mentioned.

The most important achievement of this research is a general initial model for this, which can be used as a basic architecture and structure by public and private organizations in the field of health, and especially technology-oriented startup companies to design a health-oriented intelligent product-service system. Also, the design of smart health-oriented product-service systems based on the cognitive factors of older adults and insurance systems based on the components and indicators proposed are topics for future research.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in lifestyle, particularly among the elderly. Factors such as age, gender, and social status can influence lifestyle choices. This study aimed to investigate the impact of demographic characteristics on elderly lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This cross-sectional, study utilized cluster sampling to recruit participants from the Integrated Health Record System (SIB) of the National Health Service (NHS) in Ardabil and Khalkhal cities. A total of 259 elderly individuals (131 men and 128 women) were randomly recruited during the third wave of the pandemic. Data were collected through telephone interviews using demographic and healthy lifestyle questionnaires, and analyzed by SPSS version 22. Univariate and multivariate linear regression tests were utilised to examine the relationships.

The average age of participants was 68 ± 6.5 years. Among the elderly, 89.2% (n=231) had an average lifestyle, while 10.8% (n=28) had a favorable lifestyle. Multivariate linear regression revealed that freelancers had a significant positive association with sports and entertainment activities. Men exhibited a significant inverse relationship with the total lifestyle score (β=-2.4, 95% CI: -4.8 to 0.000, p=0.05), whereas women showed a direct and significant relationship (β=1.2, 95% CI: 0 to 2.4, p=0.05). Unemployment was inversely and significantly associated with the total lifestyle score (β=-1.2, 95% CI: -2.1 to -0.407, p=0.004). 

Most elderly participants maintained an average lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings highlight that lifestyle during the pandemic was influenced by demographic variables, which could pose a threat to elderly well-being. Understanding these demographic factors is crucial for addressing lifestyle challenges in crises and disasters.