شبکه های اجتماعی

Sexual identity is a large part of each individual's identity. Since various factors contribute to the formation of sexual identity, individuals use different sources to create a sexual identity and teach girls and boys gender behaviour. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare incompatible schemas and cyberspace on inconsistent sexual identity in adolescents and youth.

The study's statistical population included all the youth and adolescents of Shiraz (Iran) in 2024, of which 60 (30 with sexual identity, 30 with heterogeneous sexual identity). Available in the study. Research measurement tools were Yang Form Schema Questionnaires (1994), Sexual Identity / Gender Identity Dagrassias (2007) and Virtual World Lee et al. (2005). The information from the questionnaires was analysed using SPSS-23 software and examined the research hypotheses by the multiplier variance analysis test.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between maladaptive schemas and the use of cyberspace in two groups of sexual identity in adolescents and young people (p<0.001). Also, there was no significant difference between the autonomy scheme and the impaired performance of the two groups (p<0.118).

According to the results of this study, it is suggested that in centres such as psychology clinics or counselling centres, training programs for informing and gaining insights into the unnecessary sexual identity that may be false and superficial due to the influence of individual schema or space. To be virtual, not to regret the sex change in the person. Also, training skills such as social relationships, self -knowledge, and how to use cyberspace for adolescents, young people and parents.

Online social networks have provided a unique platform for two-way communication and virtual interactions. Along with the benefits and facilities provided by these social networks, one should not neglect its dark side, which is the list of crimes in this environment. According to the available statistics and information, not only women are the biggest victims of crimes in social networks, but the vulnerability and injuries caused by women's victimization in social networks are more than the vulnerability of men.

The present article, using the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, is responsible for identifying examples of violence against women in online social networks and its effects on them and explaining some strategies for responding to the problem.

Ethical Considerations:

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

The findings of this research show that female users of social networks who are abused may suffer irreparable mental and physical injuries to the extent that it leads to their death or suicide.

The result obtained from the article is that in order to deal effectively with violence against women in social networks, attention should be paid to the prevention of the passing of awareness to the victims, the intensification of punishment and discrimination based on gender, and attention to the wishes of the victim and the need of the criminal in the paradigm of restorative justice.

 Studies have shown that excessive use of social networks may cause mental disorders. This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the use of cell phone’s social networks and mental health.

 A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022, in which totally 250 staff members of Golestan University of Medical Sciences participated. Proportional random stratified sampling method was used. The data collection tool was a checklist of demographic variables. Additionally, valid and reliable questionnaires on the use of mobile cell phone’s social networks and mental health were exploited. The data was analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software (v.24) and statistical tests were considered significant at P<0.05. Compliance with ethical considerations was considered in all stages of the study implementation.

 The average age of employees was 41.07±6.8 years and their average work experience was 15.04±6.93 years. About 56.8% of participants were women and the rest were men. WhatsApp was the most commonly used social network by study participants (44.8 percent). The average score of using mobile social network and mental health was 21.81±5.74 and 35.17±6.20 respectively. The use of social networks revealed a statistically significant association with the total score of mental health (P < 0.001).

 The amount of social networks use was reported at a low level and the mental health of employees needs serious interventions. Considering the existence of a relationship between the engagement in social networks and mental health, the controlled use of social networks can prevent employees' mental health from being compromised.

Addiction to social networks and mental maltreatment are related to suicidal thoughts in adolescents. However, the mediating role of mindfulness in this relationship is unclear. The present study investigated the structural model of suicidal ideation based on addiction to social networks and psychological maltreatment with mindfulness mediation in adolescents.

The present research method is descriptive and correlation type (structural equations). The statistical population of this research consisted of all male students in the second grade of high school studying in public schools in Ardabil City in 2021. From this population, a sample of 170 people was selected using the available sampling method and responded to Beck’s suicidal ideation, Turel’s social network addiction, Brown’s mindfulness and Nash’s psychological maltreatment questionnaires. To analyze the data, structural equation modelling was used using SPSS 25 and smartpls.4 software.

One hundred and seventy subjects with an average age of 15.19±1.29 years participated in this research. The results of the structural equation test showed that the coefficients of the direct path of psychological maltreatment on suicidal ideation (p=0.001; β=0.31) and the coefficients of the path of addiction to social networks on suicidal ideation (p=0.001; β= 0.54) were significant. The Bootstrap significance test showed that mental maltreatment (p=0.003; β=0.26) and addiction to social networks (p=0.005; β=0.11) were significantly mediated by mindfulness.

The results of this study show that in addition to the direct effect of addiction to social networks and psychological maltreatment on suicidal ideation, mindfulness also acts as a mediating variable on the indirect effects of addiction to social networks and psychological maltreatment on suicidal ideation.

Social networks have become an integral part of most people's lives, exerting influence across all aspects of human existence. During the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual networks played a significant role in informing, educating and disseminating news related to the disease. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explain the role of virtual networks in adhering to COVID-19 health protocols.

Methods & Materials: 

This is a qualitative study that was conducted using the content analysis method. Fourteen participants were included in the study by purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out via semi-structured interviews. The data analysis procedure adhered to the method outlined by Graneheim and Lundman (2004).

From the analysis of the interviews, three main categories and eight subcategories were identified, including "facilitating knowledge sharing", "information screening" and "behavior shaping".

The study findings explained the role of virtual networks in adhering to health protocols. These findings can be used as a basis for designing preventive health programs.

Misinterpretation of the ECG can lead to serious clinical errors. Social networks with sharing features enable creativity and innovation in education. The aim of this study was the compare the effect of social-networking-based teaching and workshop-based teaching on emergency nurse ECG interpretation skills.

This was three groups pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental study with a control group. Three hospitals were randomly divided into three groups: control, workshop, and WhatsApp. Nurses were selected by the available method. Before the intervention, a pre-test was taken from all three groups. The workshop group was taught through the workshop and the based on social networks group was taught through WhatsApp. After the end of the training, a post-test was taken from all three groups and the amount of skill score changes in each group was compared with other groups. Data were analyzed with SPSS-19 software and (P<0.05).

Comparison of the average skill score in all three study groups: control (t=2.71, P=0.011), workshop (t=2.58, P=0.016), and WhatsApp (t= 5.03, P< 0.001) had a significant increase before and after the intervention. The average comparison of skill score changes in the WhatsApp group was significantly higher than the other two groups (P = 0.044). There was a significant difference between the average score of the ECG interpretation skill between the WhatsApp and control groups (P = 0.022) and between the WhatsApp and workshop groups (P = 0.039).

Considering that the score of the ECG interpretation skills of the WhatsApp group nurses was higher. Therefore, social networks can represent the new method of education along with other educational methods and be effective in improving the education process.

The occurrence of risky behaviors in Iranian society has turned into a social concern. Additionally, risk-taking affects the health of adolescents negatively and it is suggested that committing risk-taking behaviors at least once during adolescence is associated with the likelihood of other problems and maladjustment in adulthood. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the structural relationship between risk-taking based on parenting styles and Alexithymia in adolescents from the city of Mashhad, with the mediating role of perceived social support and the extent of social media use with the regulating role of gender.

The method of the present study is applied and correlational. The population consisted of all the high school students aged 14-18 in the first, third, and fifth districts of Mashhad, during the second semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. The sample consisted of 600 students in ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grades selected based on convenience sampling. The data collection for the study included the Iranian Adolescents’ Risk-Taking Scale (Zadeh Mohammadi, 2011), The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Taylor, 1986), The Perception of Parenting Styles Questionnaire (Grolnick et al., 1997), The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (Zimet et al., 1988), and the Scale of Social Media Use Questionnaire (Hosseini Esfidvadjani, 2021). Data analysis was conducted using path analysis modeling and test of mediating effects in the proposed model with the bootstrap method using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software.

The results of this study indicate that the proposed model fits well with the data. A significant negative relationship can be detected between the perception of parenting styles and perceived social support with risk-taking in both girls and boys. In addition, a significant positive relationship is detected between alexithymia and risk-taking in both girls and boys (P<0.01). Furthermore, the study confirms the mediating role of social support and the extent of social media use in relation to perceiving parenting styles and alexithymia with adolescent risk-taking (p<0.01).

Based on the results of this study, we can state that the variables of perceived social support and the extent of social media use play a mediating role in the relationship between risk-taking and the perception of parenting style and alexithymia in adolescent girls and boys.

Background &

Naturally, societies go through various crises during their historical life. Crises that are sometimes the result of human actions and sometimes occur without human will like natural disasters, but they leave a deep impact on daily life and sometimes even on the history of that border and region. In any case, when society faces these crises, depending on its understanding of them as well as its time conditions, it gives practical answers to that crisis. This answer can be studied and represented in most of the collective and social behaviors of members of the society as well as the government of the men of that society. The media, whether official media or social media are currently the best sources to obtain the conversations that are going on at the official level (such as news agencies) and unofficial (such as social media) in society. When a crisis is perceived by people, they quickly talk about it on social networks, and share their opinions and analysis, and in this way, society reflects its feelings and attitudes on the media platform of social networks. Today, the official media have also strengthened their bases in social networks and publish their messages on the same platform where people communicate with each other. create their personal pages and collective groups, the number of these messages is increasing in a very wide way. Therefore, nowadays it is impossible to study all messages or even a significant percentage of messages by one researcher or even one research team. Therefore, the use of intelligent data mining analytical methods with the help of powerful processing machines has become one of the most important research methods in today's world. Understanding what stages the society has gone through when facing a crisis helps to understand the "dynamic model of society's behavior and discourse" in that crisis. Theoretically, this type of analysis is new in the space of media analysis, and the aspects of which this article deals with the natural crisis of Corona are new and of course very practical. The combined use of artificial intelligence and cognitive science in media analysis has a lot of room for growth and this article can encourage interdisciplinary research and theoretical activities in this field. From a practical point of view, the results of this article will be very useful and practical for all those who are involved in macro policy-making, media people, and also related business owners. The presentation of the results and achievements of this research can lead to the demands of the stakeholders, but during the time of the research and when its achievements were revealed, based on the request of the National Corona Headquarters and relevant decision-making institutions in the country, consultations were given based on the achievements. It was their request. One of the goals of this article is to identify the dynamics of changing feelings and attitudes of social media users in the face of natural crises by using artificial intelligence in the face of the crisis caused by Corona and also to introduce the dynamics of changing feelings and attitudes of the Iranian society in the face of the Corona crisis to use And use in decision-making, policy-making, and social crisis management can be mentioned.

The research method in this article is the meta-synthesis research method, which qualitatively examines and reviews previous studies. The meta-synthesis research method is very similar to the content analysis qualitative research method. In the content analysis research method, the researcher studies, codes, analyzes, and interprets the contents, and in the meta-synthesis research method, the researcher studies, codes, analyzes, and interprets the results of previous research.

After collecting the data from social networks and pre-processing them, a call was made to research these data. Out of a total of 96 projects received, 29 projects were eliminated in the initial evaluation (proposal evaluation) by the jury. Then the complete documents were given to the rest of the teams and they were asked to complete their research plans and send them by the end of the deadline. After the end of the submission deadline in the second stage of evaluation, 42 other teams were eliminated and 25 teams were accepted. All the projects accepted by the jury are considered inputs for this research. 13 of the projects are considered weaker than the others. The jury, by reviewing the research projects, judged among them and introduced the top 5 projects in order. Then three other teams were recognized as worthy of recognition.

After the second round of judging, the research project of 25 teams was accepted by the jury, and among them, the top 5 teams were ranked first to fifth, and the next three teams were evaluated as worthy of recognition and the activity The next 4 teams were evaluated favorably. Considering that from each research project, several interpretive propositions were collected as the result of that research and then it was checked which categories and subcategories each of the propositions are related to, this question was important for the researcher to see how many researchers have been involved in each category?

Among the critical groups providing services to patients are their family members, relatives, and friends in the breast cancer treatment process. The care provided by family caregivers effectively increases these patients' survival. On the other hand, caregiving burnout also imposes exhausting pressure on caregivers' bodies, minds, and power and negatively impacts their caring role. This study aimed to investigate the effect of patient care education delivered through WhatsApp messenger on the resilience of family caregivers of breast cancer patients in Urmia medical training centers in 2022.

This research was a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design conducted on 60 family caregivers of breast cancer patients in Urmia City. The samples were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two control and test groups. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaires and Connor Davidson's resilience questionnaire. Finally, the data was analyzed using SPSS ver.22 statistical software. The significance level was less than 0.05.

There was no significant difference in resilience mean scores between control and intervention groups before the intervention (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in resilience mean scores of the two groups after the intervention (p<0.05), with higher resilience mean scores in the intervention group than in the control group.

This study showed that virtual training through social networks such as WhatsApp can increase the resilience of family caregivers of people with cancer. Therefore, considering the importance of educational interventions in improving the health level of patients and their caregivers, the managers of medical centers can improve the health level of caregivers and accelerate the recovery process and the quality of life of patients by adopting strategies and an educational program and training workshops in association with training to strengthen resilience.

Considering the global spread of COVID-19, it seems that correct information obtained from reliable sources and training based on the need for self-care behaviors are useful solutions to reduce the harm caused by the disease. This study aimed at assessing the educational needs of people in Mazandaran province about COVID-19.

In a cross-sectional study, 1220 people were recruited via convenience sampling in 2020. A researcher-made questionnaire was administered and information such as demographic characteristics, disease condition, and educational needs for COVID-19 were recorded. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and parametric tests, correlation, analysis of variance, and t-test.

The mean age of the participants was 39.34 ± 8.74. Educational level included diploma (42.5%) and university education (38.9%). About 73.3% of the participants were women. According to findings the main sources of information about COVID-19 were social networks (68.4%), satellite programs (20.9%), Ministry of Health notices (8.1%), national media (1.6%), other sources (0.6%), and family members (0.4%). Online methods were the most desirable educational methods (94.6%) reported by the people living in Mazandaran province. The overall mean score for educational needs was 3.89±0.96. The educational need for the disease (3.76±0.84) and self-care needs (4.03±1.07) indicated high needs for educational trainings and significant differences between these areas (P=001).

In this study, social networks and media were the primary sources of information about COVID-19. Designing and implementing self-management and self-care training programs could improve the health of people in Mazandaran province and prevent the spread of COVID-19.

COVID-19 is an international concern for public health. The emergence of the emerging and pervasive disease, in addition to threatening physical health, has also affected mental health. The aim of this study was to study the quality of sleep based on the prevalence of Quaid 19 disease in social network users in Iran.

Methods and Materials: 

The present study was descriptive and survey. The statistical population was all Telegram and WhatsApp users. 443 people were selected as available sampling method. To collect data from Online Questionnaire Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQI) used.

The findings showed that the mean and standard deviation of sleep quality among the respondents was equal to (8.44±11.02), which was about 53.3% with poor sleep quality and 46.7% with proper sleep quality. Sleep delays (77.4%), sleep performance (85.6%), sleep disorders (67.7%) had the highest rate of inappropriate quality, while mental quality of sleep (32.1) and drug use (13.1) They were of good quality. Sleep delay and sleep disturbances were also higher in women than men. The mental quality of sleep, sleep efficiency, and daily dysfunction among married people are significantly higher than for single people.

The Covid-19 virus affects sleep quality components so that people who have experienced corona, with the exception of sleep efficiency, perform less well in other components of sleep quality. Sleep quality is significantly higher in people without chronic illness. Sleep quality is significantly lower among people with parents with chronic disease than people without parents with chronic disease.

Internet addiction is one of the problems that has arisen with the advancement of technology, which has negative effects on people's physical and mental health. This study aimed to investigating the effect of using the internet and social networks in students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional study, 238 students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences were selected by stratified random method in 2019. To collect data, a standard questionnaire prepared by the professors and experts of the mental health center of the Ministry of Health was used. The data was analyzed through SPSS and using chi-square test.

The findings showed that 16.1% of students were addicted to social networks, which was 18.4% and 12.7% among women and men, respectively. Also, it can be mentioned that male students use more online and offline computer games than female students (P<0.05). The rate of use of dormitory students for searching news and surfing the web and downloading movies and music was more than students of living at home (P<0.05), also.

Considering that 16.1% of students devote at least 8 hours of their time daily to use the internet, this can be a reason for their academic failure. Hence, it is necessary to hold educational workshops about the advantages and disadvantages of internet.

With the spread of COVID-19, infodemic also spread. The World Health Organization (WHO) has indicated the need to pay attention to manage infodemic. The role of infodemic in vaccination can also be important. The present study aims to provide the science map of studies on COVID-19 infodemic.

This is an applied scientometric study. Data were extracted from the Web of Science and PubMed databases. The study population consists of all studies in the field of COVID-19 infodemic published from 2019 to 2022. To draw the science map, VOSviewer software was used.  

The results based on the Web of Science data showed that professional and public health categories were the most important categories and Loftus Ef was the author with the most scientific productions. The U.S, U.K, and Australia ranked first to third, while Iran ranked 33rd in the world producing scientific works in the field of COVID-19 infodemic. The science map obtained from the databases showed the co-occurrences of the government, vaccination and social media as the most important items that made up the maps.

To control the COVID-19 infodemic, there is a need for policy making in this field and the information published in social media and pay attention to the role of government in controlling it. The relationship between infodemics and vaccination rate is also important, which requires a correct policy by the Ministry of Health.

Nowadays, social media has gained a crucial role in human life. Creating social branding stands out as one of the main concerns of people with disabilities. The media, especially social media, must assume different responsibilities towards people with disabilities. Informing, educating, and entertaining people with disabilities, as well as informing other sections of society about the low quality of life of people with disabilities, are among the most important missions of any media. Social networks have contributed to the integration of people with disabilities in society. Access to social networks has become easy for the public in recent decades. Therefore, it seems logical to investigate the role of social media in improving and promoting the individual and social life conditions of people with disabilities. This research aims to examine the way of representation of people with disabilities in social networks in improving their living conditions.

The research method was qualitative, and the main research tool was the in–depth and semi–structured interview. Iranian media elites were targeted for interviews. In this research, media elites are defined as persons with at least 10 years of experience in this field or who have a master's degree and higher university studies with fewer experiences. Eleven experts were selected for the interview. We used the triangulation technique and the "labeling" theory to validate the research. Triple coding (category, subcategory, code) was used to analyze the content of in–depth and semi–structured interviews.

The findings of this research uncovered 3 categories and 6 subcategories: the category of identifying and classifying the needs of disabled people (with the subcategories of public information, using social networks to share and reflect the activities of people with disabilities), improving the level of social communication of people with disabilities through virtual space (with the subcategories of teaching people with disabilities and society to create positive mutual interaction, and developing communication between people with disabilities and other people) and creating social branding (with the subcategories of creating a group in virtual space by people with disabilities and creating a channel in virtual space by people with disabilities).

According to the results of the research, the use of virtual space, especially social networks, can improve the social level of the lives of people with disabilities.

Today, many organizations use from social networks for marketing. As a result, the aim of this study was presenting the business strategies model for marketing sports products in social networks.

This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was cross-sectional from type of correlation. The research population consisted of 2874 people of business experts, beneficiaries and stakeholders for the marketing sports products, and the sample size based on the Sample Power software was determined 370 people, who were selected as a sample with using the available sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 68 items, which its content validity was confirmed by the opinion of 7 professors and experts, and its reliability was evaluated as suitable by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling methods in SPSS-25 and AMOS23 software.

The findings showed that the business strategies model for marketing sports products in social networks had 9 factors including the strategies of innovation, relation with customer, infrastructure, development, services, specialized human resources, promotion and advertising, pricing and products, which the factor loading of all factors was higher than 0.40, the average extracted variance of all of them was higher than 0.50 and the reliability of all of them was higher than 0.70. Also, the business strategies model for marketing sports products in social networks had a good fit, and the strategies of innovation, relation with customer, infrastructure, services, promotion and advertising and pricing on the product strategy, the strategies of innovation, infrastructure and specialized human resources on the development strategy and the strategy of product on the strategy of specialized human resources had a direct and significant effect (P<0.001).

According to the findings of this research, business professionals for marketing sports products in social networks can use the results of this study and take an effective step in marketing.

Health tourism, also known as medical tourism or medical travel, refers to travel to another country or region to receive medical treatment, procedures or services. The concept of health tourism has gained popularity in recent years due to rising healthcare costs in developed countries, the availability of high-quality medical facilities in developing countries, and the ease of international travel. Health tourism can provide patients access to high quality medical treatments, reduce healthcare costs and improve their quality of life. However, it is important to carefully consider the risks and benefits of health tourism before deciding to travel for medical treatment. Patients should research the treatment facility and provider and ensure appropriate health insurance coverage prior to travel. In the meantime, one of the aspects investigated in the fields of health tourism has been the behavior of consumers of these services, as well as the effects of social networks on this behavior. One of the studied cases is in the field of consumer behavior in relation to social networks, which has been studied in various researches in recent years. In fact, social networks are one of the most used areas in recent years of social networks, which have greatly occupied various markets. In recent years, the amount of use of social networks in Iran has increased so much that the scope of using these networks has led to political debates and influencing the results of elections. In this research, considering the increasing role of social networks, its impact on health tourism has been investigated from the point of view of consumers of medical services in the form of medical tourists.

In terms of research methodology, the current research is applied, survey and correlation research. The statistical population of this research includes all social network users in medical centers providing health tourism services in Tehran. The size of the statistical population was 850 people during the study period, and using the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined to be 256 people. In order to measure the research variables, a questionnaire was used. The validity of this tool has been examined through construct validity, and reliability has been examined and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In the analysis method section, first the measurement model was formed and the fit of the model was examined based on the indicators. Finally, based on the structural modeling method, the relationships between the research variables were examined and the results were presented.  Amos software is used in this section.

The results showed that the amount and type of use of social networks had a significant effect on the behavior before, during and after the use of health tourism services.

One of the ways social media can influence health tourism is by giving patients access to information about medical facilities and doctors in other countries. Patients can read reviews, watch videos and connect with others who have undergone similar treatments. This can help them make informed decisions about where to go for treatment and what to expect when they get there.
Another way social media can influence health tourism is by providing a platform for medical professionals to share their expertise and build their reputation. Doctors, nurses, and other healthcare providers can use social media to showcase their skills, share educational content, and interact with patients and other professionals in their field. This can help them attract patients from other countries who are looking for quality care. On the other hand, social media can also have negative effects on health tourism. For example, false or misleading information can spread quickly on social media, which can lead to patients making poor decisions about where to seek treatment. In addition, some medical facilities and doctors may use social media to promote themselves in unethical ways, such as exaggerating the benefits of their treatments or making false claims about their qualifications. As a result, social media and health tourism are two distinct concepts that can interact in different ways. While social media can give patients access to valuable information and help medical professionals build their reputation, it can also pose risks for patients seeking accurate and reliable information about treatments and medical facilities in other countries. The relationship between the type and amount of use of social networks and the behavior of health tourists before, during and after the use of medical services was investigated. The results have shown that social networks can have a positive and direct effect on the behavior of consumers of health tourism services.

The rapid development of digital technology has changed people's lives in various fields. Businesses use social networks as a way to help customers communicate and to obtain information about their interests and characteristics, as well as to provide Customer service has started in an attractive technological environment. The purpose of this research was to analyze the factors affecting brand promotion in cognitive, emotional and behavioral fields in social networks. Delphi method and Likert scale were used in this study. The results of different Delphi rounds show the factors affecting brand promotion from the experts' point of view as seven factors of social business drivers, previous experience and perceived values ​​of advertising branded websites among the antecedents or perceptual business drivers and customer brand engagement and relationship attitude. Brand status in attitudinal dimensions and finally brand health and customer business relationships were recognized as consequences or brand promotion.

During COVID-19 pandemic, students were trained virtually. Messaging platforms are effective tools for communication between students and professors. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating students' attitudes towards the use of social media in education.

This was a descriptive study with 58 nursing, midwifery and public health students from Qaen School of Nursing and midwifery as the participants. At the beginning of the academic semester, WhatsApp and Telegram groups were formed separately for each course, and at the end, the participants were asked to fill out a researcher-made questionnaire with twenty items on students' attitude toward using WhatsApp educationally. Based on a 5-point Likert scale, the range of scores was 20-100.

The mean score of students' attitude towards using WhatsApp and Telegram in the education process was 4.31 out of 5 points. All the students (100%) believed that through using WhatsApp and Telegram teachers could provide advice and guidance faster and easier. 96% were generally satisfied with the educational use of WhatsApp and Telegram, and 93 percent of students think that these platforms are good supplements of educational systems.

Considering the expansion of social media in addition to students’ appropriate attitude towards their educational utility, it is important to take advantage of such capacity for improving the quality of education, promoting participation, providing quick information and sharing science.