قضاوت اخلاقی

The nursing profession seeks to provide evidence-based and competent care, especially based on humane and ethical principles. Providing ethical care requires an appropriate level of ethical reasoning.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive fatigue based on ego depletion on the moral judgment of nursing students.

The study design was semi-experimental with two intervention and control groups before and after the test. The statistical population of this research included all female nursing students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2019. 44 female nurses were selected as a sample and divided into two control groups (22 people) and intervention group (22 people). The measuring instrument was Viarah's moral judgment questionnaire (2014). Sedak and Kafta (1990) were presented with solvable (easy/controllable) diagnostic cognitive problems to the control group and unsolvable problems (hard/uncontrollable) to the experimental group. After answering the homework and math problems, the moral judgment post-test was performed on two groups. SPSS 23 software and covariance analysis test were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the treatment of cognitive fatigue based on the ego depletion approach had an effect on the moral judgment of nursing students. The mean (standard deviation) of the experimental group changed from 125.82 (9.019) in the pre-test phase to 152.05 (12.44) (P<0.001). The value of this effect was 0.42 based on eta square.

The results indicated that the treatment of cognitive fatigue based on the ego depletion approach increased the moral judgment of nurses. Therefore, it is suggested that counselors and therapists use the cognitive fatigue treatment based on the ego depletion approach to reduce the psychological problems of nurses.

 The present study was conducted with the aim of designing and determining the effectiveness of the moral psychology model on moral reasoning, moral judgment and moral emotions among bullied students in the second year of high school in Tabriz.

 The current semi-experimental research is of pre-test, post-test type with a control group. The statistical population included all middle school students in Tabriz city and the statistical sample was based on cluster sampling method and included two middle school boys' schools. In order to identify aggressive students, first, the aggression questionnaire was filled by all students in the sample. Then 100 aggressive students were selected and placed in two intervention and control groups of 50 people. To do the intervention, a pre-test was done first. Then, the students of the intervention group were treated with the design of the moral psychology model in coordination with the school principals, and after 8 sessions of the training course for the intervention group, the questionnaires were filled again by the two groups.

 Based on the observed findings, the moral psychology model increased the scores of moral reasoning (P=0.001 and F=38.969), moral judgment (P=0.001 and F=147.247) and moral emotions (0.001). =P and F=172.934) among bully students in the group was intervened.

 The results of this research can provide psychologists with a model in the field of moral psychology counseling.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a relatively new diagnosis that was introduced for the first time in DSM-5. The most prominent features of this disorder consist of behavioral as well as mood disruptions. Few researches have been done on disruptive mood disorder. The purpose of the current research is the epidemiology of disruptive mood disorder in adolescents and the comparison of moral judgment of affected and non-afflicted individuals.

The research method was descriptive and it was a survey and post-event type.Statistical population included 165 thousand and 555 students from among whom 384 ones were chosen using cluster random sampling based on Morgan formula to investigate epidemiology of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Also, for analyzing moral judgment differencebetween the students with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and normal students, 45 ones were selected using targeted sampling. For gathering data, emotional reactivity index of Stringaris & et al(2012), moral judgment questionnaire of Rest & et al (1973) and recognition interview based on DSM-5 were used. For analyzing data, descriptive indexes and independent t-test through SPSS 18 software were applied.

Ethical Considerations:

In compiling this research, ethical aspects including preserving the originality of the texts, honesty and fidelity and satisfaction and awareness have been respected.

Descriptive results of the research showedthat the prevalence of syndrome of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder was 1.3 percent. Moral judgment of the students with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder was significantly different from that of the students with no disorder (P<0.05, T=2.06).

The prevalence rate of disruptive mood dysregulation disorderin East Azarbaijan province is inthe middle range compared to other studies conducted abroad. However, attention should be paid to mental health policy-making in adolescents to decrease behavioral problems and prevent future issues.

Development and strengthening of students' intellectual and moral skills has always been one of the essential  goals of educational systems in different countries, so the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of metacognition education program on critical thinking and moral judgment of elementary students.

This quasi-experimental study was performed by pretest and posttest methods and a control group in 2019. The study population was elementary school students in Chalous in the academic year 2019-2020, which was selected by in available sampling method of 30 people and randomly placed in two groups of 15 people intervention and control. Both groups answered the Critical Thinking and Moral Judgment Questionnaire. The intervention group participated in 8 sessions of metacognition training, but the control group did not receive any training. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22 and multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance.

The mean and standard deviation of critical thinking scores before metacognition training in the intervention and control groups were 69.78 ± 6.26 and 70.10 ± 4.91, respectively, which after metacognition training were 80.59 ± 7.57 and 71.84± 5.30. The mean and standard deviation of moral judgment scores before metacognition training in the intervention and control groups were 34.63 ± 1.35 and 34.80 ± 1.63, respectively, which after metacognition training were 39.29 ± 3.33 and 35.33 ± 1.97. Therefore, the results showed that metacognition training increased critical thinking, critical thinking (p <0.01, F = 14.717) and increased moral judgment (P <0.01, F = 23.109).

The study results will draw the attention of experts and educators to ways to improve critical thinking and the development of moral judgment.

Moral development has been a noticeable social issue. The holy Quran as the most complete guiding book for humankind endorses deep teachings regarding morality. On the other hand because of importance of ethical issues, many theorists and philosophers have been trying to develop ethical and moral theories, according to their ideological and cultural back grounds. But most of them could not go beyond institutional life of human beings and failed to consider spiritual and motivational underpinnings of morality, which are deeply rooted in God creation and human nature. Although studying moral development in Quran view required a wide and deep reflection in various dimensions, this paper tries to open the discussion as an introduction for future works by analyzing the Kohlberg’s theory of moral development from Quran point of view. This is a review article, which is done using library and webbased sources and deriving relevant references. According to Quran, human beings pass through some stages during their lives. A similar step wised approach to moral development has been discussed in theories such as Kohlberg and Pageant’s. According to Kohlberg, steps and levels of moral development are fixed and unchangeable. In addition he mentioned that moral arguments and judgments are related to cognitive properties. But from Islamic and Quran viewpoint, moral regulations and principles are factual and abstract (Not-relative). Therefore in some dimensions views of western Theorists is completely different and even contradictory with Islamic tradition. One of These major differences is lack of a holistic approach to human moral development and lack of enough attention to spiritual and supererogatory moral ideals. The most important critique against Kohlberg’s theory is its relative weakness in explaining multi-dimensional nature of moral development because of its theoretical and experimental limitations. Using such western theories and instruments for evaluating moral development is not completely compatible with our religious and national culture. Although there are a number of works that try to explain moral development from Islamic (Shi’a) point of view, but very few works have used a comparative approach toward this issue. We recommend more detailed future studies about this issue.