جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سرباز" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Serving in the military environment can lead to profound psychological and social implications. This study aimed to explore the risk and protective factors influencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans and soldiers.

This research involved a systematic search across international and national databases, as well as the Iranian Medical Science Articles Database, using keywords such as post-traumatic stress disorder, soldier, veteran, prevalence, mental health, depression, anxiety, stress, psychological distress, trauma, military, and war.

The studies review revealed a PTSD prevalence ranging from 2% to 57% among soldiers and veterans. Common issues among those affected included depression, anxiety, trauma, coping mechanisms, personality traits, stress, cognitive challenges, sexual dysfunction, emotional conflicts, substance abuse, and marital difficulties. Optimism, self-esteem, quality of life, resilience, social support, spirituality, and mental well-being were identified as factors significantly mitigating PTSD symptoms in soldiers and veterans.

The research findings underscore the critical role of psychological, behavioral, social, and emotional factors in the development and exacerbation of PTSD in military personnel. Given the occupational context of soldiers and military personnel, proactive measures are essential to identify high-risk groups and prevent widespread psychological disorders.

Physically essential military duties include carrying cargo, manually handling materials, and evacuating the wounded. This narrative review outlines the primary physical characteristics associated with the performance of these occupational tasks and reviews physical exercise intervention studies in military settings aimed at enhancing performance on these tasks. Load-carrying performance requires aerobic and neuromuscular fitness, focusing more on maximal strength and absolute maximal oxygen uptake, especially when dealing with heavier loads. For manual material handling, maximal strength and power are strongly related to single lifts, while repetitive lift performance is related to muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic fitness. Injured locomotor performance is related to maximal strength, including grip strength, muscular endurance, absolute maximal oxygen uptake, and anaerobic capacity. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of muscular fitness in the successful performance of revised military job duties. Exercise intervention studies show that the combination of strength, aerobic, and load-carrying exercises can effectively increase load-carrying performance. Improvements in maximal lifting capacity can result from strength training or a combination of strength and aerobic training. In contrast, either strength training, aerobic training, or a combination thereof are effective in increasing lifting and carrying repetitions. Although limited studies are available for movement injuries, inconclusive results may suggest potential benefits of strength or combination exercises.

The COVID-19 epidemic has led to an increase in the prevalence of psychological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of stress, depression, anxiety, and related factors in conscripts residing in Tehran sanatoriums during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This descriptive-analytical study examined 384 resident conscript soldiers from the training units of the Ground Force, Air Force, and Defense Force of Army of the I.R. of Iran in Tehran. Data were collected using demographic information form and the DASS-21 questionnaire.

The mean age of the participating soldiers was 20.09±2.37 years. The results indicated that the mean scores for depression, anxiety, and stress among soldiers were 5.43±6.12, 9.93±5.67, and 16.31±6.79, respectively. Additionally, experience of severe to extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress was in 4%, 17.2%, and 8.9% of soldiers, respectively.

The results of various studies suggest that stress and anxiety during the pandemic have increased due to the unknown nature of the virus and cognitive ambiguity surrounding it. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a decline in the mental health of individuals in society, particularly among soldiers residing in barracks. Therefore, relevant authorities in training units can implement appropriate interventions such as supportive group psychotherapy to promote mental health.

Soldiers and veterans with higher psychological vulnerability may be more affected by military and war conditions and show suicidal thoughts and self-harm than others. In this regard, the present study investigated the relationship between mental health and thoughts and behaviors related to suicide among military personnel.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and systematic review in terms of data collection. In the current research, by using specialized keywords search, suicidal thoughts, suicidal behavior, soldier, veteran, post-traumatic stress, mental health, depression, anxiety, stress, self-harm, violence, military, and war in the base. English databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI, Scopus, and ScienceDirect and also the scientific database of academic jihad (SID), the country's journals database (Magiran), and the database of Iranian medical science articles were searched. After searching for keywords, the statistical population of this study was 764 Persian and English articles published in 2011 (from February) to 2022 (until July). After removing the articles not related to the research objectives, 51 articles were included and fully reviewed according to the PRISMA model.

Investigations have shown the existence of widespread psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, trauma, fear, stress, social stigma, low sleep quality, lack of social support, moral injury, low resilience, personality disorders, impulsivity, smoking, and alcohol addiction among military personnel had thoughts and behaviors related to suicide. Also, young age, male gender, low education, being single, poor economic status, family history, length of service, and military rank were among the demographic factors influencing the increasing thoughts and behaviors related to suicide among military personnel. According to the studies, having cognitive flexibility, resilience, social support, and spiritual and mental health can significantly reduce the number of thoughts and behaviors related to suicide in military personnel.

Considering that military personnel face various stressful and anxiety-provoking events during their lives, it is necessary to have good mental health. In this context, psychology and counseling centers of military barracks should regularly examine and screen thoughts and behaviors related to suicide to provide appropriate psychological interventions if necessary.

Considering the importance of the kinematic role of the lower limb in absorbing the forces entering the body, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the kinematics of the lower limb on the occurrence of Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) injury in soldiers during the military training period.

In the present study, male soldiers were examined during the 6 months of military training in 2022, and 116 of them were selected. At the beginning of the training course, while investigating the prevalence of MTSS using the Yates criterion and the kinematic data, subjects' landing and knee valgus dynamics were collected by video camera and Quinoa software. Then the soldiers started to do exercises related to military training, and at the end of the 6-month period, the possible prevalence of MTSS was evaluated again using the Yates and White criteria.

The prevalence of MTSS in military soldiers at the end of the period was 29.3%. The results of logistic regression to investigate the predictive role of knee valgus at the moment of single leg landing in the occurrence of MTSS injury showed that the final model was able to explain between 57.6% and 82.0% of the variance. For knee valgus at the moment of two-leg landing, between 54.5% and 77.6% variance, single-leg landing hip flexion between 60.5% and 86.2% variance, two-leg landing hip flexion between 65% and 92.7% of the variance, the knee flexion at the end of one leg landing between 65.3% and 93.1% of the variance and finally for the knee flexion at the end of two legs landing, the final model was able to explain between 44.44% and 63.2% of the variance. The odds ratio related to knee valgus at the moment of one-leg landing is 2.204, in knee valgus at the moment of two-leg landing, 1.773, in the thigh flexion variable at the end of single-leg landing, 2.491, in thigh flexion at the end of two-leg landing, 2.069, the knee flexion at the end of single leg landing is 2.163 and in the variable knee flexion at the end of two leg landing is 1.580. Among the variables, the thigh flexion variable at the end of single leg landing statistically has a higher predictive power than other variables for the occurrence of MTSS (2.491).

The current findings demonstrated that landing kinematics has an effect on the prevalence of MTSS, and these changes can be caused by the weakness of the muscles acting in the joints of the lower limbs, as well as an increase in excessive load caused by military exercises.

One of the most critical issues in mental health is self-esteem. The lack of self-esteem may become the basis of mental illnesses such as depression, which can cause personal and social damage to the individual and his family. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of cognitive- behavioral group therapy on the self-esteem of depressed soldiers.

This study is a systematic review that is done by searching articles published from 2000 to 2020 in databases Embase، Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, IranMedex, and Google Scholar search engine with the keywords depression, self-esteem, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and soldier. The number of initial articles was 50 and finally, after screening, 25 articles were selected.

The results of the studies show that cognitive-behavioral group training is not only effective in increasing the self-esteem of soldiers but also improves their behavioral performance and improves their interpersonal relationships. In this regard, psychological group therapy is effective in increasing self-esteem, desirable changes such as more appropriate social adaptation, enjoyment of relationships with friends, feeling of worth, healthier mental health, resistance, and stability against all kinds of stress and mental pressure, and reduction of depression. It creates a feeling of sufficiency in a person. Discussion and

cognitive-behavioral group training increases self-esteem and can provide the basis for the growth and self-improvement and mental health of soldiers on duty, and ultimately reduces behavioral and social injuries.

The harsh environment and conditions of serving in prison endanger the mental health of soldiers and affect their level of aggression and life satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to compare the level of life satisfaction and aggression dimensions of soldiers based on the type of sport (water or land) and their marital status.

The statistical population was all soldiers serving in the Mazandaran prison organization, north of Iran, in 2022. The soldiers of 3 prisons, Babol, Sari, and Tonkabon, were selected as the research sample by random cluster sampling (n=169) and finally 153 complete questionnaires were analyzed. Data were collected with three questionnaires; demographic information, Diener's life satisfaction and Makarowski's aggression, and with 3 dimensions going ahead, tripping up, and assertiveness.

The life satisfaction has a significant difference between land and water sports soldiers, and water sports soldiers have higher life satisfaction (P<0.05). The mean aggression dimensions of the water sports group is lower than the land sports group, which is statistically significant (P<0.05) except for the assertiveness dimension. Single soldiers are more satisfied with life than married soldiers, but this difference is not statistically significant (P<0.05). Also, there is no significant difference in the mean dimensions of aggression between married and single soldiers (P<0.05).

According to the current findings that showed water sports soldiers have higher life satisfaction and less aggressive dimensions than land sports soldiers, in order to increase life satisfaction and reduce soldiers' aggression, it is suggested that recreational and educational water sports programs should be part of the soldiers' leisure time programs.

Physical activity is one of the factors that can improve dimensions of personality in society and play an essential role in community health.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of physical activity and exercise on the general health and life expectancy in soldiers.

The present study is a descriptive correlational study. Two hundred soldiers were selected by available sampling method from a military base. Based on the amount of physical activity per week, soldiers are divided into two groups: active and inactive. They completed general health and life expectancy questionnaires. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis (P<0.05).

The results showed that active soldiers have a lower score in the subscales of physical symptoms (P=0.001), anxiety and insomnia (P=0.001), social dysfunction (P= 0.001), depression (P= 0.001), and the Total general health score (P= 0.001) compared to inactive soldiers. However, there was no significant difference between life expectancy scores between the two groups (P= 0.555).

The results of this study showed that active soldiers have better health. It is an important issue for garison’s officials for planning to enhance physical activity programs and soldiers’ health.

 The present study aims to investigate the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on cognitive flexibility, suicidal ideation, depression, and hopelessness in conscripts.

In this clinical trial with a pretest/posttest design using a control group, 60 conscripts were selected through a convenience sampling method from among those referred to military counseling centers in Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran in 2019, and were randomly assigned into intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The intervention group received ACT group therapy at eight weekly 90-min sessions, while the control group received no treatment. In the pretest and posttest phases, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Beck Hopelessness Scale were completed by both groups. Data analysis was performed using the independent ‎‎t-test and analysis of covariance.

ACT significantly led to increased cognitive flexibility and its components (P=0.001) and reduced suicidal thoughts (P=0.001), depression (P=0.001) and hopelessness (P=0.002).

 ACT group therapy can reduce depression, suicidal ideation and hopelessness in conscripts by increasing their cognitive flexibility.

Low Self-esteem can lead to mental illness. Some of the soldiers may suffer from problems such as depression and low self-esteem during their military service.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on the self-esteem of depressed soldiers hospitalized in the medical wards of selected hospitals in Ahvaz.

This quasi-experimental study was performed in 2020-2021. Eighty-eight soldiers who were hospitalized in psychiatric wards with a diagnosis of major depression were recruited using convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups by tossing coins. To assess the self-esteem of soldiers, the Rosenberg scale was used in the pre-intervention stage and one week after the intervention. The +10 and -10, scores show the high and low levels of self-esteem, respectively. In addition to drug therapy, the experimental group entered group cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions in six 60-minute sessions. The researchers in the control group performed no intervention. They received only drugs.

The mean score of soldiers’ self-esteem in the pre-intervention stage in the experimental and control groups was (-4.13±3.91) and (-6.39±1.81), respectively, (P= 0.190). In the post-intervention stage, the self-esteem score in the experimental and control groups was (3.68±3.31) and (-5.86±2.77), respectively (P< 0.0001). So that the score of the experimental group was higher than the control group. Also, the results showed that the score of the experimental group increased in the post-test stage.

Group cognitive-behavioral therapy has a positive effect on the self-esteem of depressed soldiers. Therefore, it is recommended that the health team use it as a standard, affordable and cost-effective method to improve the self-esteem of depressed soldiers.

Social health is one of the most basic indicators of health in any country and can be affected by various factors. Military service puts a lot of pressure on soldiers, which can have a negative effect on their social health. There is some evidence that exercise can affect social health.

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between physical activity status and exercise with the dimensions of soldiers’ social health.

The present study is a descriptive correlational study. Two hundred soldiers were selected by the available sampling method as a statistical sample from a military base in Shiraz city in fall 2016. They were divided into two groups of active and inactivebased on the amount of physical activity per week. Social Health Questionnaire was completed for them. SPSS/16 and t- Test were used for analyzing the data.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in social prosperity scales (P=0.03) and overall social health score (P=0.05). Also, the social solidarity (P= 0.32), social cohesion (P=0.66), social acceptance (P= 0.41), and social participation (P=0.74) measures were higher in the active group than in the inactive group. There was no significant difference between the two groups.
Discussion and

Based on the results, it can be said that physical activity and exercise are related to the social health of the soldiers. So soldiers can incorporate regular physical activity and exercise into the weekly program to improve their social health.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation and impulsivity control in self-reported soldiers.

In a quasi-experimental research design, 20 soldiers with self-harm symptoms were selected based on available sampling criteria and randomly divided into two experimental groups (10 subjects). And the control group (n = 10). Experimental group received 12 sessions of dialectical behavior therapy intervention in both groups. Participants in both groups were evaluated by Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Garnefsky Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P), and the Self-Behavior Questionnaire Gratz (GISB) in three stages of pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and SPSS software.

The results showed that group-based dialectical behavior therapy had a positive effect on the modification of emotion regulation strategies in soldiers with a history of self-injury and group dialectic behavior therapy training had a positive effect on reducing impulsivity. It has also been effective on some subscales of emotion regulation and impulsivity of soldiers with a history of self-harm.

The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy has a significant effect on increasing emotion regulation and impulsive control of soldiers with a history of self-harm.

One of the effective ways to reduce the negative consequences of mental health in soldiers is to identify positive psychological and spiritual structures and determine their role. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of physical activity and exercise on the dimensions of the spiritual intelligence of soldiers.

The present study is a descriptive correlational study. Two hundred soldiers were selected by available sampling method from a military base in the city of Shiraz in the fall of 2016. Based on the amount of physical activity per week, divided into two groups: active and inactive. They completed a spiritual intelligence questionnaire. For data analysis used of SPSS 16 software.

There was a significant difference between the two active and inactive groups in the subscales of critical thinking (p=0.016), production of personal meaning (p=0.045), transcendent awareness (p=0.022), expansion of consciousness (p=0.001), and the overall score of spiritual intelligence (p=0.001). The group of active soldiers had a better situation than the group of inactive soldiers. 

Based on the current findings, it can be said that physical activity and exercise are related to the Soldierschr('39') Spiritual Intelligence. So, soldiers can incorporate regular physical activity and exercise into the weekly program to improve their Spiritual Intelligence.

Given the high prevalence of self-mutilation during military service as an important and sometimes stressful period for young people, it is essential to identify the interventions that prevent or reduce this problem. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Emotional Schema Therapy on improving cognitive emotion regulation in the soldiers with self-mutilation attempts.

This study was conducted following a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study design in 2019. The participants in this study consisted of 20 soldiers who referred to (505 Army Psychiatric Hospital) and were selected using availability sampling assigned to two groups, the experimental group and the control group awaiting treatment (10 in each group). Participants in the experimental group received 10 sessions of Emotional Schema Therapy for 90 minutes per week, and participants in the control group awaiting treatment did not receive any intervention. The instruments used in this study included Inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS), and a researcher-made demographic information questionnaire.

The mean ages of soldiers in the experimental and control groups were 19.7±1.6 and 19.5±1.7 years old, respectively. All participants were male and single. The results obtained from Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) confirmed the effect of Emotional Schema Therapy on reducing self-mutilation attempts (75%) and increased cognitive emotion regulation (76-89 percent) in soldiers (P<0.01).

According to the findings of the present study, it is suggested that Emotional Schema Therapy was effective and psychologists in military counseling centers after completing the necessary training courses, use the emotional schema therapy approach to treat and reduce self-mutilation attempts in soldiers.

 The mental health of soldiers is a vital issue that has posed many challenges today. The aim of this study was to review the mental health of Iranian soldiers and its influencing factors.

 In this systematic review study, papers published over a period of 15 years between the years 2004-2019 were reviewed. Electronic search in Persian and English with the keywords; soldierschr('39') health, military mental health, soldierschr('39') mental disorders, army,‌ armed forces and soldiers in Scopus, Pubmed, Google Scholar, SID, iranMagiran, Medlib and Iranmedex was done. In the initial search; 615 papers related to soldiers’ mental health were obtained. In the screening stage, 286 papers were retrieved and according to the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 18 papers were selected.

 According to the studies, it can be said that the mental health status of Iranian soldiers is dependent on two general categories of external (family environment, economic, cultural and psychological factors) and internal factors (existing facilities, commanderschr('39') approach, type of duty). And the manner of training). The results of this study showed that some Iranian soldiers suffer from mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, drug addiction, personality problems including paranoid, mania, schizophrenia, hysteria and narcissism. Numerous factors including individual, family, social, economic, cultural, managerial and organizational factors affect their mental health status.

 The increase in mental disorders among young people, especially soldiers, makes it necessary to provide effective strategies to improve their mental health. In this regard, assessing the personality traits of soldiers upon entering military bases and holding confrontation workshops can prevent possible damage as much as possible.

Musculoskeletal disorders cause abnormalities and major problems, the most important of which is the inability to perform physical activities and military missions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a course of corrective training on the musculoskeletal disorders of soldiers in a military unit.

The Nordic Questionnaire was distributed among 186 soldiers that randomly selected from the military barracks in Tehran, Iran in 2016. Fifty-six soldiers with at least one musculoskeletal disorder were randomly assigned into two groups of 28 people. The intervention group underwent corrective exercises for eight weeks, and the control group did not perform any specific exercises or activities during this period. The QEC test was used to assess the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.

The results of the Nordic questionnaire reported musculoskeletal disorders 51.78% in the lower back, 46.42% in the knees and ankles, 33.92% in the neck, 21.42% in the back, 14.28% in the thighs and buttocks, 12.50% in the shoulders and 10.71 % in hands and wrists. Risk factors for the tasks include 35.71 % very high, 46.42 % high, 12.50 % moderate and 5.35 % low. Finally, it was observed that corrective exercises had a significant effect on musculoskeletal disorders of the intervention group in the neck area (p=0.051 and 2.271), the lumbar region (p=0.05 and z=3.256), and the shoulder muscle (p<0.05, z=3.045) and the wrist/hand area (p=0.05 and z=3.276). But no change was observed in the control group.

Corrective exercises and physical fitness training reduce musculoskeletal disorders and incorporate corrective exercises into the morning exercise program.

Military personnel and soldiers, are at greater risk of public health and sleep disorders than civilians because of special missions, occupational issues, excessive psychological pressure and strict military laws.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of conscript general training on the sleep quality of soldiers.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pre and post-intervention. The study population consisted of all soldiers in a general training center of military service in 2016. A total of 520 soldiers were studied using non-probability and convenience sampling. The study was conducted in two stages before and after the completion of the military training course during about two months. Demographic and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaires were used for data collection. Finally, the results were analyzed using SPSS 20. The significance level of all tests was considered P<0.05.

The results showed that the mean scores of the Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire at the beginning of general military training and the end of the training period were 8.5± 2.6 and 12.8± 2.9, respectively (P<0.05). The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in all dimensions of the questionnaire except for a delay in sleep.

 Considering the decreased sleep quality. ,   it is  suggested to provide context for organizing group counseling sessions, reducing night wakes, improving nutrition, and sports activities.

Suicide and self-mutilation are considered as two of the most unpleasant psychological and social events in adolescents and young people. It may become an important issue in some social conditions; therefore, the present study aims to identify the role of emotion regulation strategies in emotional disorders of soldiers with the history of self-mutilation behaviors.

This is a descriptive study. The study population consisted of all soldiers who served in three military centers (Zanjan, Qazvin, and Tehran) from 2017 to 2018 (August 2017 to November 2018) and had a history of self-mutilation harming behaviors. 92 soldiers who reported at least one self-harm behaviors in the form of self-harm and drug abuse were included in a census. Data were collected using a computerized version of the Millon 3 Multivariate Clinical Trial Questionnaire and the Short Form of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.

92 soldiers with mean age of 19.33±7.5 years, and mean length of military service of 14.50±4.9 months participated. More than 71% of them had diplomas. The results of stepwise regression showed that adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies can significantly predict the variance of depressive personality disorder (R2 = 0.21) and anxiety (R2 = 0.11) in soldiers with a history of self-mutilation behaviors.

According to the findings, it can be concluded that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies can predict emotional disorders in soldiers with a history of self-harm behaviors. Therefore, it can be effective in preventing some unpleasant actions in these people.

Soldiering is a stressful period in which there is a possibility of self-harm, so it is necessary to consider ways to reduce it. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of resiliency training in reducing stress and self-injury and increasing the resiliency of soldiers.

This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group waiting for treatment in 2018. The statistical population consisted of 20 soldiers referred to the 505 Army Hospital in Tehran who were selected by convenience sampling and were assigned into two groups of 10 (experimental and control). The experimental group received resilience training in 10 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group received no intervention. The instruments used in this study were Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS), Clonensky Self-Reporting Inventory and Conner Resilience Questionnaire (ISAS) and Davidson (CD-RIS). Multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 24 were used for data analysis.

The mean age of the soldiers in the experimental and control groups was 20.6±2.3 and 20.4±1.5 years, respectively, and the mean length of military service was 5.3±2.5 and 7.7±4.1 months, respectively. Resiliency training program significantly reduced stress (98%) and self-injury (91%) in soldiers in the intervention group and significantly increased resilience (98%) (p <0.01).

Resiliency training seems to be effective in improving stress and self-harm syndrome and resilience in soldiers and it can be used in garrison settings.

The aim of this study was to design the soldiers’ death anxiety structural model based on social intelligence, moral intelligence and religious orientation.

340 soldiers in Maragheh in 2018 were enrolled in this study using cluster sampling. Lennick & Kiel moral intelligence questionnaire, Tromso social intelligence scale, Templer death anxiety scale and Allport & Ross religious orientation questionnaire were used for data collection. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, Bootstrap and Sobel test using SPSS and Amos22.

The direct effect of moral intelligence, social intelligence and intrinsic religious orientationwere significant in estimating soldiers’ death anxiety. The indirect effect of moral intelligence (t-value=4.7) and social intelligence (t-value=4.4) by mediating internal religious orientation on the soldiers’ death anxiety were significant. Generally 30% of death anxiety variance was explained by the variables of the model.

Death anxiety can be reduced by enhancing social intelligence, moral intelligence and intrinsic religious orientation.