جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "عزت نفس" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

 Discovering the interaction of psychological structures and the collective effect on attitudes towards marriage in our society seems to be a vital issue and addresses a significant gap in psychology and marital counseling. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship of self-esteem and spiritual intelligence with fear of marriage in college students with the mediation of mental toughness.

 The present study was descriptive-correlational in nature. The statistical population comprised all male and female students at the Islamic Azad University, Sardasht Branch, totaling 670 individuals, of whom 358 were selected through purposive sampling. For data collection, standardized tools were employed including Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (1965), King's Spiritual Intelligence Scale (2000), Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Scale (2006), and Richard's Fear of Marriage Scale (2007). Data analysis was conducted using Spearman's correlation tests and Structural Equation Modeling on SPSS and AMOS Version 24.

 Self-esteem had a significant inverse effect on fear of marriage (β = -0.330, P < 0.001). Similarly, spiritual intelligence significantly inversely affected fear of marriage (β = -0.210, P < 0.001). Psychological hardiness also had a significant inverse effect on fear of marriage (β = -0.20, P < 0.001). The indirect effect of self-esteem on fear of marriage through psychological hardiness was significant and inverse (β = -0.054, P < 0.001). Likewise, the indirect effect of spiritual intelligence on fear of marriage through psychological hardiness was negative and significant (β = -0.062, P < 0.001).

 Self-esteem, spiritual intelligence, and psychological hardiness significantly inversely affected fear of marriage, underscoring their diminishing role in this phenomenon. Specifically, it was found that self-esteem and spiritual intelligence not only directly but also indirectly reduced fear of marriage through enhancing psychological hardiness.

Self-injury is one of the problems that causes many psychological and social harms. Its prevalence in adolescents is very high and it has become a serious problem. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) with Short-Term Solution-Focused Therapy (STSFT) on self-esteem and aggression in female adolescents with self-injurious behaviors.

This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group design. The study population included all female students with self-injurious behaviors attending the second high school level in the 1402-1403 (2024) academic year in Tabriz City. A total of 45 people were selected using a non-random purposeful sampling method and randomly divided into three groups (15 participants each). Members of the compassion-focused therapy group and the short-term solution-focused therapy group received their specific intervention in 8 and 6 sessions of 1.5 hours each. The control group received no treatment. Both groups completed the Cooper Smith (1976) 58-question self-esteem questionnaire and Buss and Perry (1992) 29-question aggression questionnaire, before, after, and 4 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests using SPSS-26 software.

There was no significant difference between the scores of self-esteem and aggression in the experimental and control groups at the pre-test (p<0.05). The results showed that CFT and STSFT increased self-esteem and decreased aggression in female adolescents with self-injurious behaviors at the post-test, compared with the control group (p<0.001). The effects of CFT and STSFT on self-esteem and aggression persisted at the follow-up (p<0.001). In addition, the effects of CFT and STSFT on self-esteem and aggression at post-test and follow-up were insignificant (p<0.05).

Based on the results of this study, compassion-focused therapy, and short-term solution-focused therapy may be effective in enhancing the self-esteem and reducing the aggression of female adolescents with self-injurious behaviors. Therefore, these two therapeutic approaches can be used to reduce the problems arising from self-injury among teenage females, including reducing aggression and improving their self-esteem

Establishing meaningful communication based on trust and mutual support is one of the basic and natural human needs. Loneliness refers to a negative and unpleasant experience that is caused by a lack of quantitative or qualitative attention in the field of one's social relationships. In other words, loneliness is a mental conflict between the individual's reality and the desired level of social relations. Now, when people fail to create social connections, the quality of life is severely damaged and may lead to loneliness. On the other hand, considering that loneliness is a common phenomenon in adolescence and adulthood and usually affects university students and often leads to mental illness. Also, loneliness is a constant risk factor for physical and mental health, which makes the prevalence of loneliness in young adults alarming. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to compile a model of loneliness based on self–esteem and secular attachment with the mediation of self–compassion in students.

The current research was correlational–analytical using the path analysis method. The statistical population comprised all students of Shiraz University who were studying in the academic year 2022–2023. The participants were selected using the available sampling method. After removing inappropriate questionnaires, 274 people remained. The participants completed the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980), the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Secular Attachment Scale (Mehdiyar et al., 2018), and the Self–Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). The ethical considerations of the research included the consent and willingness of the participants, the right to withdraw, keeping the information of the participants confidential, and informing the participants about the research process. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests in this research was considered 0.05.

The results of the path analysis showed that self–esteem (β =–0.268, p<0.001) and self–compassion (β=–0.356, p<0.001) had a negative and significant direct effect, and secular attachment (β=0.194, p=0.019) had a positive and significant direct effect on the loneliness. On the other hand, self–esteem (β=0.145, p=0.032) had a positive and significant direct effect, and secular attachment (β=–0.161, p=0.011) had a negative and significant direct effect on self–compassion. The indirect effect of self–esteem on loneliness was negatively significant (β=–0.033, p=0.014). Also, the indirect effect of secular attachment on loneliness was positive and significant (β=0.029, p=0.021). Also, the fit index was at a suitable level (χ2/df=2.707, GFI=0.911, IFI=0.910, PCLOSE=0.094, RMSEA=0.071).

Based on the findings of this research, reducing secular attachment and increasing self–esteem leads to increased self–compassion. As a result, it plays a significant role in reducing students' loneliness.

Competitive sports such as wheelchair basketball for people with disabilities are growing rapidly and are probably one of the most popular sports for people with disabilities. Moreover, the conducted studies have demonstrated that the evaluation of physical performance by field tests in different classes of wheelchair basketball could be very important for the optimal design of training programs to improve the performance of wheelchair basketball players. Furthermore, studies have shown that sports activity positively affects the quality of life of athletes with physical disabilities. In addition, athletes with physical disabilities had a better sense of physical ability and self–esteem. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the effect of a combined plyometric and resistance exercise program on strength and power performance and its relationship with the components of quality of life, general health, physical self–concept, perception of pain, and stress in the female wheelchair basketball players of Iran national team.

In this quasi–experimental and applied study, twenty female athletes who were the Iranian national basketball team members were divided into the control (10 people) and experimental (10 people) groups. Our participants performed combined plyometric and resistance training for 4 weeks in this study. In the present study, the participants warmed up for 10 minutes at the beginning of each session using Circuit Resistance Training. After that, two exercises were performed for each muscle group, including shoulder, chest, back, abdomen, biceps, triceps, forearm, and wrist, with 50% of one maximum repetition, or 1RM, for three sets with 20 repetitions in each set. In the session, plyometric exercises started 10 minutes after finishing resistance exercises. Plyometric exercises, including throwing a 5–kg medicine ball, were performed for two sets with six repetitions in each set. Then, at the beginning and the end of the research, physical performance factors, the 36–Item Short Form Survey (SF–36) (Ware et al., 1993), The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) (Melzack, 1987), the World Health Organization Quality–of–Life Scale (WHOQOL–BREF) (WHOQOL group, 1998), the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983), and the Physical Self–description Questionnaire (Marsh, 1996) were taken. Data analysis was done using ANOVA and the Pearson partial correlation coefficient in SPSS version 26, and the effect size of the training intervention was determined using STATA version 12 statistical software. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results of comparing the strength as well as explosive performance of the upper limbs of the wheelchair basketball players in the experimental group (10 people) and the control group (10 people) demonstrated that the training intervention significantly increased the strength performance of the biceps muscle (p<0.001), strength performance of trunk flexion (p<0.001), strength performance of shoulder flexion (p<0.001), explosive performance of chest pass (p=0.002) as well as explosive performance of backward throw (p<0.001) in the experimental group. Moreover, training intervention caused a significant reduction in time of short–distance speed performance without a ball (p=0.032), agility performance with a ball (p<0.001), and agility performance without a ball (p=0.003) in the experimental group. Finally, the results of the correlation analysis showed a direct and significant relationship between the explosive performance variable of the chest pass and the quality of life (p=0.044). Furthermore, there was a negative and significant relationship between the variables of pain perception and perceived stress and physical performance components (p<0.05).

According to the findings of the present research, combined plyometric and resistance exercises can improve the physical performance of national team wheelchair female basketball players and can be proposed as a practical solution to be used in the training programs of the coaches of these athletes.

Divorced women experience more psychological problems, especially depression, compared with married and single women. To explain depression and why it is an underlying factor, we can refer to the self–esteem vulnerability model. According to this model, low self–esteem is considered a risk factor for depression. One of the psychological aspects that can increase a person's ability to cope with self–esteem and are related to depression is psychological flexibility. Conscious attention to the present and the process of acceptance, in addition to the processes of committed action and behavior change, can cultivate psychological flexibility. Another variable that can reduce the probability of depression is the perspective of time. It seems that depression is an essential factor in divorced women after experiencing divorce, which is experienced as high stress and can be influenced by other psychological factors. Hence, this study aimed to develop a model of self–esteem vulnerability and depressive symptoms with the perspective of time, acceptance, action, and psychological flexibility in divorced women.

The current study is analytical based on structural equation modeling in terms of collecting information. The statistical population of this research comprised all divorced women referred to counseling centers in Gonbad City, Iran, in 2020–2021. The research samples consisted of 204 divorced women selected by available sampling. The study data were gathered via the Beck Depression Inventory–II (Beck et al., 1996), Rosenberg Self–esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (Bond et al., 2011). After preparing and compiling the research questionnaires and obtaining the necessary permits, the consulting centers of Gonbad were referred, and the questionnaires were given to the participants. In general, 250 questionnaires were distributed, and 204 complete questionnaires were collected. The data were analyzed using The Pearson correlation coefficient structural equation modeling in SPSS version 24 and LISREL version 8.5 software.

The results showed that the direct effect of self–esteem on depression was significant (β=–0.49, p<0.001). Also, the indirect effects of self–esteem on depression (β=–0.17, p=0.022), self–esteem on psychological flexibility (β=0.12, p=0.031), self–esteem on acceptance and action (β=0.03, p=0.047), time perspective on depression (β=–0.08, p=0.039), and time perspective on psychological flexibility (β=0.05, p=0.042) were significant. The total effect of self–esteem on depression was significant (β –0.66, p<0.001). On the other hand, good fit indices indicated a good fit of the model (GFI=0.96, AGFI=0.90, CFI=0.94, IFI=0.94, NFI=0.94, NNFI=0.90, RMSEA=0.079).

According to the findings, it is concluded that self–esteem as an underlying factor is an essential indicator of a person's vulnerability to suffering from depression. It is suggested that self–esteem should be targeted as a critical factor in interventions to reduce depression, especially in divorced women.

The poor theory of mind is one of the basic defects of children with intellectual disability, which causes a major dysfunction in most of their functions.

This study aimed to design the educational plays based on theory of mind and determine its effectiveness on social adequacy and self-esteem in children with mild intellectual disability.

This study was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and a two-month follow-up with a control group. The population was all students with mild intellectual disability in Tehran in second elementary school who were studying in exceptional schools for the 2022-2023 school year. The sample consisted of 28 male students who were included in the study using convenience sampling and randomly divided into the experimental and control group. The instruments included Theory of Mind test of Steerneman (1999), Social Competence Scale of Felner (1990), and Self-Esteem Scale of Rosenberg (1965). The intervention program was implemented on the experimental group in 24 sessions of 90 minutes. Moreover, a follow-up was performed two month after the sessions. The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the educational program of this study has good validity and reliability. Moreover, it has a significant effect on improving theory of mind, social adequacy and self-esteem (p< 0.001), and this effect was sustainable after two month.

Parents, teachers, psychologists and rehabilitation centers can use the plays of this educational program to improve theory of mind, social adequacy and self-esteem of children with mild intellectual disability.

Self-esteem is one of the important personality constructs. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the ability to resolve conflicts at the developmental perceived levels and self-esteem, and the mediation of wisdom among students of religious knowledge.
This research is a descriptive correlational study conducted on a statistical population of 2150 people consisting of high-ranking students living in the official dormitories of the Qom Seminary during the 2022-2023 academic year, and a sample of 326 subjects selected using the stratified proportional distribution method. Respondents completed the Rosenberg (1979) self-esteem questionnaires, the Constantinople Psychosocial Development Inventory (1969), and the Green & Brown wisdom Development Scale (2009). Data were analyzed using path analysis and the Barron and Kenny (1986) mediation model, with the help of SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 26 software.
The results of examining the main hypothesis of the research showed that wisdom mediates in the relationship between the ability to resolve conflicts in the three developmental levels latency, adolescence and early adulthood (separately and collectively) with self-esteem. The standard coefficients are respectively: 0.366, 0.179, 0.184, and 0.404. Wisdom had a partial mediation in these relationships and models had good fits.
The research results indicated that favorable psychosocial development is related to self-esteem, with wisdom acting as a mediating factor in this relationship. therefore, to understand desirable self-esteem in adulthood, it is necessary to pay attention to the ability to resolve conflicts at levels of development and wisdom.

Identifying the factors that contribute to the self-expression of teenage students is crucial for facilitating effective individual and interpersonal communication and interactions. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the role of self-esteem and family communication patterns in predicting teenagers' assertiveness.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The research population included all female students of the first secondary school in Birjand city in the academic year of 2021-2022, of which 204 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. The tools used were Rosenberg's self-esteem questionnaires (1965), Koerner and Fitzpatrick's family communication patterns (2002), and Gambridge and Ritchie's self-expression (1975), which were completed by the participants. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 24 software and Pearson's correlation coefficient test and multiple regression simultaneously.

The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between self-esteem (r=0.583) and family communication patterns (r=0.582) with self-expression, and self-esteem and family communication patterns explained 41.3% of the variance assertiveness (p<0.01).

The research results demonstrate the significance of self-esteem and family communication patterns in enhancing students' self-expression. Therefore, by nurturing self-esteem and enhancing family communication patterns, it becomes feasible to facilitate the growth of self-expression among teenage students.

Self-esteem is one of the essential components in maintaining mental and physical health. Individuals who have positive self-esteem are more flexible and able to accept their strengths and weaknesses. The results of studies have shown that increasing self-esteem leads to increased self-confidence and efficiency in students. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between different dimensions of self-esteem and academic performance in students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted among 704 students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Data were collected using Cooper Smith's standard self-esteem questionnaire and demographic characteristics questionnaire. The samples were selected randomly and classified according to the number of students in each field. Students' academic performance was obtained using the cumulative grade point average of the past semesters by self-report method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation tests and multivariate linear regression.

The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of self-esteem in the general dimension was 18.24 (4.1), in the social dimension was 5.03 (1.79), in the family dimension was 5.7 (2.15), and in the academic dimension was 5.65 (1.67). Also, there was a significant correlation between academic performance and self-esteem in the general dimension (p < 0.01, r=0.12), social dimension (p < 0.01, r=0.14), family dimension (p < 0.01, r=0.20), and academic dimension (p < 0.01, r=0.34). Multiple linear regression results showed that the academic self-esteem dimension had the greatest effect on academic performance, so with other variables constant, on average, with an increase of one unit in academic self-esteem score, academic performance would increase by 37%.

The highest correlation between academic self-esteem and academic performance was observed. It is recommended that instructors pay more attention to this dimension of self-esteem in students in order to improve academic performance in classroom and clinical environments.

Aging is said to be a special pattern of natural changes in life that occurs as people age With increasing age, the elderly suffer from several problems, including a decrease in hope, happiness, and self-esteem, which may affect self-care, especially nutrition. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between nutrition and self-esteem and happiness of the elderly

The present study was a descriptive-analytical study of the correlation type, and following the ethical standards and obtaining informed consent from the company. The research began Research sampling in this study was by multi-stage method (proportional and simple random). First, among the 18 health centers of Amel city, 7 centers were randomly selected, then again, by simple random and lottery method from among the target population (elderly people), until reaching the desired volume of the study, in 1401 became Simple random sampling was done by preparing a list of people eligible for the study in the selected health care center, then we selected the required number of samples by lottery. The inclusion criteria included being over 60 years old, living in Amel City, the absence of problems such as acute mental disability, the absence of cognitive impairment (using AMT, Alzheimer's, and cancer), and the ability to communicate. Non-cooperation during the implementation of the study was considered as an exit criterion. The tools used included demographic questionnaires, cognitive status assessment, elderly depression, happiness, self-esteem, and instrumental activities. The data were analyzed with descriptive (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential (focal correlation and parameter estimates) tests.

The results showed that the average age of the participants (60 to 81 years) was equal to 65.92±4.64 and the average body mass index of the participants was 23.75±2.54. 14% of the elderly were underweight and 33% were overweight. 12% were at risk of malnutrition. Most of the elderly had high happiness (99%) and high self-esteem (59%). The correlation coefficient of happiness and self-esteem is 0.378. As a result, in this study, nutrition had no significant relationship with the self-esteem and happiness of the elderly. Also, the results showed that the happiness and self-esteem of the elderly had a significant positive relationship with each other(P<0.001). According to the value of P>0.050, there is no relationship between the self-esteem of the elderly and the total score of the supplementary examination and nutrition. According to the value of P<0.050, it means that there is a relationship between the self-esteem of the elderly and happiness, but by observing the value of R square=0.045, this relationship is very insignificant. It can be said that only 4% of self-esteem changes are due to happiness There is no statistically significant relationship between the family self-esteem component and happiness(P>0.05). In other components of self-esteem, there is a statistically significant relationship with happiness(P<0.05). Also, there is no relationship between happiness with the total score of the supplementary examination and the total score of nutrition, P>0.050

This research was a descriptive-analytical correlation study. The results of this study showed that there is a relationship between happiness and self-esteem of the elderly. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between self-esteem and nutrition of the elderly. In general, according to the results of this research, it is suggested to pay attention to the role of general self-esteem, social self-esteem, and occupational self-esteem in the happiness of the elderly. Considering the expansion of the elderly population in Iran and the importance of paying attention to the physical and mental health of the elderly, the results of this research can be useful for planning to improve the capabilities of the elderly.

It is essential to pay attention to the emotional, psychological and social processes of students. according to this the present study was conducted to offer a model of predicting hope according to the social support and meaning in life with the mediation role of Self-esteem in the university students.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and pathway analysis. The statistical population of the study included all undergraduate students at non-state universities in the city of Tehran in academic year 2019-20. The statistical sample included 480 students who were selected through clustered random sampling method. The applied questionnaires included Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) (Zimet, et.al. 1988), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) (Steger, Frazier, 2006); Self-esteem Questionnaire (SEQ) (Rosenberg, 1979) and Hope Questionnaire (HQ) (Sympson, 1999). The data analysis was conducted through pathway analysis via SPSS and AMOS version 23.

The results showed that social support, meaning in life and Self-esteem have significant relationship with hope in the students (p<0.01). Moreover, social support, meaning in life and Self-esteem have significant direct effect on the students’ hope (p<0.01). Furthermore, Bootstrap results showed that the Self-esteem has significant medication role in the relationship between social support and meaning in life (p<0.01). Finally the model enjoyed a suitable fitness.

Considering the meaningful mediating role of self-esteem, it is necessary for therapists and counselors to improve the self-esteem of students by using appropriate training, so as to increase their hope.

With increasing age in men, the level of some essential hormones in their bodies gradually decreases, leading to physical and psychological symptoms in middle-aged and elderly men, known as andropause. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between body image and self-esteem in andropausal men referring to health centers in Neka, Iran.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 376 elderly 60 years and older living in Neka were studied, applying the multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire, the Iranian Male Andropause Symptoms Self-Assessment Questionnaire (MASSQ), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, and parametric tests, including Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and linear regression, were used to analyze the collected data.

The mean (SD) age of the participating elderly was 66.6 ± 5.5 years, with an age range of 60-91 years. The education level of more than half of the elderly was elementary school (66.1%). Approximately half of the participants suffered from chronic diseases. The mean (SD) self-esteem and body image scores of the elderly were 5.78 ± 3.44 and 176.33 ± 18.33, respectively. The test results showed that the variables of number of years of marriage had a significant inverse relationship, and the number of sexual relationships per month had a significant direct relationship with self-esteem score. In aadition, the results of spouse's age and number of children variables had a significant inverse relationship with body image score. Multiple linear regression results showed that variables, including occupation, spouse's occupation, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, body mass index, physical activity, underlying disease, physical illness, number of relationships per month, years of marriage, and body image score, had a significant relationship.

Understanding the meaning of body image, its influencing factors, and how they relate to the self-esteem of the elderly helps them to have a positive body image of themselves, which leads to the enhancement of their psychological-social status and improvement in their quality of life.

Self-compassion is a psychological concept that refers to the ability to understand the pain, suffering, and emotions of others and to show empathy and support them. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the impact of self-compassion training on self-esteem and risky behaviors of adolescents.

This experimental research had two experimental and control groups that were examined before and after the intervention.  The population of this research consisted of all high school adolescents in Minoodasht, Iran, in 2022-2023, who were randomly selected. The sample size for this study was consisted of 50 individuals (25 in the experimental group and 25 in the control group). The tools used in this study included three questionnaires: a demographic information questionnaire, Cooper Smith Self-esteem Inventory, and a risky behaviors questionnaire. Three months after the intervention, a post-test was administered to both groups. The collected data was entered into the SPSS statistical software (version 22) and was analyzed using independent samples t-test, Chi-square test, and ANCOVA.

The findings indicated that the mean age of individuals in the control and experimental groups was 14.04 ± 0.84. The independent t-test before the intervention showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in some dimensions, such as tendency to dangerous driving and relationship with the opposite sex (P>0.05). After the intervention, the independent t-test showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in all areas of the Iranian adolescent risk-inventory Scale (IARS) as well as the IARS total score (P<0.05). The independent t-test before the intervention showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory (SEI) scales and also the SEI total score (P>0.05), while the independent t-test after the intervention showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in all scales of SEI as well as the SEI total score (P<0.05).

The obtained results indicated that self-compassion training might lead to increased self-esteem and reduced risky behaviors among adolescents. It is suggested to utilize the intervention method used in this article in the process of reducing risky behaviors among adolescents.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is one of the major complications of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), which reduces the concept of male identity, and self-esteem and increases frailty syndrome. The present study aims to determine the effect of Kegel’s exercises on UI, frailty syndrome, and self-esteem of the elderly with BPH after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP).

In this randomized clinical trial, 76 older men with BPH who had underwent TURP surgery were randomly assigned to the control and intervention groups. The intervention group performed 60 Kegel’s exercises daily for 12 weeks, but the control group did not perform any exercises. The Edmonton frailty scale, international consultation on incontinence questionnaire – UI short form (ICIQ-UI-SF), Rosenberg self-esteem scale, mini mental status examination, questionnaire of urinary incontinence diagnosis, and a demographic form were completed before training, eight weeks after training, and four weeks after the end of training. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential tests in SPSS software, version 26. 

The mean scores of frailty syndrome, self-esteem and UI improved in the intervention group, but worsened in the control group (P<0.001). There were no significant differences between groups before training but significant differences were reported eight weeks after training and four weeks after end of training (P<0.05). 

Implementing 60 Kegel’s exercises daily for 12 weeks after TURP can reduce UI and frailty syndrome and increase self-esteem in older men.

Feeling happy has positive consequences on the lifestyle and academic success of students and increases the desire to perform behaviors that are related to academic success. Happiness makes a person express his positive abilities and becomes a driving force for a person's movement on the path to success. One of the variables related to happiness is resilience, which refers to a person's ability to establish his biological and psychological balance in dangerous conditions and positive adaptation in response to challenges threats, and adverse conditions. Resilience can reduce stress and disability in stressful situations and increase happiness. Another factor related to happiness is self-esteem, defined as the degree of approval and approval and value that a person feels about himself or the judgment that a person has about his value. Self-esteem is a product of social life and its values, and it is manifested in all daily human activities, in this way, it is one of the most important aspects of personality and determining human behavioral characteristics. Empirical studies indicate that self-esteem is an important psychological factor that affects people's health, happiness, and quality of life. On the other hand, satisfaction with school is one of the most important areas to ensure that students are happy. The review of the research literature shows that the happiness of teenagers increases with the increase of their interest in school, and vice versa, the happiness of teenagers increases with the increase of interest of teenagers in school. Self-efficacy is also one of the characteristics that can effectively predict students' happiness. According to the stated contents, since the variable of self-efficacy is related to each of the predictor variables of the current research and can influence them, in the model of the current research, the role of the variable of self-efficacy is a mediator in the relationship between each of the variables of the current research. It was studied and investigated with the happiness variable.

This was a descriptive correlational study. The research population was female students of the second secondary school in districts 2 and 5 of Tehran in the academic year 1402-1401. The sample size was considered to be 400 people who were selected by the one-stage cluster sampling method. The research tools include Oxford happiness questionnaires, Connor and Davidson resilience, Cooper Smith self-esteem, Morris adolescent self-efficacy, and school satisfaction subscale related to the multi-dimensional scale of students' life satisfaction. 0.93, 0.91, 0.89, 0.88, and 0.88 were obtained, and their face and content validity was confirmed using experts' opinions. The data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis in SPSS and AMOS software.

The findings showed that the model of the relationship between resilience, self-esteem, and school satisfaction with happiness mediated by self-efficacy had a good fit. Also, all three variables of resilience, self-esteem, and satisfaction with school had a direct and significant effect on happiness (P<0.05). In addition, resilience, self-esteem, and satisfaction with school had an indirect and significant effect on happiness through the mediation of self-efficacy (P<0.05).

According to the results, to increase and improve students' happiness, it is possible to provide the basis for improving resilience, self-esteem, satisfaction with school, and self-efficacy. In explanation, it can be said that students with higher self-efficacy compared to students without self-efficacy are more willing to participate in challenging assignments and have a positive evaluation of themselves. They spend more effort and time to work and study and show better academic performance. When these efforts are fruitful, these behavior patterns are established and bring satisfaction. Conversely, students with low self-efficacy have a negative evaluation of their academic abilities, and this threatens their school satisfaction. On the one hand, self-efficacy can influence the level of student satisfaction by influencing the choice of goals and outcome expectations, and on the other hand, by influencing academic performance. In addition, self-efficacy increases a person's ability to deal with problems and obstacles, which is associated with success and a sense of satisfaction, through influencing the sense of controllability of the environment and work and study conditions. In other words, high self-efficacy in students leads to higher school satisfaction and ultimately affects the level of happiness of students. In general, it can be said that self-efficacy beliefs in managing life situations cause realistic expectations and positive thoughts about oneself and life events, and a lack of trust and confidence in one's abilities will cause negative emotions. Therefore, people with weak self-efficacy will not always feel happy in life. Among the limitations of the current research, we can point out that the sample is single-sex and the research population is limited to female students of the 2nd and 11th grade of high school in Tehran's 2nd and 5th districts, which should be considered with caution in generalizing the results. Therefore, researching male students or students of other grades or other areas of Tehran and even other cities can help to make a general summary of the relationships of the variables. The results of the present research have practical implications for specialists, officials, and planners of educational systems, especially for specialists, officials, and planners of the education system. According to the results of the current research, they can provide the basis for improving resilience, self-esteem, satisfaction with school, and self-efficacy to increase and improve students' happiness and vitality.

Type 1 diabetes is considered one of the most common chronic diseases during childhood. Diagnosis and presence of chronic disease in the child create tension, worry, and problems for parents, particularly for the mother who is responsible for taking care of the child. The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of resilience training on the self-esteem of mothers of children with type 1 diabetes.

This clinical trial was carried out on 60 mothers of children with type 1 diabetes referring to diabetes clinics in the cities of Gonbad-e-Kavus and Gorgan, Golestan province, during 2022-23. Mothers were selected by the convenience sampling method and using a random number table and were assigned to two 30-people control and intervention groups. The resilience training program was implemented for the intervention group in 5-people groups for nine 90-minute sessions during 2 months. The data collection tool consisted of a demographic questionnaire and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI) filled out in two pre-test and post-test phases. Scoring of poor, moderate, and strong self-esteem was carried out by obtaining scores of 26 and below, 27-43, and over 44.

The mean and standard deviation of the overall self-esteem (22.73±3.26), social (7.32±0.79), occupational/social (7±1.46), and general self-esteem (44.73±5.03) dimensions had a statistically significant increase in the post-test in mothers of the intervention group compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). The mean and standard deviation of the self-esteem scores of mothers in the intervention group were evaluated as moderate at the onset of the study and strong at the post-test (P<0.05).

Resilience training culminated in increasing the self-esteem of mothers of children with type 1 diabetes.

 Old age comes with many changes to the physiological and psychological organs and functions of the body. Fall down is one of the serious issues of old age that occurs due to many factors. Among the problems recorded in old age are eating disorders, dissatisfaction with body image and low self-esteem. The aim of the present study was to compare eating disorders, body image and self-esteem in the elderly with and without a history of fall down.

 The current research was causal-comparative research and applied in terms of its purpose. For this purpose, 60 elderly women aged between 60 and 70 from Tabriz voluntarily participated in the research. The subjects were divided into two groups with and without a history of fall down. The fall down history questionnaire measured the fall down history of the volunteers. Also, eating disorders, body image and self-esteem were measured by Garner, multidimensional body-self relationships (MBSRQ) and Rosenberg questionnaires, respectively. Independent t-test was used to compare the mean variables in two groups and SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis.

 The results showed that there was a significant difference between eating disorders and self-esteem index in the elderly with and without a history of fall down (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the body image index in the elderly with and without a history of fall down (P>0.05).

 According to the results of this research, people without a history of falling had a better condition than people with a history of falling in the indicators of eating disorders and self-esteem. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to improving the nutritional conditions and self-esteem of the elderly with a history of falling.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral therapy (ACT-CBT) on changing attitudes and self-esteem.

The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design and a control and follow-up group. The statistical population of this research included all self-identified addicts of Dezful addiction treatment centers. First, a Dezful addiction treatment center was selected. Then, a sample of 30 people was selected using the available sampling method and they were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was subjected to combined acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral therapy during 10 sessions. The control group did not receive any treatment during this period. To collect data, the attitude towards addiction and theoretical drugs questionnaire (1378) and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (1965) were completed by the participants in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. To analyze the data in this research, univariate covariance analysis was used in SPSS-20 software. The significance level of all tests was considered less than 0.05.

Combined acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral therapy had a significant effect on changing the attitude and self-esteem of self-reported addicts in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results showed that this treatment is an effective strategy for changing the attitude and self-esteem of self-identified addicts and it can be used as an effective treatment method.

The results of the present study indicated that teaching creativity and learning strategies promotes optimism and adaptive performance in procrastinating female students.

Exercise is good for improving the physical and mental health of people. The purpose of this study was to study of Effect of a regular exercise program on quality of life, Self Confidence and mental health in non-active veterans.

The present study is a quasi-experimental data collection method with a control group with pre-test and post-test. In this study, 30 inactive veterans of Khoy city were selected by available methods and randomly placed in two groups of control (15 people) and test (15 people) in a peer-to-peer manner. The experimental group performed regular exercise program for 32 weeks in 32 60-minute sessions, during which the control group performed daily routine activities. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire, Eysenck Standard Self-Esteem Questionnaire and Goldberg Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were used to collect data. To analyze the data, two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics were used. In the descriptive statistics section, frequency, central tendency indices and dispersion indices were used, and in the inferential statistics section, covariance analysis was used.

The results of analysis of covariance showed that the selected physical activity program has a positive and significant effect on quality of life, mental health and self-esteem of inactive veterans. (P≤ 0.05).

Physical activity will help veterans gain better self-confidence and mental health, improve their quality of life, and therefore be present in society in a better mood.

The aim of this study was to present a structural model to explain grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism in men and women based on objectified body consciousness and psychological capitals with mediating role of self-esteem.

The present study was a correctional-discriptive based on a structural equation model. The statistical population of this study included all men and women over 18 years of age in Ahvaz and 309 of them were randomly selected and tested by available sampling method through social networks. Instruments which were used to collect data were demographic questionnaire, Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI), Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBC), Luthans Psychological Capital Scale (LPCS) and Rosenburg Self-esteem Inventory (RSES). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24 and Amos 24.

Ethical Considerations:

In the present study, ethical principles such as confidentiality of information were observed and there was no possible harm to the subjects.

Results revealed that there was a significant relationship between Objectified Body consciousness with Grandiose Narcissism and Volnerable Narcissism in women. The results of these variables in men were not significant. Objectified body consciousness and psychological capitals with self-esteem was significant for both men and women. Furthermore, Psychological capitals with grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism was significant in men; in women, Psychological capitals only were significant with vulnerable narcissism (p<0. 01). Among indirect path, Self-esteem could significantly play a mediating role for Objectified body consciousness and psychologicalcapitals with grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism in men. In women, the only significant indirectpath was between self-esteem with vulnerable narcissism.

Gender significantly moderated the causal effect of self-esteem on vulnerable narcissism, so that self-esteem in men has a stronger causal effect on vulnerable narcissism. These results can be used by clinical psychotherapists and psychiatrists in therapy with clients who suffer from narcissist personality disorder and related disorders to body image. As regards self-objectification can be led to narcissism and lower levels of self-esteemin individuals, therefore it is recommended that Psychologists and health experts care more about variables which were mentioned.