شاخص های رشد

Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic is one of the probiotics used in aquatic nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L. plantarum probiotic on the growth indices and blood parameters in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

In this study, 180 juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with a mean weight of 15.32±0.16 g were randomly assigned to two experimental treatments with three replicates (30 pieces per repetition) including a commercial diet (control treatment) and a diet containing L. plantarum probiotics at 107 CFU/g (experimental treatment). The duration of the study and treatments was 60 days.

The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, status index, and feed conversion ratio in the treatment containing L. plantarum had a significant increase compared to the control group (P <0.05). Also, the addition of L. plantarum probiotic to juvenile common carp diet increased the number of white blood cells compared to the control group (P<0.05); while it had no significant effect on other blood parameters.

The present findings showed that the use of L. plantarum probiotic improved growth indices (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition index, and food conversion ratio) and also increased the number of white blood cells in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Evolutional failure can happen in various dimensions of infant’s growth consisting in word, act and behaviour and lead to appear difficults as delay in speaking, brain paralysis, mental lag etc. The purpose of this study is determination and identification of risk factors in infant’s growth parameters using quantile regression analysis.

In this cross-sectional study, growth information of 224 infants including height, weight and head circumference, in Karaj health centers (in 2015-2016), were collected and analyzed. The data analysis was carried out using R 3.2.2 software.

According to the results, maternal age had a significant effect on boy’s weight, family members had a significant effect on boy’s height and mother’s education had a significant effect on boy’s head circumference. In addition, mother’s BMI and maternal age had a significant effect on girl’s weight, mother’s education had a significant effect on girl’s height and maternal age and family members had a significant effect on girl’s head circumference in various quantiles.

Quantile regression, due to fit of various regression lines, was identified significant variables. The findings showed that maternal age and mother’s education were important factors affecting the infant’s growth parameters. Therefore, it is recommended that the authorities of the child and maternal health care be policed to improve it.

Breastfeeding in the first six months of life reduces mortality and childhood diseases. The aim of this study was to compare growth index in exclusive breastfeeding and infant formula feeding in six-month-old infants in East Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran.
Material and This retrospective cohort study was conducted on a sample of 1088 infants in East Azerbaijan, Iran during 2007-2009. Information was collected through household health records and interviews. Measurement of growth indexes including weight and height was performed in health centers. Data analysis was performed using logistic regression and independent t-test using Stata11 software.
The exclusive breastfeeding group consisted of 944 cases and the infant formula group was 144. In this study, mothers with university education, employment, multiparty up to 3rd and twin infants, fed their children with infant formula, significantly. At the age of six months, the mean height and weight of exclusive breastfeeding newborns were higher than infant formula group but were not statistically significant.
At the age of six months, the mean height and weight of exclusive breastfeeding newborns were higher than infant formula group.

Given the correlation of birth weight with growth indices, this study aimed at determing the growth indices of low birth weight (LBW) and normal birth weight of 2-5 year old children in rural areas of Gonbad, Iran. In this retrospective cohort study, using multi-stage cluster sampling, 200 LBW 2-5-year-old children and 200 normal birth weight were selected. The data was collected through interview and analyzed by Pearson correlation, t-test and chi-square. The prevalence of shorter stature and low weight-for-age in case group was higher than those of controls, and the high weight-for-age was higher in control group. Gestational age, maternal Body Mass Index (BMI), intepregnancy interval and age of delivery were determined as the most important factors related to LBW. The results imply that LBW affects adversely on growth indices in 2-5 year old children. Considering gestational age, maternal BMI, interpregnancy interval and age of delivery, we recommend recognizing the mothers who are at risk for delivery of LBW to educate and take care of them.

Low birth weight babies compared to normal infants have a lot of physical and mental problems, and they require proper care to survive and achieve normal growth and development. Studies suggest that this cares should be continued at home. This study tries to evaluate the effect of implementing home-visit program application on the growth indices of LBW infants. The present study is a randomized clinical trial carried out in Marand city. 90 low birth weight i nfants who have inclusion criteria were selected through available sampling, and they were randomly divided into two groups of control (45), and intervention(45). In the intervention group, in addition to routine care delivery, the babies received home visit care program once a week for 45 minutes, one to four weeks after discharge. The control group received only routine care. Data collection tool included demographic data sheet, and infant's growth indices form which were completed at birth, the first, second and third weeks. The data were analyzed via SPSS software v. 15, using descriptive and inferential statistical testes (chi-square test and t-test) in 0.0 5% p-value. Average weight of the infants in the intervention group was 2313.08 ± 223.12 grams in the intervention group, and 2308.84 ± 247.61 grams in the control group. The difference between variables such as maternal education and income, and birth growth parameters w ere not significant between two groups. Average weight and head circumference in the third month were not significant between the two groups as well. But the average height and chest circumference of newborns in the intervention and control groups were statistically significant in the third month (P <0.001). Implementing care plan based on home visits had a positive influence on improving some growth indicator in low birth weight infants. Therefore, nurses and other neonatal care providers are suggested to apply care plan s based on home visits in low birth weight infants.

Infant's growth health is one of the important elements effectively on social health. Accordingly, recognizing effective factors on infant's physical growth as well as identifying essential procedures to preserve and improve their health matters is very important. The aim of this study was to determine influential factors on growth parameters including height, weight and head circumference of infants using quantile regression analysis. This cohort analytic descriptive study was conducted in Islamic research committee of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences from Ramadan 2006 to 2009. 92 healthy infants including entrance criteria were studied. The impacts of effective factors on growth parameters like height, weight and head circumference in various quantiles were compared using quantile regression model. Growth parameters have a direct relationship with the birth weight of infants. The direct relationship of mother's age was pretty apparent up to 6th month. Birth rank had a reverse effect on growth parameters. Iron consumption at the 20 and 40 quantiles of height and feeding of mother’s milk at the second deciles of head circumference was significant (P<0.05). Due to fit of various regression lines, obtained results indicated that quantile regression is more comprehensive than a linear regression model. Effectiveness of variables of father's education, birth rank, mother's Body Mass Index, the number of family members, iron intake, vitamin and feeding mother milk was not observed by linear regression. Meanwhile, a greater attention is needed to girl's growth especially during the first 6 month after birth.

To compare the trend of increase of growth indices among infants with low birth weight and infants with normal birth weight in the first 6 months of life. Subjects and One hundred and thirty five low birth weight infants and 135 infants with normal birth weight were compared during a one-year study period 2009) and their demographic data included birth body weight، length and head circumference at birth، 2، 4 and 6 months of life، type of diet، birth number، sex، type of their mother''s marriage and educational state were collected by a questionnaire trend of increase of growth indices among In first 6 months of life، in the LBW group the mean body weight was 5127±1076 g (p=0/001)، mean body length was 17. 8±3 cm (p=0. 013) and mean head circumference was 9. 1±1 cm (P<0. 001)، which was more than group with normal birth weight. In both groups، the average body weight، length and head circumference in males was higher than females. In the LBW group، the mean body weight in infants fed with breast milk was higher than infants fed with formula milk at age of 2 months. This study showed that although mean increase of growth indices in infants with low birth weight is similar to average growth state in infants with normal birth weight، but still growth of this group at end of 6 months of age is less than group with normal birth weight.

Nowadays Low birth weight(LBW or birth weight<2500g) is one of the most serious problems among children around the world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the growth parameters(weight, height, head circumference and BMI) of LBW children at the age of five years with normal birth weight (NBW: birth weight: 2500- 4000 g) children. In a cross-sectional analytic study, growth parameters of five year-old children referred to Azadshahr health care center in Yazd, Iran, from December 2008 to June 2009 were evaluated. NBW and LBW children were selected as control and case groups, respectively. Means of all growth parameters were significantly lower in LBW group. Frequency of severe failure to thrive and short stature was significantly higher in LBW group. Frequency of underweight was higher in LBW group and frequency of obesity was higher in NBW one. Frequency of underweight was higher in LBW girls. Considering that growth in LBW children is slower than NBW children in the first five years of life, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of growth assessment of LBW children for early and timely diagnosis, work-up and management of growth retardation and prevention of subsequent problems.

Health evaluation and growth monitoring of the infant is a visual diagram of growth and primary health services are based on it. In the best option, these indices must be provided separately for each community. This study was done to evaluate growth indices of newborns in Gorgan- Northern Iran. In this observational descriptive study which was carried out during (Oct-Nov 2003), all healthy infants without any major abnormality born within 25-42 weeks of gestational age were evaluated in Dezyani Hospital, Gorgan growth indices (head circumference, length and height) were measured in 1011 infants. Gestational age was defined by Balard scoring and delivery type was recorded, too. After entering data into SPSS-10 software, data were analyzed using chi-square, t-test and correlation bivariate. Mean gestational age (±SD) was 39.86±1.72 weeks and most of them were born by vaginal delivery. Amongst them, 3.2% were premature (less than 37 weeks), 4.4% were low birth weight and 0.69% were very low birth weight. Correlation between growth indices and gestational age was significantly positive in all cases (p<0.05). This study showed that growth indices are lower than other parts of Iran. Further investigations needed, especially longitudinally and cross-sectional, to determine the growth indices in this region and in other parts of country.

The many advantages of exclusively breast feeding infants are documented breast-feeding enhances the growth and development of breast fed infants. The impact of Ramadan fasting by breast-feeding mothers on the growth parameters of exclusively breast-fed infants is still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of maternal fasting during Ramadan on the growth parameters of their exclusively breast-fed infants. This cohort study was performed throughout Ramadan and for five months after, on healthy, exclusive breast-fed infants (n=116), aged between 15 days to 6 months, assigned into two groups, based on their mothers fasting: Control group (n=80) and fasting group (infants with fasting mothers: n=36). All infants underwent periodic physical examinations twice in Ramadan, 3 times in the second month and then twice monthly in next 4 months. The infant’s growth status was evaluated by calculating each growth parameters (weight, height, head circumference) as a percentage of the median value for age, based on appropriate growth charts. The mean age of infants in the case group was 3.43 ± 1.38 and in the control group was 2.31±1.45 months, age being significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). Fifty-four (46.6%) were boys and this proportion was the same in both groups (P>0.05). According to the repeated measures ANOVA, all growth parameters increased during the study period (P< 0.05) but the rate of increaseing was the same for both groups (P>0.05). Ramadan fasting by breast-feeding mothers did not adversely affect on the growth parameters of exclusively breast-fed infants.

Neonatal growth indices can be influenced by either wanted, or unwanted pregnancy. This research was done to compare neonatal growth indices (Height, weight, head circumflex) to in such pregnancies in Birjand (South-east of Iran). This study case-control study was done on a total of 400 women and their neonates in the Imam Reza and Mehr maternity hospital in Birjand between 2000 to 2002. The number of case (UWP) and control (WP) were 150 and 250 respectively. Data were collected through a valid and reliable questionnaire by face to face interviewing with mothers and the determination of growth indexes of the neonates. The results were analyzed employing X² and student T-test by means of SPSS software. The results revealed that the mean weight of the neonates in the case group (3151±410.4 grams) was meaningfully (P?0.05) less than the mean weight (3243±484 grams) of the neonates in the control group (WP). Besides, the mean weight gaining of mothers during their pregnancy in the cases (9±3.2 kg) was meaningfully (P<0.05) less than control group (9.7±3.4 kg). The results of this study, shows the impact of wanted pregnancy on weight gain and health improvement of mothers and their infants. It is therefore recommend that the health centers, mass and even high schools officials provide enough training to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

This research was a quasi-experimental study conducted to assess the effect of a mid-day snack plan on toddler's antropometric indexes.Ninty toddlers, having 18-30 months, were selected using simple non probablistic sampling method during a period of one month. Then, they were randomly put in the case and control groups.Regarding all variables of interest (gender, age, height and weight of toddlers; and age, job and education of parents), the two groups were matched and had no significant difference (P>0.05).Data was collected using a knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire (24 hours recall type) filled by direct interviewing of mothers. The antropometric growth indexes (weigh, height, and arm circumferences) were also measured using the standard tools.The plan was then executed using the face-to-face education method for mothers in six HIS-minute sessions" ever a period of three months. Then, there was no intervention for a period of 45 days, thereafter the above data was collected again for the both groups. Comparison of the results showed a significant difference between the knowledge and attitude of the others before and after the intervention in the case group and a significant difference between the case and control groups after the intervention (P=0.0001). There was also a significant difference between the case and control groups regarding the mother's practice (in iron intake, calory, and calcium) and the toddler's weigth growth index after the intervention(P<0.05).Results of this study indicated that the mid-day snack plan has affected the todler's weight, and the mother's nutritional practice, knowledge and attitude about the plan. Therefore, it is recommended that to improve the todler's growth indexes, the proposed snack plan of this study should be used.