عملکرد

Anterior cruciate ligament rupture is a common injury in football, the rate of ACL rupture in football players is from 0.06 to 10 injuries per 1000 hours of play, which is the highest injury rate in professional players. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of kinesiotaping on static and dynamic balance in football players with a high risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury.

30 male football players with a high risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury with a mean age of 21.76±2.46 years were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Static balance was assessed with the Stork test and dynamic balance with the Y test in both groups. Then, kinesiotaping was applied to the knee area for the experimental group, and the control group did not receive any intervention, and dynamic and static balance were again assessed in both groups. The normal distribution of data was examined with the Shapiro-Wilk test and the intra-group difference with the paired t-test, and analysis of covariance was used for comparison between groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that after applying kinesiotaping, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the variables of static balance (P=0.03) and dynamic balance (P=0.001).

Applying kinesiotaping can be effective in reducing the risk of non-collision injury in people with a high risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury by improving static and dynamic balance.

Dengue fever is one of the most common mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of health center employees in Kerman, Iran, regarding dengue fever.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among the employees of health centers in Kerman using a standardized four-part questionnaire in 2022. The first part of the questionnaire focused on demographics, the second on knowledge, the third on attitudes, and the fourth on personnel practices regarding dengue fever. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS software.

A total of 301 individuals participated in the present study. According to the results, 10.1% of the participants were physicians, 62.5% were healthcare employees, 14.5% were environmental and occupational health employees, and 12.8% were managers working in the health centers. The mean knowledge score of the study population was 6.56 ± 2.61. A positive correlation was found between the knowledge score, attitude score, and practice score (P = 0.001). The mean attitude score of the study population was 7.23 ± 1.14, which was positively correlated with age, work experience, knowledge score, and practice score (P < 0.05). The mean practice score of the study population was 6.05 ± 1.74, which showed no significant relationship with demographic variables; however, a positive correlation was observed between the practice score and age, work experience, knowledge score, and attitude score.

The results indicated that the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of health center employees in Kerman were at an average level. It is recommended that education and re-education on dengue fever be implemented among health center employees, as they are the first line of education and disease prevention.

In both physical and psychological crises, rescue workers and the general public are inevitably impacted. However, while much of the focus tends to center on physical well-being, the psychological effects often go overlooked. In recent years, psychological first aid training has garnered increasing attention from researchers and administrators as a potential solution, highlighting the need to understand its value. This study was undertaken to review and summarize existing research on the impact of psychological first aid training in enhancing participants' preparedness, knowledge, and performance.

In this review, articles published between 2010-2024 were examined. To obtain related scientific documents, electronic search in both Farsi and English languages using keywords Psychological first aid", "nurse", "health workers", "paramedics", "disaster", "knowledge", "attitude" and "performance were conducted in the Scientific Information Database (SID), the National Journals Information Bank (Magiran), the Iranian Medical Sciences Articles Information Bank, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, and a total of 55 articles were found in the initial search. After review and based on the entry and exit criteria, 10 articles were used in the results section of the study.

The interventions comprised experimental, quasi-experimental, and clinical trials. These were conducted with both single-group and two-group designs, and the outcomes were assessed at two or three different time points. Psychological first aid training has proven to be effective in enhancing self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes, performance, skills, resilience, self-confidence, preparedness, capacity, professional quality of life, competence, and satisfaction among healthcare workers, nurses, aid workers, and volunteers during crises.

Given the significant impact and effectiveness of psychological first aid in supporting healthcare workers, paramedics, and the general public, as highlighted in numerous studies, it is recommended that health administrators, policymakers, and particularly the Red Crescent community place greater emphasis on this area. This can be achieved through thoughtful planning, in-service training programs, and dedicated courses as part of their preparations.

 Rapid population growth and uneven development in Iran have resulted in a critical water scarcity crisis, with domestic water consumption significantly exceeding global averages. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of citizens in Sari regarding appropriate water consumption.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Sari in 2023. A sample of 450 individuals was selected from the target population using a simple stratified sampling method. Data were collected using a revised version of the Amiri Baghbadrani Questionnaire (2022), which was tailored to align with the study's objectives and the characteristics of the participants. The questionnaire assessed knowledge (score range: 0-12), attitudes (score range: 9-45), and practices (score range: 10-50) related to water consumption. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Of the 300 distributed questionnaires, the average scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice of Sari citizens regarding proper water consumption were 5.14±1.92 (moderate), 36.36±4.25 (good), and 49.42±5.05 (good), respectively. Additionally, the knowledge domain demonstrated a significant relationship with occupation, gender, and place of residence; the attitude domain exhibited a significant relationship with age and education; and the practice domain revealed a significant relationship with gender, occupation, and education (P<0.05).

The findings revealed that the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding water-saving behaviors among citizens in Sari were moderate, good, and good, respectively. These results underscore the importance of education and the cultivation of a culture of water conservation to transform knowledge and positive attitudes into action.

Malaria is one of the health challenges in many countries worldwide. Iran is among the countries that have prioritized a malaria elimination program, aiming to interrupt local transmission of the disease by 2025. Health workeres (community health workers) play an important role in primary healthcare for identifying, controlling, and preventing malaria. Keeping their knowledge and skills up-to-date through continuous training can be effective in the success of this program. Virtual training is a modern educational method that facilitates such training courses. This study aimed to investigate the impact of virtual retraining courses on the knowledge, attitude, and performance of konarak health workers in implementing the malaria elimination program in 2022.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with a single-group pre-test and post-test design. The population included 69 individuals who were enrolled using a census method. Initially, a pre-test was conducted to assess the baseline level of knowledge, attitude, and performance of participants regarding malaria elimination strategies. Then, the educational intervention was delivered virtually, followed by a post-test to evaluate the outcomes. The educational content was provided in eight 45-minute sessions by an instructor from the Health worker Training Center using the Sky Room platform. Data collection was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed, and its reliability was assessed in a pilot study prior to the training by the responsible expert; the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire items was calculated at an acceptable level (r=0.83). Data were analyzed using SPSS software and paired t-tests.

Out of 69 participants, 40 (58%) were male and 29 (42%) female. Comparison of pre-test and post-test results showed that the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance of health workeres increased by 1.05, 1.2, and 1.17 units respectively after the training, and these differences were statistically significant (P=0.000).

Based on the results, considering the advantages of virtual training such as easy access, lower cost, and wide coverage, this method is recommended as a strategy for educational programs for healthcare staff.

Social emergency is intervention programs aimed at preventing social problems by managing social crises. Public awareness of this program plays a crucial role in mitigating such problems. This study aimed to assess the level of public awareness and practice regarding social emergency services.
 

This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2023 using an online questionnaire and convenience sampling. A total of 706 urban residents of Kerman participated. The data collection tool comprised four sections: demographic information, awareness of social emergency services, awareness of examples of social problems, and practice when encountering social problems.

The mean age of respondents was 36 years, and the majority (70.3%) were women. Regarding awareness, 71% of participants had poor knowledge of social emergency, and 86.7% demonstrated poor awareness of examples of social problems. Additionally, 44.2% exhibited inadequate practice when encountering social problems. The logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between awareness of social emergency services and both performance and higher education. Individuals with adequate awareness exhibited, on average, 2.28 times better performance than those with inadequate awareness. Similarly, individuals with higher education had, on average, 3.68 times better awareness as compared to those with less than a high school diploma. A significant relationship was also found between awareness of social problems indicators and marital status. Married individuals demonstrated, on average, 0.56 times lower awareness as compared to single individuals. Furthermore, gender and education level were significantly associated with performance. Men’s performance levels were, on average, 1.42 times better than women’s. Additionally, individuals with university and high school education exhibited, on average, 4.22 and 3.47 times better performance, respectively, than those with less than a high school diploma.

Given the poor public awareness of social emergency, there is an urgent need for programs aimed at raising awareness about social problems and the role of social emergency in supporting victims.

With the advancement of information technology in the new century, changes are experienced in all aspects of life. One of the reflections of these changes in education is conducting exams electronically instead of paper-and-pencil examinations. The success of virtual education is not achievable without considering the students’ viewpoints towards it. This study aimed to investigate the attitude and performance of students in online exams and their relationship with academic achievement.

This research is a mixed-method study (qualitative-quantitative). First, all related articles published, between 2000 to 2022, were extracted from ERIC, PubMed, ScienceDirect databases, and the Google Scholar search engine. Then, the attitude and performance questionnaire was designed and validated based on the literature review results. All BSc and MSc. nursing and midwifery students of Sarivar Nassibeh School filled out the questionnaire. Two hundred and five questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (t-test) statistics.

Based on a content analysis of 15 selected articles, the extracted components were structured into 12 items. A preliminary questionnaire was designed with 28 questions across these 12 extracted components. Face validity was assessed using expert opinions, and necessary revisions were made. Both the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) coefficients were employed for content validity. The final questionnaire comprised 22 items using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly agree (score 5) to strongly disagree (score 1), with an internal consistency of 0.69. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the questionnaire has six factors: “validity and accuracy”, “technical problems”, “types of questions and announcing the results”, “technique and simplicity”, “motivation and anxiety”, and “speed and error recording” that explain 60.88 percent of the total variance. Correlation results indicated no relationship between students’ attitudes and performance toward electronic examinations and academic achievement (r = 0.055, P-value = 0.432). There was a significant difference between male and female groups, BSc. and MSc. nursing and midwifery students, and semester of study.

The tool for measuring students’ attitudes and performance towards electronic exams has acceptable validity and reliability. This tool can be used to assess online exams and improvement plans.

Given the critical nature of cardiac arrest during pregnancy and the limited experience of emergency medical staff in managing such cases, a suitable educational approach is needed to improve their knowledge and skills.

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of peer education through the jigsaw method on the knowledge and performance of emergency medical personnel in delivering basic resuscitation for pregnant women at selected Aja hospitals.

This semi-experimental study was conducted in 2022 on 48 emergency medicine assistants at a selected Aja hospital. Participants were divided into intervention and control groups (24 each) using a simple random method. The intervention group was trained using the jigsaw puzzle method, while the control group received traditional training. Knowledge and performance assessments were conducted at three points: before, immediately after, and three months post-intervention, using a questionnaire and checklist. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS version 26, with a significance level of 0.05.

Knowledge scores in the intervention group (18.25±1.07) were significantly higher than those in the control group (16.75±1.79) immediately after training (P=0.001) and sustained this difference at three months post-intervention (16.41 ± 1.13 in the intervention group vs. 14.33±2.11 in the control group, P= 0.000). The improvement in knowledge scores was statistically significant across all time points (P= 0.003). Similarly, the performance scores of the intervention group (98.95 ± 4.64) surpassed those of the control group (88.12±5.48) immediately postintervention (P<0.0001) and remained higher after three months (86.91±5.70 vs. 78.62± 7.64, P<0.0001). Pre-test scores showed no significant differences between the groups. 

The jigsaw puzzle-based peer education approach significantly enhances and maintains the knowledge and practical skills necessary for performing basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation on pregnant women. This method is recommended as an effective training tool to bolster emergency medical response.

Cardiovascular diseases increase mortality and disability, decrease quality of life, and impose heavy costs along with many social problems. When a heart attack occurs, performing life-saving first aid is considered the only effective action until the emergency medical team arrives. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of teaching basic life-saving measures for adults on the knowledge and performance of general education learners in Sabzevar city in 2023.

This semi-experimental research was conducted by sampling 125 citizens of Sabzevar using a stratified random method. The awareness and performance of the participants were measured before, immediately after, and two months after the training using a questionnaire and a researcher's checklist based on the latest guidelines from the American Heart Association.

The results of the research showed a significant relationship between the level of awareness and the performance of the participants in public education, before and after the intervention. The average knowledge and performance scores of the research samples decreased slightly two months after the intervention, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Despite a significant decrease in awareness scores two months post-intervention compared to post-intervention awareness scores, teaching basic life support measures for adults can positively affect the awareness and performance of general education learners. Periodic repetition of the training is recommended.

 Considering the increase in the number of genetic disorders among human diseases and the importance of genetic counseling in prevention and the role of physicions in providing counseling, this study aims to determine the evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and performance of health specialists regarding the referral of necessary cases to genetic counseling and genetic tests were done in Bushehr in 2020.

 This research was a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study that was conducted using a questionnaire containing demographic information and questions in three areas of knowledge, attitude and performance of doctors regarding the referral of necessary cases to genetic counseling and testingin Bushehr with the participation of 95 doctors. Spearman, U-Man-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis correlation tests and Tukey's Post Hoc test were used for data analysis.

The average scores of doctors' knowledge, attitude and performance were 70.30 ± 7.45, 89.21 ± 10.77 and 38.25 ± 20.60, respectively, which indicates good knowledge and attitude and poor performance of doctors in this field. There was a significant difference in the performance score among doctors of different disciplines. A statistically significant relationship was obtained between knowledge and performance, attitude and performance and between participation in the genetics training course and performance.

 According to the findings of the study, holding effective and practical training courses, preparing a referral guide for doctors and establishing a standard genetic services center to improve the status of genetic counseling in Bushehr in order to control and prevent these diseases seems necessary.

Indoor air quality is a critical factor influencing the health and well-being of individuals in society, as polluted indoor air can lead to various diseases. Consequently, this study examined the awareness, attitudes, and performance of health workers in Khorramabad City, Iran, concerning indoor air pollution, as well as the correlation of these factors with demographic variables.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 using a researcher-developed questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and performance of health workers in the health centers of Khorramabad City. A total of 149 individuals from the Khorramabad health center participated in the study, and after receiving education, 140 of them agreed to complete the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using independent t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlation coefficient via SPSS software.

Health workers' performance regarding indoor air quality had the highest score of 60.50, while the scores for attitude and knowledge were 51.85 and 17.82, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance between men and women (P > 0.05). The level of education had a significant relationship with the average scores of knowledge and performance. Consequently, the highest scores in knowledge, attitude, and performance were observed among individuals with a bachelor's degree or higher. In contrast, no significant relationship was found between the scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance with age or work experience.

Given the limited awareness among health workers regarding indoor air pollution, coupled with their significant role in disseminating health information to the community, it is essential to conduct training courses on this topic to enhance the knowledge of health workers.

A healthy organization makes greater efforts in dealing with problems to solve them. In these organizations, human resources are also committed and conscientious, and this commitment leads to their loyalty and retention in the organization. Additionally, it can have an impact on the performance of employees. Hospitals are among the important organizations in society, and the performance of their employees can be effective in improving service delivery. The emergency department is one of the important units in the hospital, and the purpose of this study is to investigate the organizational health, commitment, and performance of emergency personnel.

This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 50 emergency room staff members of Abadan and Khorramshahr hospitals using a convenience sampling method in 2024. The data collection tools were three questionnaires: organizational health, organizational commitment, and emergency performance. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation), as well as independent t-tests and Pearson's correlation coefficient.

In this study, the majority of the participants were female (54%), had postgraduate education and above (52%), and were married (60%). The average scores for organizational health, organizational commitment, and emergency performance were 2.76 ± 0.33, 63.84 ± 13.84, and 240.44 ± 28.96, respectively. Organizational health and organizational commitment had a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.77, p < 0.0001), but emergency performance was not significantly related to organizational health or organizational commitment (p > 0.05).

Creating a healthy organizational environment can lead to improved employee commitment. When an organization meets the needs of its employees effectively, they become more committed, leading to the promotion and progress of the organization. Therefore, improving the organizational environment is very important.

Neonatal pain can have serious consequences for infants' health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an empowerment program on improving nurses' knowledge, attitude, and performance in managing neonatal pain.

This semi-experimental, pre-post intervention study without a control group was conducted on nurses working in the neonatal intensive care unit of Shahid Montazeri Hospital, Najafabad, and Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, in 2022. Nurses were divided into 4 groups of 10 and received 4 empowerment sessions (in the form of educational classes and two 90-minute sessions per week) on neonatal pain management. Before, immediately after, and one month after the educational intervention, nurses completed questionnaires on knowledge, attitude, and performance. Data were analyzed using t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS version 21 software.

Intra-group analysis showed a significant effect of time on knowledge, attitude, and performance scores, and the mean scores of nurses' knowledge, attitude, and performance differed significantly between the three time points (P=0.001). Moreover, the Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the comparison of the mean scores of knowledge (F=65.82), attitude (F=24.42), and performance (F=49.88) between the pre- and immediate post-intervention, as well as the mean scores of these scores before and one month after the intervention, showed a significant increase (P=0.001). However, the comparison of the mean scores of knowledge (P=0.07), attitude (P=0.98), and performance (P=0.99) immediately after and one month after the intervention was not significant.

According to the results of the present study, the empowerment program led to a significant increase in nurses' knowledge, a more positive attitude, and improved performance in the field of neonatal pain management, and this improvement was sustained over time. Therefore, it seems that holding empowerment sessions for nurses can lead to improved quality of care for infants and reduce their pain experience.

Sudden cardiac arrest is one of the main causes of death and an important health care problem. It is important for nurses to acquire the cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills and know the latest changes in the CPR guidelines. The present study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) in Ardabil, Iran, regarding the 2020 CPR guidelines.

In this descriptive study, 360 nurses and EMTs working in hospitals affiliated to the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2022 were included by stratified random sampling method. Data collection was done using a questionnaire that surveyed the demographic characteristics and measured the knowledge, attitude, and practice of participants. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 26 using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation test, ANOVA, and t-test.

Participants included 176 females (48.9%) and 184 males (51.1%). In overall, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice were 15.42±4.07 (out of 25), 45.75±8.73 (out of 56), and 95.18± 16.65 (out of 120), respectively. A significant difference was observed in the scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance based on gender, where males had higher scores than females (P<0.05).

The knowledge of nurses and EMTs in Ardabil regarding the latest CPR guidelines is not enough, which requires special attention and providing continuous training and education to them. The knowledge of males was higher than that of females, which requires special attention to the education of female nurses and EMTs in Ardabil.

Vaccination serves as a critical pillar for controlling and preventing infectious diseases. The awareness and practice of COVID-19 vaccinators concerning various aspects of COVID-19 vaccination are crucial for providing accurate education and information to recipients, as well as ensuring proper administration and recording of vaccinations. This study was conducted in Karaj to assess the knowledge level of vaccinators participating in the COVID-19 vaccination program and to evaluate client perspectives regarding the vaccinators' performance at vaccination centers.

In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 112 vaccination staff from COVID-19 vaccination centers were included through a census method, and 465 clients visiting the centers to receive vaccine were included using convenience sampling. Data were collected using two researcher-developed questionnaires designed to assess the knowledge and practice of vaccinators. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22, applying both descriptive and inferential statistics with a significance threshold set at 0.05.

The findings showed that the knowledge level of 87.5% of vaccinators, with an average score of (80/04±7/28), was at a good and desirable level. From the perspective of vaccine recipients, the performance of 95.9% of vaccinators, with an average score of (91/13±8/72), was also at a good and desirable level. Among the demographic variables, only having a history of vaccination was significantly associated with the knowledge of vaccinators (p<0.001).

The findings indicate that both the knowledge and performance of vaccinators concerning the COVID-19 vaccination process are commendable. To sustain and further enhance service quality, continuous training and simulation exercises are essential to ensure preparedness, particularly in emergency situations. Such initiatives should remain a priority for health managers and planners

The primary goal of the Hazard Communication System (HCS) is to enhance people's safety performance when exposed to hazardous chemicals. This study examined the effects of implementing the HCS program on safety awareness and performance in educational and research laboratories at medical sciences universities.

The HCS program involved inventorying, preparing chemical safety data sheets, and providing training for educational and research laboratories at two selected medical sciences universities. General and specific safety training was conducted for 75 individuals who work with chemicals. Safety awareness and performance were assessed using the program's standard questionnaire before and after the intervention. Descriptive statistical methods and paired t-tests were utilized to analyze the data.

The awareness level of HCS before the intervention was 49.68, which increased to 58.70 after the intervention (P=0.066). The perception level of Globally Harmonized System (GHS) labels before the intervention was 24.70 which increased to 88.98 (P<0.001). The perception level of  UN labels before the intervention was 4.16 which increased to 20.06 (P<0.001). The perception level of EU labels before the intervention was 19.64 which increased to 73.80 (P<0.001). The safety performance level before the intervention was 31.56 which increased to 48.10 after the intervention (P=0.001).

Implementing HCS following GHS principles can enhance chemical safety awareness and performance in research and educational laboratories.

Chronic non-specific low back pain is one of the most common and debilitating problems that affects many people, and existing treatments often have limited results in improving patients' pain and function. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of therapeutic exercises on reducing pain, improving function and changing fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with non-specific chronic back pain.

In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design, patients with non-specific chronic back pain were randomly divided into two experimental (n=18) and control (n=18) groups. Pain, performance and avoidance constructs of patients before and after eight weeks of intervention were measured using visual pain index (VAS), Sorensen test and fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire, respectively. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis of variance and correlated t-test were used.

The results showed that the therapeutic exercises in the experimental group significantly increased the pain and disability scores compared to the control group, and large clinical effects were also reported for both. Also, significance was reported for the performance and change of fear-avoidance beliefs, with the difference that the clinical effects for these were reported to be moderate.

The results of this study showed the effectiveness of therapeutic exercises in improving non-specific chronic low back pain, hence the use of movement control and stretching exercises as a combined method (therapeutic exercises) in reducing pain and improving the performance and avoidance beliefs of affected patients. It is recommended for non-specific chronic back pain.

Intellectual disability is defined as a significantly reduced ability to perceive new or complex information and to learn and apply new skills (intelligence impairment). Studies have shown several limitations in the mobility of people with intellectual disabilities, often due to the high prevalence of balance disorders in these individuals. Therefore, their balance is not as stable as that of normal people and they often experience a high risk of falling and physical, psychological and social injuries. Weak balance and frequent falls cause fear of falling and ultimately affect a person's quality of life, which reduces a person's independence and increases the ability to depend on others for daily activities. It reduces social interactions and the ability to control the life of the disabled person. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the factors that may increase the quality of life in this group. This study aimed to investigate the effect of functional balance, cognitive functions and the risk of fall on the quality of life in people with intellectual disabilities.

The present research was a descriptive–analytical study of correlational type conducted in 2021. The statistical population of the research comprised adults with intellectual disabilities aged 18–55 years. They belonged to the mild, moderate, or severe classification of disabilities and lived in the cities of Ardabil, Tabriz and Urmia, Iran. The statistical sample of this study included 61 adults with intellectual disabilities with a mean age of 34.31 years in Ardabil, Tabriz, and Urmia. They were selected by convenience sampling method. The data of this study were collected by the World Health Organization Quality of Life–BREF (WHOQOL– BREF) (WHO, 1996), the Prudhoe Cognitive Function Test (PCFT) (Kay et al., 2003), The Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool (JHFRAT) (Poe et al., 2007), and the Functional Reach Test (FRT) (Duncan and et al., 1990). To investigate the relationship between quality of life with functional balance, risk of fall and cognitive functions, the Pearson correlation method was used. To understand the contribution of each dimension to predict quality of life, the regression model was used for independent variable of functional balance.

The results showed a significant relationship between the variables of quality of life with functional balance (r=0.296, p=0.021). Also, 8.9% of changes on quality of life in people with intellectual disability are explained through functional balance.

According to the results, there is a positive and significant relationship between quality of life and functional balance. Also, it is possible to predict the quality of life through functional balance. Therefore, to improve the quality of life in people with intellectual disability it is suggested that counselors and therapists include the balance system rehabilitation and training in daily life activities in the treatment plans.

Adolescents are crucial and sensitive age group in any society, with their health forming a fundamental basis for the society health. Despite the importance of healthy nutrition during adolescence, most adolescents globally consume less than the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables while increasing their intake of carbonated drinks and high-fat processed fast food. This study aims to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to fruit and vegetable consumption among female high school students and the factors influencing these behaviors.

This cross-sectional study included 270 first female high school students from Nehbandan city in 2023, randomly selected using multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire along with knowledge, attitude, and practice assessments, and analyzed using SPSS-23 software utilizing descriptive-analytical statistics, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman's correlation.

The average age of the students was 13.9±0.75 years. The mean scores and standard deviations for beverage and vegetable consumption, attitude, and daily performance were 17.76±2.8, 24.68±5, and 3.7±1.5 respectively, with the daily and weekly performance of fruit and vegetable consumption at (3.7±1.5) and 10.28±5.3 respectively. There was a significant relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and factors such as father's occupation, family income, and mother's education (p< 0.05).

The results indicated that while students had favorable knowledge and attitudes towards fruit and vegetable consumption, their actual consumption practices were inadequate. Factors such as attitudes, mother's education level, father's occupation, and income significantly influenced students' fruit and vegetable consumption. Therefore, educational interventions and counseling for mothers on the importance of fruit and vegetable consumption for family health, especially for adolescents, along with government support for low-income families to improve nutrition, are essential.