مادر

Mother is the key person and the main caregiver in maintaining the health and meeting the physiological and psychological needs of her baby. Various factors can affect the mother's knowledge of newborn care. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating mother's knowledge of newborn care and its relationship with individual, social and cultural factors.

The present descriptive correlational study was conducted on 283 primiparous mothers with convenient sampling using a questionnaire to measure the knowledge of newborn care and a questionnaire to determine individual, social and cultural variables. Data analysis was done with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software version 25.

The level knowledge of mothers in newborn care was average ( %52/3). A positive and significant relationship was found between the source of information, the mother's decision to continue breastfeeding, hand hygiene practices, the mother's age, the age at which she became pregnant, the mother's occupation and education, the income level, the occupation and education of the spouse, having support, receiving training, giving birth in a private hospital, and accepting culturally safe beliefs with the mother's caregiving knowledge (P<0/05).

Considering the average level of knowledge among mothers and the impact of individual, social, and cultural factors on it, it is hoped that through appropriate actions that take into account the identified facilitating and intervening factors in this area, targeting vulnerable mothers, addressing individual, social, and cultural differences among mothers, emphasizing the role of family-centered care, and strengthening education during pregnancy and postpartum, a favorable environment will be created to enhance mothers' knowledge.

 Sometimes parents want their child's birth to be registered on a certain date and they request early delivery without valid medical reason. From the point of view of medical science, changing the birth date brings complications and risks for the mother. Now this question is raised: Is it possible to endanger the mother’s life and health by interfering with the delivery time?

 This descriptive-analytical article was conducted with a library and documentary method. In order to obtain a decree of elective cesarean section, taking into account the physical personality of the mother, the evidences of two possibilities "permissibility" and "non-permissibility" were presented. The evidence of the verdict in favor of permission was rejected with the expression "contradictory answer". Then, according to the importance of preserving the life and health of the body in the verses and traditions, the ruling of "non-permissibility" of elective cesarean section was proved.

 The results indicate that from a medical point of view, changing the date of birth brings complications for the mother; including infection, bleeding, damage to internal organs, etc. From the point of view of jurists, parents cannot endanger mother’s health and life and harm her physical personality by choosing the desired date of birth of their child.

Increasing psychological toughness through resilience training can help improve the mental and physical condition of mothers and ultimately improve the quality of family life. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of resilience training on the stubbornness of mothers with children with cancer who referred to Besat Medical Training Center in Hamadan.

In this interventional study, 70 mothers with children with cancer were selected in the accessible way and were divided into two control and experimental groups by random assignment. In the test group, 9 sessions of 60-minute resilience training were held for mothers, one session every week at the Besat educational center in Hamadan. Immediately before and one month after the intervention, psychological toughness questionnaire was completed by the mothers. The data were analyzed with chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher's exact test, t-test and pair t-test under spss version 23 software at a significance level of 0.05.

Intragroup comparison of psychological toughness before and after the intervention showed that this difference was significant in the test group (p=0.000), but not significant in the control group (p=0.350). The intergroup comparison of psychological toughness before and after the intervention in the test and control groups showed that this difference was not significant before the intervention (p=0.429), but after the intervention, this difference was significant (p=0.000).

Resilience training is recommended to increase resilience and improve the mental and physical condition of mothers with children with cancer.

The birth of a premature infantis a serious stressor that causes significant stress in mothers and threatens their quality of life. Reducing the mother’s stress will improve the quality of care for the baby and result in better outcomes. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of mindfulness exercises on the stress of mothers with premature infant.

This research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design along with a control group and non-random allocation of samples. The study was conducted on 72 mothers with hospitalized premature infant in the neonatal intensive care unit of Mahdieh Hospital in Tehran. In addition to routine care, the mothers of the intervention group received eight sessions of mindfulness training in the form of face-to-face group and virtual sessions. Mothers in the control group did not receive the new intervention. Data was collected using two questionnaires, one for demographic information and the other for the parental stress scale. These questionnaires were completed before and one month after the intervention, coinciding with the final session of mindfulness exercises. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests including mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, chi-square, independent t, and univariate covariance analysis were utilized to analyze the data using SPSS version 26.

Before the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of parental stress scores in the control and intervention groups were 88.92 ± 17.25 and 83.48 ± 25.69, respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups (P> 0.05). Following the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of stress scores in the control and intervention groups were 74.15 ± 13.41 and 47.43 ± 12.23, respectively, with a significant difference observed between the two groups (P< 0.05). The results of univariate covariance analysis showed that mindfulness exercises significantly reduced the stress of mothers in the intervention group compared with the control group with a large effect size (ηp2=0.781, P<0.05).

The results of this research showed that the use of mindfulness exercises reduced the stress of mothers of premature infant. Nursing managers and officials of health care centers can consider using mindfulness exercises to reduce parents’ stress in stressful environments such as intensive care units.

It is observed that crises such as a child suffering from cancer and chemotherapy can lead to a decline in mental cohesion and resilience in mothers, which in turn can affect their ability to care for their children. This study aimed to explore the relationship between resilience and the caregiving burden of mothers of children who have cancer and are undergoing chemotherapy in the teaching hospitals of the University of Iran.

In this descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study, 123 mothers of children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy were selected using convenience sampling in Hazrat Ali Asghar and Hazrat Rasool Akram educational centers. The data collection tools were the demographic questionnaire of mothers and children, the Connor and Davidson resilience measurement scale (2003), and the parental care burden questionnaire Zarit et al. (1980). After collecting the data, SPSS version 22.0 statistical software was used to analyze data using descriptive and inferential statistical tests (independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and regression analysis). The significance level for all data was considered 0.05.

The mean age of the mothers was 36.05 ± 7.56 years. The mean resilience total score of mothers was 21.19 ± 71.01, indicating the moderate resilience of the mothers. The burden of care in 43.9% of mothers was low, and 32.5% at an average level. The mothers' total care burden mean score was 27.05 ± 19.79. A statistically significant relationship existed between mothers' resilience mean score and the caring burden mean score (P < 0.001). Also, the findings showed a significant relationship between the mean resilience score and the education level of mothers (P=0.03) and an inverse relationship between the mean resilience score of mothers and the number of children (P=0.01). There was a significant relationship between the mean score of care burden of mothers and income level (P=0.009).

The study results indicate that the level of resilience in mothers who care for children undergoing chemotherapy due to cancer is average. Furthermore, based on mothers' and children's demographic factors related to resilience and caregiving burden, and the relation between the caregiving burden on mothers and the impact of resilience on their caregiving burden, the study suggests designing and implementing programs to educate and provide nursing services to these mothers. Such programs aim to reduce their care burden and promote resilience.

The high level of food insecurity in Bushehr has made it necessary to identify the factors related to food insecurity in families. This study is conducted to determine the relationship between received social support and household food security from the perspective of mothers with 7-12 children.

In this controlled comparative study with a cross-sectional design, 153 mothers with children between 7-12  were selected with quota sampling method. First, First, the 18-item food security questionnaire regarding the United States Ministry of Agriculture was completed by mothers to create two safe and unsafe groups , and then, the social support questionnaire was completed by them.
was completed , To analyze the results, the researchers applied logistic regression, descriptive statistics, chi-square and t-test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.

Of the 153 mothers who participated in the study, 36/6% had high-school education, and only 22/2% were employed. The families of mothers with higher education tended to be in secure food group (p=0/05, x2=10/22). Moreover, in the families with food security, the children’s average age was less than the families with food insecurity (P-value=0/03, t=-2/13). In 74.5% of the mothers, the amount of the received support was found to be high. Logistic regression showed a relatively insignificant and positive relationship (OR=1/02 and p=0/002) between the received support and food security from the mothers' point of view.

Considering the insignificant relationship between household food security and the mothers’ received social support, other factors related to food insecurity, e.g. perceived social support and received social support in families aided by social service organizations should be explored.

The presence of a child with intellectual disability in the family can cause various psychological problems in parents. One of the variables affected by the presence of a disabled child in the family is internal stigma, which can cause or exacerbate depression in mothers of children with cerebral palsy. This study aimed to determine the relationship between internal stigma and depression in mothers of children with cerebral palsy.

This study is a descriptive cross-sectional-correlational research conducted in 2023. One hundred eighty-five mothers of children with cerebral palsy who were referred to welfare and rehabilitation centers of Urmia City entered the study by convenience sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Internal Stigma Scale for mothers of children with intellectual disability, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The study was conducted over seven months. All data were entered into IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA) and then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The mean score of internalized stigma and depression in participants was 83.33 ± 49.62 and 17.59 ± 13.53, respectively. High levels of depression were reported in 21.6% of the participants. Moreover, a significant direct linear relationship was found between internalized stigma and depression among participants (r = .47, p < .001).

The results suggest that internal stigma caused by having a child with cerebral palsy can be related to mothers’ depression. Awareness of Health officials and policymakers about this relationship can make more visible the importance of applying scientific and practical measures to change people’s attitudes in this field and, as a result, reducing the internal stigma of mothers of children with cerebral palsy.

Sleep disorders are the most common behavioral complaints in children. Signs and symptoms of inadequate sleep in children are different from those in adults and may manifest as mood swings, activities, and excessive attention span and neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate sleep disorders in children referred to pediatric clinics and its relationship with maternal insomnia in Baharloo Hospital in 1397-98.

This is a cross-sectional study of analytical-descriptive type. The statistical population includes children aged 2 to 12 years referred to Baharloo Hospital who were included in the study as a sample by considering the inclusion criteria of 303 people. Data collection tools include; The BEARS questionnaire was used to assess sleep disorders in children and the ISI questionnaire was used to assess maternal insomnia. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and T-test.

The results showed that among children aged 2 to 12 years, 74 mothers had insomnia according to the sleep questionnaire. The mother had a daughter and 38 mothers had a son. But insomnia mothers were higher in percentage among mothers of female children (44.4%) (p <0.05). There was also a significant relationship between children who have trouble going to bed at night and who have an insomniac mother. Among sleepless mothers (n = 74), 27 children (36.5%) had difficulty going to bed at night, which was higher in terms of both number and percentage of children of mothers with normal sleep (p <0.05). .

 The survey of mother behavior in time of accident and empowerment for management is necessary to achieve health of mothers and children. Therefore for educational need assessment the aim of this study was to determine the Measurement of HBM constructs in the aim first aid to accidents and injuries in mothers with children in Azna city.

 This is a cross sectional and analytical study, that was carried on 100 mothers with children aged less than 6 years are referred to health centers in the city of Azna in 2021-2022. Data was collected with a made research questionnaire reliable and valid based on the Health Belief Model. The data collected were analyzed by software spss16.

 The mean and standard deviation of mothers' age was 27.41 ± 3.56 years, children's age was 2.9 ± 1.38 years. The mean scores of mothers' knowledge were 25.8, perceived barrier 61.84, self - efficacy 64.08, the performance was 21.74. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between knowledge, perceived benefits, and a negative correlation between self - efficacy and perceived barrier. In the regression analysis, the age of the child and the construct of perceived barrier and self-efficacy predicted a total of 18% (R2 = 0.180) of behavior changes.

 Considering the effectiveness of the constructs of perceived benefits and self - efficacy and perceived barrier, training programs should be focused an implemented to empower mothers to manage the scene when an accident occurs.

Vaginal delivery is a natural physiological process that can be a critical experience for women. One of the factors involved in avoiding vaginal delivery is childbirth self-efficacy. Self-efficacy affects all aspects of behavior and emotional activities, including attachment. This study aimed to determine the relationship between childbirth self-efficacy and maternal attachment to the fetus in nulliparous pregnant women.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 323 nulliparous pregnant women who attended health centers in Zahedan city from 2020-2021. Data were collected using participants’ demographic questionnaire, Lowe’s childbirth self-efficacy questionnaire, and Cranely’s maternal attachment to the fetus questionnaire.

Maternal attachment style to the fetus showed a significant direct correlation with childbirth self-efficacy. Maternal attachment style to the fetus predicted childbirth self-efficacy (P=0.003, r=0.16), explaining 2.7% of the variance of childbirth self-efficacy.

The results suggest that helping mothers accept their motherly role and improving maternal attachment to the fetus can increase childbirth self-efficacy. Educational programs during pregnancy should include training related to strengthening maternal attachment to the fetus. As women with high childbirth self-efficacy have a greater ability to perform vaginal delivery, it may increase their desire for vaginal delivery.

The family is the most important factor for the socialization and development of the child, and parents are one of the most powerful influences in their children's lives. During this process, the role structure is formed. A balanced role structure can benefit family solidarity. Parental role conflicts are one of the risk factors for children's mental health, behavioral and emotional disorders. When children are exposed to parental conflicts; They feel emotionally insecure. This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the concept of parental role conflict.

This study was a concept analysis in which Walker and Avant's 8-step concept analysis method was used. An extensive search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL Psych info Scopus and Science Web of databases with keywords family conflict, parents, role, father-child relationship, and mothers in the range of 2010 to 2022, and 13 related studies were extracted.

Parental conflict creates issues such as emotional health problems, social problems, and physical and mental health disorders in children. Concepts such as role ambiguity, role expectations, mother's role pressure, inefficient spouse, family system disorder, and family process disorder are concepts that are often used instead of parental role conflicts.

Role conflict occurs when the expectations of multiple roles are inconsistent with each other. Inappropriate relationship between parents leads to children's incompatibility. This can be intra-personal, group, or organizational. Solving parental conflicts and having a positive, warm, and compassionate relationship have an impact on children's mental health. Considering that this concept is part of the standard nursing diagnoses, nurses can propose basic solutions for problems using the bedside nursing process.

Cancer causes a decrease in self-esteem and psychological adjustment in mothers with children with cancer. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of spiritual intervention on self-esteem and emotional adjustment of mothers with children with cancer.

In this semi-experimental research, 90 mothers with children with cancer who met the inclusion criteria were selected by available sampling method and divided into two intervention groups (45 people) and control (45 people) using random allocation. Spiritual intervention was conducted in the form of 6 training sessions for 45 minutes, focusing on spiritual issues, for the mothers of the intervention group, but no intervention was done for the patients of the control group. Rosenberg's standard self-esteem questionnaire and Rabiot's emotional adjustment questionnaire were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using spss software version 23 and paired t-tests and analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the average score of self-esteem in both intervention and control groups before and after the test did not show a significant difference (P>0.05). However, the average emotional adjustment score in the intervention group was higher after the intervention and showed a significant difference (P<0.001), but no statistically significant difference was observed in the control group (P=0.549). The results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that the effect of the test on self-esteem in both intervention and control groups is effective (P=0.015) and emotional adjustment in people with the effect size (0.243) is effective (P<0.001).

Based on the results, it seems that the use of spiritual interventions in mothers with children with cancer as an accessible and free intervention can increase their self-esteem and emotional adjustment.

The negative effects of having a child with special needs is accompanied by a lot of tension and causes a lot of psychological damage to the family, especially the mother as the main caregiver. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy in a group manner on the psychological functioning of mothers with exceptional children.

It was a semi-experimental research and its design was pre-test-post-test and 3-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers with exceptional children in the elementary school of Qarchak city of Tehran. 36 people were selected with the purposeful sampling method and replaced by randomization in three groups of 12 people. Therapeutic interventions were applied during 8 sessions (one session of 60 minutes per week) for the experimental groups, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Demographic information checklist and general health questionnaire (Goldberg & Putnam, 1972) were used to collect data. Data analysis with descriptive statistics, test of parametric statistical assumptions and analysis of variance with repeated measurements were used with the help of SPSS version 24 statistical software.

The results showed that the psychological function, physical symptoms, mood problems, anxiety and insomnia and social skills of the experimental groups have significantly improved compared to the control group and this improvement It remained stable in the follow-up phase (P<0.05). Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the usefulness of the two intervention methods, existentialism and cognitive-behavioral methods, in the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.05)Conclusion, The findings show that these intervention methods can be used to improve the social-emotional condition of mothers with exceptional children as effective intervention methods

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of compassion fatigue in the relationship between maternal emotional problems and emotional and behavioral problems of children with special needs.

The research method is correlation. The population of this study included all mothers of children with special needs in primary school in Arak. 171 people were selected as a sample from this population using random cluster sampling method. The measurements of this study were the Compassion Fatigue Questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and the Child Behavioral Checklist.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between maternal compassion fatigue and emotional and behavioral problems of children with special needs (P < 0.001). While the direct effect of maternal emotional problems on emotional and behavioral problems of children with special needs is not significant, the mother's emotional problems have a direct effect on compassion fatigue, which is statistically significant (P = 0.001); Also, maternal compassion fatigue directly affects the emotional and behavioral problems of children with special needs (P = 0.001).

Maternal emotional problems increase compassion fatigue and with increasing maternal compassion fatigue, children's emotional and behavioral problems with special needs increase.

Maternal diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, hypothyroidism and epilepsy in pregnancy are associated with fetal and neonatal complications. The aim of this study was to compare the prognosis of neonates in maternal diseases.

This study was a cross-sectional study. The present study was performed on 600 preterm infants with mothers with diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, hypothyroidism and epilepsy. This study was done in Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad from March 2015 to April 2021 with available sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made checklist including infant (gestational age, Apgar score of the first minute, Apgar score of the fifth minute) and maternal (mode of delivery, prenatal care, premature rupture of the membranes) characteristics. Neonatal prognosis was compared at birth. All clinical and diagnostic examinations of newborns were performed by a neonatologist. Neonatal and maternal data in the group of newborns with normal mothers and newborns with maternal diseases were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-square tests. The significance level was considered p≤0.05 in all cases.

The results show that 161 newborns (28.90%) had normal mothers, 89 newborns (15.98%) had diabetic mothers, 117 newborns (21.01%) had hypertensive mothers, and 50 newborns (8.98%) had hypothyroid mothers. One hundred tweny newborns (21.72%) had mothers with preeclampsia, 19 newborns (3.41%) had mothers with epilepsy. Newborns with mothers with epilepsy had the lowest Apgar score of the first minute and the lowest gestational age and newborns with mothers with diabetes had the lowest Apgar score of the fifth minute. Mothers with hypothyroidism had the highest rate of premature rupture of the membranes and mothers with hypertension and preeclampsia had the highest incidence of cesarean section.

Maternal diseases including diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, hypothyroidism and epilepsy affect the prognosis of neonates in terms of the severity of prematurity, premature rupture of the membranes, type of delivery, Apgar scores of the first and fifth minutes. Therefore, proper control and treatment of these diseases may improve neonatal prognosis.

 Parents' understanding of how to prevent diseases and treat them promptly is an influential factor in a child's development. Thus, adherence to health-related behaviors depends on the awareness and performance of mothers. In any society, mothers and children require much more health care than other age groups because of their vulnerability. As a result, they draw special attention to themselves. Paying attention to children in a community is an investment in its long-term future. Therefore, it is particularly important to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases in childhood. In addition, one of the most important aspects of disease prevention for children is observing a mother's behavior with regard to the health of her child. Mothers and children are always a priority group in any society. This is because they are not only the primary consumers of healthcare services but also a large group of vulnerable individuals. This implies that healthy behaviors are essential to maintaining and improving the health of children, families, and society. Furthermore, mothers play a significant role in maintaining and enhancing the health of their children. In order to examine the behaviors associated with the health of hospitalized children and related factors among mothers of hospitalized children, the researchers conducted the present study.

This study was a cross-sectional study conducted by observing the behavior of 216 mothers with children who were hospitalized in children's wards of educational hospitals affiliated with Kashan University of Medical Sciences from November 2018 to March 2019. Based on the preliminary study results, the sample size was calculated by taking the average score of the questionnaire, 20.3 ± 4.75, the first type error of 5%, and the estimation error of 0.5 based on the formula of 216 people. In this study, sampling was continuous. After obtaining permission from the hospital and department officials, the second author visited two educational-therapeutic centers' children's departments. Then, among the hospitalized patients (children), he selected those children whose mother was at the hospital as the primary caregiver. They were then apprised of the objectives of the research, and their hygiene behavior would be observed in the following stages. Afterward, they were asked to provide written consent for participation in the study. In the next stage, the first author (who was a member of the children's department in both study centers) observed the mothers' health behaviors toward their children indirectly. As soon as the observer saw the mother's intrusive behavior in the ward, he immediately went to the nursing station to document it. Due to the fact that the observer was a member of the nursing staff, the possibility of altering the mother's behavior was reduced. Each mother observed the behaviors for nearly 8 hours. In most cases, data collection took place during the morning and evening shifts. The first researcher informed the second researcher of the presence of the mother at the child's bedside by asking the mother of the child. It is likely that the first researcher will also be on shift if a mother is present at the child's bedside during the evening or night shifts.Two parts of a demographic and clinical information questionnaire were used in this study. In order to assess the child's health behaviors, a checklist was used. Data were collected and then analyzed using SPSS v16 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). We used descriptive statistics, pearson correlation, one-way ANOVA, independent t-test and linear regression analysis to analyze the data.

This study examined 216 mothers of children in the children's ward, 11 of whom were excluded as more than one-third of the items related to the child's health-related behavior questionnaire (more than 11 items) did not apply to them. As a result, they were removed from the data, and the analyses presented here were conducted on 205 individuals. According to the present study, the average age of the mother and father of hospitalized children was 29.27±5.60 and 33.61±6.03 years, respectively. Bachelor's degrees are most common among mothers (31.7%), while diploma degrees are most common among fathers (37.6%). About 91% of mothers are homemakers, and 43% of fathers are workers. The average age of children was 12.16±6.43 months, and more than 80% of them were born first or second. Fever and gastroenteritis accounted for 30.7% of all children who were hospitalized. Based on the study's results, the mean score for observing the health behaviors of mothers of hospitalized children was 16.73±5.55. According to the study, the items "use fresh and safe water for the child to drink" (97.5%), "wash hands with soap and water if they become contaminated with clear water" (95.6%), "Change clothes and bedding as soon as they become contaminated with diarrhea, vomit, blood, and other contaminants" (90.7%), and "Wash hands after changing the child's diaper" (87.3%) had the highest compliance rates. It was found that the items "washing hands before changing a baby's diaper" (8%), "keeping the mobile phone covered with a plastic cover to prevent contamination" (8.8%), "washing hands after contact with the surrounding environment" (15.8%) and "hand washing before breastfeeding the child" (16.7%) had the lowest level of compliance by mothers. Moreover, the results of the multiple linear regression test showed a positive and significant correlation between the average child's health-related behavior compliance score and the mother's age (P=0.000; r=0.157).

The results indicate that mothers failed to comply with behaviors such as washing their child's hands regularly and washing their own hands before feeding their children. It is necessary to educate and inform mothers regarding the observation of behaviors related to the child's health upon entering the hospital in order to ensure their child's safety. In hospitals, it is, therefore, necessary for educational supervisors, patient education supervisors, and children's department supervisors to devise and implement special programs aimed at informing mothers of the importance of protecting their children during hospitalization by educating them about health behaviors.

The presence of a blind child in the family puts a lot of pressure on the caregivers, especially the mother. Therefore, the mother’s mental and emotional condition is affected and disturbs her ability to balance time. By knowing the pattern of time use in mothers of blind children, it is possible to help improve the health and quality of life of these mothers. This study aims to evaluate the time use in mothers of children with blindness compared to the mothers of healthy children.

This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Ninety mothers of blind and healthy children aged 6-14 years participated in this study. Mothers were selected from among those whose children were in exceptional schools of Shahid Mohebi, Narjes, and Khazaeili and normal schools in West of Tehran, Iran using a convenience sampling method. Mothers’ time use for different activities was evaluated by the Persian version of the Mothers’ time Use questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software versio 21 using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.

Mothers of children with blindness spent more time on household chores and childcare and less time on sleeping/resting compared to the mothers of healthy children (50.0≥P).

The presence of a blind child in the family affects the ability of mothers in balancing the time and the quality of the time spent by them on daily activities. Therefore, there is a need to pay attention to balance of time as a variable of health and quality of life.

Abortion is one of the problems in many societies, which has always been the subject of debate and disagreement in Iran. The purpose of this article is to examine the question of whether abortion is permissible from the point of view of jurisprudence and law in situations of danger to the mother's health. In other words, how can the clash of life and health of mother and fetus are analyzed from the perspective of jurisprudence and the law of family support and the youth of the population?

The present paper is descriptive and analytical using  the library method.

Ethical Considerations: 

In all stages of writing the present study, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been respected.

The findings of the article indicate that there is no difference of opinion among jurists regarding the conflict between the life and health of the mother and the fetus, but the view of the majority of jurists is to protect the health of the mother. Based on this, in the situation of hardship and embarrassment and danger to the mother's health, saving the mother's life is a priority. From the point of view of the Family and Youth Protection Law, when the condition of the mother becomes unstable, such as in cases where, according to the doctor's opinion, the survival of the pregnancy causes the death of the mother, this condition can be carried to the state of necessity; Because the life and life of a person who currently exists abroad is at risk.

The youth plan of the population has practically limited the conditions of abortion in case of conflict between the health of the mother and the fetus to the fatal cases of the diseases and has eliminated the cases with very difficult treatment which usually cause embarrassment. In this way, it has complicated the controversy and deprived the mother of the right to choose not to give birth to a baby with abnormality through difficult treatments.

Mothers with hospitalized neonates require holistic care, especially spiritual care. This study aimed to determine the effect of spiritual care based on the " Ghalbe Salim " model to mothers on some physiological variables of premature neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Fifty mothers with premature babies were selected in two hospitals using convenience sampling methods. In the first step, one hospital was randomly determined as the control groupand the other as the intervention group. The intervention group received spiritual care based on the " Ghalbe Salim " model in 4 sessions. After each session, the neonate was given Kangaroo care. The neonates’ respiration rate, heart rate, and O2 saturation level were measured 10 minutes before, during, and after kangaroo care. In the control group, the mothers performed just kangaroo care and the data were collected from both groups after intervention. In the second step, the hospital of the control group became the intervention and the hospital of the intervention group became the control. Statistical tests including mann-whitney, chi square and repeated measures analysis were used.

In respiration and heart rates, no significant difference was reported between the two groups based on the time change pattern in each session and during the intervals among the sessions (P>0.05). However, a significant difference was seen in oxygen saturation (P< 0.05).

The provision of spiritual care based on “Ghalbe Salim” model improved premature neonates' O2 blood saturation levels. Therefore, it is recommended to take advantage of its benefits on the physical health of neonates by providing spiritual care to the mothers with premature neonates.