فرهنگ

The trend of previous studies in Iran indicates that in recent years, the focus on health behaviors and related factors has significantly increased. Among these factors, the key concept of cultural capital can be highlighted. The main objective of the present research is to estimate the effect size of the relationship between cultural capital and health behaviors among empirical studies conducted in Iran. 

This study was conducted using a meta-analysis method. For this purpose, relevant keywords were searched in three databases: Irandoc, Magiran, and SID. To examine the assumption of publication bias, funnel plots and Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation tests were used. 

A search in the databases yielded 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The findings indicated that the combined effect size of cultural capital on health behaviors was 0.330, which is considered moderate according to Cohen's criteria. Additionally, based on moderator analysis, the quantitative variable of the year of publication and qualitative variables such as publication period, geographical location, statistical population, sampling method, gender, and age of respondents can be considered sources of heterogeneity in the research. 

Based on the results of this meta-analysis, the variable of cultural capital can have a moderate impact on health behaviors. This impact is moderated by intervening variables, among the most important of which is the year of publication of the studies. This variable reflects the influence of changes in the social and cultural conditions of the studied community on the mentioned relationship.

Since in all societies, cultural elements and themes play a very important role in the parenting style of families, so the purpose of the present study was to feasibility a native package of parenting styles appropriate to Iranian culture.

The present study were of a qualitative research type with a purposeful sampling method, which on the one hand, through semi-structured interviews with family psychology experts, religious experts and Iranian parents, On the other hand, by studying sources, teachings and Islamic texts in a library way, themes of appropriate parenting methods were extracted and then the coefficient and content validity index (cvr) (cvi) were evaluated by 12 experts and then the framework of the parenting package was adjusted based on the components obtained in 6 sessions.

After compiling the parenting package, its framework was sent to 10 experts who had at least ten years of scientific, research and clinical experience in the field of parenting, and they were requested to state the necessity of using the package in terms of dimensions such as; acceptability and appropriateness, applicability and demand, integration, adaptability, applicability of assignments, appropriateness of the number and duration of meetings, completeness and comprehensiveness of the program and the specialization of its implementation, and the results indicated a high average score for the mentioned dimensions.

The results indicated that the implementation and scientific application of the package of parenting methods was necessary, so it is suggested that educational specialists and family experts pay special attention to the results of this study.

Adolescence is a period of rapid biological, cognitive and neurological changes. The aim of this research was to conduct a cultural critique of the educational package of intra-family and extra-family communication for adolescents, which was implemented as part of the mental health services within the health network and based on Iranian-Islamic culture.

This qualitative study utilized the theme analysis method developed by Brown and Clark in 2006. The study population comprised all mental health contents within the health network. Targeted sampling was used to investigate the content related to communicating with adolescents. Data analysis involved the use of theme format analysis, theme network, and comparative analysis.

 Data analysis resulted in the extraction of 30 primary, 4 secondary and 2 overarching themes. The secondary themes included respect for parents, social norms, moral norms and a lack of cultural norms, while the overarching themes included values and norms.

The findings of this study highlight the need to revise and rewrite the content of the family foundation-strengthening program for parents and adolescents.

It appears that the ability to maintain patient safety is influenced by the culture of patient safety. This study aimed to determine the status of patient safety culture and its relationship with the competence of maintaining patient safety among nurses working in hospitals affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional study, 338 nurses employed in the hospitals of Qom University of Medical Sciences were examined using quota sampling and random methods in each hospital in 1402. The instruments utilized included patient safety culture and patient safety competency questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software, applying Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression, with a significance level set at 0.05.

The patient safety culture among the studied sample was found to be at an average level. Results from the multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that the frequency of reporting events and the effectiveness of communication and feedback about errors were significantly related to patient safety competence (P < 0.05). Specifically, for each unit increase in the average frequency of reporting incidents, patient safety competence increased by 0.19; similarly, for each unit increase in average communication and feedback regarding errors, patient safety competence increased by 0.22.

The patient safety culture is currently at an average level. Given the established relationship between patient safety culture and the competence to maintain patient safety, there is a need for interventions aimed at enhancing patient safety culture within hospitals.

The introduction of health culture promotion in Ministry of Education is to know the components and elements and the nature of the education and training system and its culture, and this is achieved through the strategic management of health culture in education. In this manuscript, the role of education in health culture promotion is discussed.

This is a review study which was performed by searching keywords in national and international databases and summarizing the obtained contents.

In the new approach to health, culture and health are two categories intertwined, and all cultural elements in education are tied to the health of students, schools and society. In this approach, the school as a small and influential society, affects the lifestyle and health literacy of the students, considering all the physical and social aspect. The process of managing and promoting health culture includes two main components of organizational culture and individual student behavior. These two components must be in systemic interaction. The individual behavior of the student should be based on the organizational culture of the school. Health promotion schools include a systemic and comprehensive approach that integrates all aspects of health in the educational environment. Their goal is to promote health culture among students considering physical, social and environmental factors, by improving knowledge and awareness.

The approach of health promoting schools shows a paradigm shift towards an integrated and system-based model that requires re-evaluation of the processes of planning, implementation and evaluation of activities and programs of Education Ministry to effectively strengthen the health culture.

The importance of examining consumers' behavior, according to the research history, proves its high necessity. Considering that consumer behavior models consist of two internal and external dimensions and the investigation of factors only through self-reporting methods and even observation has not sought the necessary accuracy and adequacy, the use of neuroscience methods can be used in collecting Sufficient data to help researchers. Visual data in the form of biometric information can provide all dimensions of the consumer at the disposal of the researcher, the lack of ability to verbally express, the unwillingness to express and unconsciously examine are obstacles in investigating the behavior of consumers, which in all dimensions, the analysis of visual behavior It has come to the aid of researchers. This research is an exploratory review, in which sources have been identified through Google Scholar and selected based on the number of citations and the impact factor, regardless of the historical period.

According to the power of visual benchmarking and the possibility of modeling behavior with biometric data, the approach of visual consumer behavior has covered all the shortcomings of traditional methods, thanks to visual data, the consumer's self-concept has become clearer for behavioral science researchers Adaptability and cultural adaptation in communication, separation of visual behavior by gender and age group, visual-motivational systems, visual emotional responses, visual behavior consistent with personality, visual patterns of learning, visual impact on memory, visual perception and finally attitude change by Manipulation the stimulus, the result of CVB is for analyzing consumer behavior, Until now, due to the lack of integration due to the multiplicity of developed models, it has not been able to comprehensively help in solving problems and decisions making for consumers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Embodied Sense of Self Scale (ESSS).

This is a psychometrics study. Participants were 215 Iranian people (160 females and 55 males with a mean age of 33.34±10.81) who were different based on age, education level, marital status and place of residence. They were selected from the general population by a convenience sampling method in 2020-2022. After translating the Persian version of the ESSS, it was completed by the participants online, along with the dissociative experiences scale II (DES-II) and the prosocial tendencies measure (PTM). Data were analyzed in SPSS sifwaer, version 27 and R version 4.3.2 Lavaan package using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the average variance extracted (AVE), Pearson correlation test, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and McDonald’s omega coefficient.

The three-factor structure of the scale was not confirmed by the CFA but the two-factor solution (agency and narrative) had good fit. The AVE values for agency, narrative, and overall scale were 0.45, 0.52, and 0.42, respectively. The correlation coefficient of narrative and agency domains with subscales of DES-II were in the range of 0.33-0.55. The correlation values of agency and narrative with subscales of PTM were in the range of 0.17-0.30. The Persian ESSS had good convergent validity but had low divergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha values for narrative and agency subscales were 0.86 and 0.83, respectively and McDonald’s omega values were 0.84 for both subscales, indicating the good internal consistency of the two-factor structure of the Persian ESSS.

The Persian version of the ESSS with two subscales has acceptable validity and reliability for Iranian samples; however, exploratory factor analysis is needed to reach optimum validity.

In recent decades, special attention has been paid to health culture research. However, the breadth of the subject and the variety of definitions made this article explain the concept of Iranian-Islamic health culture and introduce its components.

In mixed method review of national and international articles was done. By reviewing articles related to health culture, various definitions and topics were extracted. During 10 group discussion sessions with experts (scientific committee), the results of the review were discussed and opinions were shared. Upon analyzing the content of negotiations, going back and forth twice, the results were approved and finalized. The members of the scientific committee were tasked with rating the main topics on a scale from 1 to 10. Main topics were then sorted according to their highest scores. The main topics in order of priority are: “health culture requirements in education and training”, “promotion of health culture”, “healthy lifestyle with Islamic and Iranian model”, “principles, foundations, and values”, “strategic policy making in health culture”, “health system and health culture”, “patterns and role models in health”, “empiricism in culture and health culture building”,” health culture anomalies”, “research in culture and health culture building”.

A comprehensive definition of Iranian Islamic health culture was developed, and the components were classified into 10 main topics and 67 specific topics.

A precise definition of Iranian-Islamic health culture is essential for establishing a shared understanding of the topic. Furthermore, introducing the diverse aspects of health culture helps highlight its significance and generate discussions across various academic and non-academic levels.

The Covid-19 pandemic indicated that our biological characteristics alone are not enough to deal with diseases. Resilience refers to the dynamic process of positive adaptation to unpleasant and unfortunate experiences which reflects our ability to control the situation and manipulate the situation optimally. This capability includes internal dimensions, the role of experiences and mental patterns, and external dimensions including the coordinates or community's efforts in mastering challenges. However, studies only focus on the concept of social resilience as an external dimension, and the role of culture as an independent component of identity has been ignored. In this review, the need to conceptualize cultural resilience has been put on the agenda.  In fact, the capabilities that culture provides through the various components that enable us to have the ability to adapt, change conditions, and improve performance in critical situations are studied.

This was a review of the literature. PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID databases were investigated using the keywords resilience, community, culture, and hardness in Persian and English papers from 1990 to 2018. The articles were evaluated in multiple stages and finally 32 papers were analyzed.

As a result, we conceptualized that cultural resilience could include the following components: belongingness and rootedness, trust, commitment, sense of pride, and attachment.

Cultural resilience can be considered as the ability to adapt and deal with a crisis with the help of historical styles, myths, customs, and cultural beliefs.

Developing a vision without understanding the organizational culture is a failed attempt. The purpose of this research is to understand organizational culture for understanding expectations in order to prioritize issues and compare work groups by managers for greater productivity.

This study was carried out in Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization between 2020 and 2022. The statistical population for this research was the employees of the central headquarters and the general administrations of blood centers, and 384 of them were included in the study using stratified random sampling. To collect the required data, a 60-question organizational culture questionnaire based on Denison's model was used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (independent t, analysis of variance, Tukey and Pearson's coefficient) according to demographic variables, SPSS22 and Excel 2013 software were used.

The findings show that Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization has a medium/strong organizational culture with a score of 179.31 and the highest impact after mission with a score of 46.60. Also, the indicators of "customer orientation and development of capabilities" need to be improved.

Conclusions  :

According to the findings, most employees have understood the vision, strategic intentions and mission of the organization, but their capabilities are not well seen. According to the score of customer orientation, the skills and abilities of the employees should be developed by using retraining courses, while motivating the personnel, respecting the clients, and the provinces should take advantage of the experiences.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting the criteria for choosing a spouse based on irrational beliefs and differentiation of single girls aged 25-35.

The method of the present research was practical and descriptive in terms of the nature of the correlation type data. The statistical population of the present study included single girls in Karaj city, who were selected from among the people according to the entry and exit criteria. Sample size was calculated 134 people using available sampling and based on the sample size formula M>20 + 5M Tabacheng and Fidel (2007). The participants completed the scales of prioritization of mate selection criteria (Refahi et al., 2017), Idelson and Epstein communication beliefs (RBI), and self-differentiation questionnaire (DSI-SH). Pearson's correlation test and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there is a negative relationship between irrational beliefs and mate selection criteria (content) and a positive relationship between differentiation and mate selection criteria. Among the analysed variables, differentiation predicts mate selection criteria.

The National Youth Organization, psychologists and counselors in the field of marriage and family can help clients to make a more accurate and less risky choice and avoid inefficient and irrational choices.

One of the important factors in choosing purposeful activities and defining the occupational performance of people is the cultural context in the society, which may have different effects in the lives of clients in Islamic countries. This cultural structure in Islamic countries is largely influenced by the religious beliefs that govern the society. The effect of Islamic culture on the occupational performance of clients has been studied less. This study deals with the review of articles related to the relationship between the context of Islamic culture and the occupational performance of clients in Islamic countries using the explicit content analysis method. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the effects of Islamic culture on the occupational performance of occupational therapy clients in Islamic countries.

The number of 46 studies using the keywords occupational therapy, Muslims and Islamic culture were initially selected until 2022 and the articles that were unrelated to occupational therapy and were not about Islam and Islamic culture were removed which finally reduced to 20 studies and then, they were subjected to qualitative analysis.

The analysis of extractive studies has led to the emergence of different themes and categories, the theme of positive points has categories (importance of united family structure), (importance of religion in helping clients), (importance of pray as a purposeful activity) and theme challenges have categories (traditional treatments without clinical evidence), (importance of respecting the principle of Mahram in interpersonal communication), (specific beliefs in the cause of illness), (restrictions on praying), (cultural and local challenges), (hesitation in accepting occupational therapy philosophy).

In fact, Islam, with its influence on the family structure and the creation of positive beliefs and beliefs among the society, has been able to facilitate the process of occupational therapy and rehabilitation of clients to a great extent, but in the context of Islamic culture, there are many obstacles that unfortunately cause limitations. They are in interpersonal communication and acceptance of occupational therapy philosophy. Occupational therapists can use the opportunities to improve the client's performance, and in order to solve the challenges, it is necessary to do a lot of research to provide the necessary solutions.

Gaining an in-depth understanding of the cultural beliefs and behaviors of patients, their relatives, and healthcare professionals (HCPs) in the emergency department (ED) can have a significant impact on patients' and their relatives' ED experiences, expectations, satisfaction, and outcomes. This study aims to explain and describe what it is like to wait in an Iranian ED by focusing on its ongoing cultural features.

Based on Spradley’s (1980) developmental research sequence, a focused ethnographic approach was conducted at the ED of Imam Reza University Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Purposive sampling was used to identify eligible participants from patients, their relatives, and the healthcare professionals in this ED. Data collection involved participant observation, ethnographic interviews, and examination of related documents and artifacts, which continued until data saturation was achieved.

The study identified six cultural patterns as follows: (1) patients and their relatives experience uncertainty due to a lack of information; (2) relatives feel obliged to insist on their presence; (3) the presence of relatives is perceived as having both constructive and destructive aspects; (4) a lack of empathy undermines reciprocity in the healthcare system; (5) healthcare approaches are mostly one-dimensional; and (6) self-organized HCPs dynamically address the disorganization in the ED.

The findings of this study can provide a foundation for designing effective strategies to promote technical and interpersonal dimensions of quality in ED care. These strategies should be closely aligned with patients' and their relatives' needs, expectations, and preferences.

Annually, millions of patients in the world are injured and die due to unsafe medical care. In order to manage this issue, it is important to examine the safety status and the factors affecting it. Because of their essential role in the healthcare system and their responsibility for at least half of the patient's health and safety services in hospitals, nurses are considered as one of the most important influencing factors in this field. The culture of patient safety in the sense of accepting patient safety as the first priority and measuring this importance in order to minimize unsafe medical care has a special priority. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the status of patient safety culture and its related factors from the perspective of nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study included 595 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using two questionnaires of demographic information and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC). Data were analyzed using SPSS Ver.19 and univariate and multivariate linear regression statistical tests.

The results showed that the mean score of patient safety culture from the nurses’ point of view (133.79±12.30) was moderate. 75.3 and 24.7 percent of the participants reported the patient safety culture as moderate and weak, respectively. None of the participants reported an excellent safety culture. Interest in nursing had a statistically significant and positive relationship with patient safety culture (p> 0.001; β=0.141). Other demographic and occupational variables had no statistically significant relationship with patient safety culture (P>0/05).

Considering the moderate level of safety culture, reviewing ways to improve twelve safety culture indicators should be on the managers' agenda. Because with increasing interest in the nursing profession, the culture of patient safety rises from the point of view of nurses, attention to the interest in the field should be operationalized when admitting students. It is also necessary to try to attract interested personnel and create organizational support for the sustainability of this interest to improve patient safety.

In this research, the relationship between five personality dimensions and early emotional relationships with the mediating variable of religious belief in adolescents was investigated.

The statistical population of this research included high-school teenagers in Hamedan City. Two hundred students were selected using the convenience and snowball sampling method, and the five-factor neo-personality questionnaires, religious orientation, and attitude and tendency towards premarital relationships through space virtualization were studied.

Path analysis results showed that among the five personality variables, the agreement had no direct or indirect relationship with emotional relationships. Extraversion and openness were, directly and indirectly, related to emotional relationships. Furthermore, conscientiousness and neuroticism were directly related to emotional relationships.

The results showed that the personality dimensions of extroversion and openness has a negative effect on religious belief in early emotional relationships in adolescents. In addition, the reduction of religious belief facilitates the formation of early emotional relationships in adolescents.

Paying attention to the cultural background of universities as one of the influential factors in hidden curriculum leads to the academic and social success of students. It is necessary to be aware of the diverse and numerous cultural needs of students in order to making decisions and cultural planning in the university. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the cultural needs of students of Shahid Beheshti school of nursing and midwifery in Rasht.

This is a descriptive analytical cross- sectional study that was conducted on 237 students of the Shahid Beheshti school nursing and midwifery in Rasht in 2022. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale with 47 items and seven subscales. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods including frequency, mean and standard deviation and Spiroman, Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney U, Friedman and Bonferroni correction tests through SPSS.

The results showed that 137 students (57.8%) were female, 211 students (89%) not working,  152 students (63.7%) native and 226 students (%95.4) single and average age of students was 21.3±3.6 years. The students’ culturally related needs in order of priority; development of sports activities, artistic skills, the need related to social customs and traditions, the development of social skills, spiritual matters, the need related to political thinking and religious matters. The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference between students' cultural needs and gender (p<0.005).

According to the results of this study, Students have diverse cultural needs. From the viewpoints` of students, the need to develop sports and artistic activities is in priority. Therefore, it is recommended that the seven needs identified in this study should be taken into consideration by the university officials and to make appropriate planning should be done to meet these needs.

Among the ways to improve the culture and values of Islamic society in Iran is identifying and introducing important components of spouse selection. Understanding these components can lead to the selection of a suitable spouse and prevent common mistakes in this area. Therefore, the present study aims to examine educational components of spouse selection in Iranian society.

This qualitative study had an exploratory-descriptive nature and used the grounded theory and systematic Strauss and Corbin methods simultaneously to collect, execute, and analyze data. The research population included all family counselors, faculty members, and managers of counseling centers involved in marriage education and counseling in Yazd in 2022. Therefore, 32 participants were selected using purposive sampling as the research sample. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews which were recorded.

The results of open coding showed that out of 254 extracted propositions, 27 concepts were obtained in the form of 11 categories. Through axial coding, 5 main components (awareness of the philosophy of marriage, smart selection, literacy about marriage, rational-emotional strategies, and valuable style of marriage) were identified by integrating and connecting the categories. Selective coding also presented its final theory by designing a paradigmatic framework in a diagrammatic form.

Identifying dimensions and components of spouse selection can facilitate the assessment and evaluation of young individuals on the brink of marriage by pre-marital counselors and couple therapists. This will help the young people make vital and important decisions in choosing a life partner.

The nurse’s ability to make an effective clinical decision affects the quality of care and differentiates professional nurses from non-professional ones. Many individual and organizational factors affect clinical decision-making of nurses. This study aims to examine the relationship between participation in clinical decision-making and organizational culture of nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) of selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran

This is a descriptive-correlational study. Participants were 317 nurses working in the ICUs of hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, who were selected with proportional stratified sampling and sequential sampling methods. The data collection tools were the clinical decision-making questionnaire of Kyalo (2008) and the organizational culture assessment instrument of Cameron and Quinn (1990). The obtained data was analyzed in SPSS statistical software, version16. Descriptive indices (Mean±SD, frequency, percentage) were used to describe the data, and Pearson’s correlation test, independent t-test, and chi-square test were used to examine the relationships between the study variables.

Among nurses, 88.5% were female, 86.5% had a bachelor’s level, and 39.6% were working in the ICU general. Their mean age was 34.65 years, and their mean nursing experience and the work experience in the ICU was 10.38 and 7.25 years, respectively. The mean score of clinical decision-making was 70.16±11.65, which was higher than the cutoff point (>54), indicating that the participation of nurses in clinical decision-making was high. The dominant organizational culture in the current situation was the market culture. In the preferred situation, the organizational dominant culture was the clan culture. Organizational culture in the current situation had no significant relationship with clinical decision-making (P=0.13), but this relationship was significant in the preferred situation (P=0.014). Clinical decision-making in nurses with clan culture was significantly higher than in those with market culture (P=0.013).

The current organizational culture in the selected hospitals is different from their preferred organizational culture. Despite the significance of relationship between ICU nurses’ participation in clinical decision-making and organizational culture in the preferred situation, the relationship is weak. More studies are needed with a larger sample size. Considering that the clan culture is the preferred culture, planning is needed to establish the clan culture in the hospitals to increase the participation of ICU nurses in clinical decision-making.

Women gain important experiences during birthing which will remain with them throughout their lives. Fear of childbirth, both during pregnancy and after childbirth, leads to negative experiences of childbirth. On the other hand, ethnicity can play a role in increasing or decreasing pregnancy outcomes and experiences. This study aimed to compare childbirth experiences and fear of childbirth in two ethnicities, Kurdish and Turkish women, in Naqdeh.

This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 630 pregnant women with Kurdish and Turkish ethnic groups referred to Comprehensive Health Centers in Naqd in 2021. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (WDEQ) versions A and B, and Childbirth Experience questionnaire. To conduct the study, in each center the list of pregnant women is extracted by the Sib system; and then, the questionnaires were completed through telephone interviews. Completing the questionnaires were done in two stages. In the first stage, the WDEQ versions A was completed from 32-36 weeks of pregnancy in both groups. In the second stage, which was done one month after giving birth, the the WDEQ versions B was completed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software, and using descriptive statistical tests, Mann-Whitney test, paired t test, independent t test, and correlation coefficient test.

The difference in the mean score of fear of childbirth before and after delivery between two groups of Turkish and Kurdish pregnant women was statistically significant at the level of 0.05%, as the average score of fear of childbirth in Kurdish women was lower than that of Turkish women. The average score of childbirth experience in the group of Kurdish women (67.87 ± 4.26) was much higher than the group of Turkish women (55.69 ± 5.88). The average score of childbirth experience had an inverse correlation with the fear of childbirth before and after childbirth, which was significant at the error level of 0.05. The greater the fear before and after delivery, the more negative the delivery experience.

There is an inverse and significant correlation between the intensity of fear of childbirth and the experience gained from the childbirth process in primiparous women. The mean experience and fear of childbirth among Kurdish and Turkish pregnant women have differed. It seems that the experience and fear of childbirth in women is influenced by several factors such as ethnic, cultural, social, and environmental influences.

Although international conventions and codes of conduct in the workplace have recognized respect for women in the occupational spaces, harassment of women in the workplace is an important issue for public and private organizations, especially human rights activists. Given that harassment of women in the workplace, on the one hand, endangers their job security and, on the other hand, has detrimental consequences, the criminological study of the causes of harassment of women in the workplace is an important issue in gender-based approaches. However, because the situation of women in the workplace varies from country to country, the aim of this study was to investigate the causes of harassment of women in the workplace at Loghman Hakim Hospital in Herat, Afghanistan.

The statistical population of this study is the staff of Loghman Hakim Hospital, of which using Cochran's formula, 151 people were selected as the final volume based on stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with emphasis on six administrative, political, economic, cultural, social and legal variables. One- sample t-test was used to examine the relationship between variables and harassment of women in Loghman Hakim Hospital and Friedman test was used to rank the variables.

The results of one- sample t-test showed that all six variables have a direct and significant relationship with harassment of women in Loghman Hakim Hospital. However, the findings of Friedman test proved that among the six variables, the legal factor is in the first rank and the economic variable is in the last rank.

Considering the existing structures in Afghan society, it seems that a variety of different factors are effective in harassing women in the workplace. This, which originates from the cultural structures in this country, on the one hand, confirms the patriarchal culture in this society, and on the other hand, shows the legal gaps in the field of protection of women. More precisely, the existence of masculine attitudes in the workplace recognizes the harassment of women. At the same time, the lack of independent criminalization of harassment of women in the workplace in the Afghan penal system is a legal challenge that can help perpetuate male hegemony.