مزاج

Cardiovascular diseases are among the chronic diseases with a high mortality rate. Considering the importance of person-centered medicine and Iranian medicine, the concept of temperament has a great impact on the occurrence of diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the temperament of patients with an acute heart attack.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 280 new patients, aged 20 to 60 years, diagnosed with their first acute heart attack, confirmed by a cardiologist based on clinical and laboratory findings, at the Mazandaran Heart Center from April to September 2024. The study population was selected using convenience sampling.

The mean age of the patients was 51.81±5.98 years, and 70% were male. The frequency of hot temperament, both singly and in combination, differed significantly between the sexes (P= 0.011), as did wet temperament compared to other temperaments (P<0.001).

The results of this study indicate that most patients with acute heart attacks have a hot and humid temperament. Therefore, according to the principles of Iranian medicine, maintaining health and effectively treating these patients requires avoiding factors that increase hot and humid temperament, such as overeating, obesity, physical inactivity, and inadequate sleep. In other words, individuals with a hot and humid temperament are more susceptible to this disease and should adopt preventive measures that help reduce this temperament, including proper nutrition, regular exercise, and adequate sleep.

According to the theories of traditional medicine, attitudes and mental states of people depend on their temperament, and temperament can be one of the factors that affect interpersonal relationships, especially the marital relationships of couples. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of temperament-based training on satisfaction, emotional intelligence, and marital boredom in married women.

This semi-experimental research was performed with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all married women in Najafabad City, Iran in 2023. In total, 40 women were selected using the convenience sampling method, and informed written consent was obtained from them. They were randomly divided into control (n=20) and intervention groups (n=20). The marital Satisfaction Scale by Olson Enrich (1998), Couple Burnout Measurement by Pines (1996), and Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire by Shering (1995) were used to collect data. Moreover, the intervention group underwent eight 90-minute temperament-based training sessions. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) at two levels of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (covariance analysis following the statistical assumptions of Levin's test and Kalmogorov-Smirionov test).

Results showed that the average score of satisfaction (20.98±156.42 and 11.85±171.84), emotional intelligence (10.87±61.42 and 11.85±70.84), and marital boredom (60.73±12.68 and 11.73 ± 50.15) in the intervention group underwent a significant improvement, compared to the control group at the post-test stage (P=0.05). Therefore, temperament-based training was effective in increasing satisfaction (48%) and emotional intelligence (73%) as well as reducing marital boredom (39%).

Based on the findings, couple therapists and family counselors can use this approach to improve satisfaction and emotional intelligence and also reduce marital burnout and prevent divorce.

BackgroundAndrogenic alopecia is one of the most common hair loss problems in men and women. Based on the symptoms, this type of hair loss can be compared to "Sale" in Persian medicine texts. The aim of study is evaluation the relationship between temperament and androgenic alopecia in patients referred to the skin clinic in 2019.Materials and methodsThe current study is a cross-sectional study was conducted on 164 patients with androgenic hair loss referred to the dermatology clinic. Patients were randomly selected. After collecting data, they were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Results According to the results, although the greatest extent of hair loss in all grades was in men with warm and more wet temperaments, the results of Fisher's test showed, there was no statistically significant relationship between the severity of hair loss and the type of temperament (hot and cold) in men (P=0.39 and 0.89). In women, the greatest extent of moderate to severe and severe hair loss was observed in cold temperament. The results of Fisher's test show that there is no significant relationship between the extent of hair loss and hot,, cold temperament (P=0.49) and dry and wet of temperament (P=0.97) in women.ConclusionDespite the numerical superiority of men with hot and wet temperament and women with cold and wet temperament, there was no significant relationship between them and hair loss. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.Keyword: Androgenic Alopcia, patterned hair loss, Persian Medicine, Temperament.

Ibn Sina, a renowned philosopher and physician, made significant contributions to both fields. His medical expertise informed his philosophical inquiries, particularly regarding the role of embodiment in cognitive abilities. One of these issues is how embodiment plays a role in the realization of cognitive abilities. By analyzing Avicenna's works and adopting a descriptive and analytical approach, this article has concluded that according to his philosophical and natural foundations, he has considered the existence of a body with the appropriate quality of temperament, a necessary precondition for the realization of various cognitive abilities, such as intellectual perceptions, and he has presented different experimental evidences including the dependence of the development of cognitive abilities on the development of temperament of body, the relationship of body appearance with the perfection of cognitive abilities and the effect of temperament problems on cognitive abilities, to confirm the effect of the quality of temperament on the functioning of different cognitive abilities. In addition, it can be deduced from his books that the existence of a body with the ability of interacting with the environment and moving around objects is essential. In Avicennian philosophy, psychological and neurological issues are closely intertwined with philosophical concerns. Ibn Sina's multi-dimensional approach to investigating cognitive perception offers a valuable perspective for further exploration, and the detailed examination of such an approach will be the goal of this article.

Somatotype is one of the effective factors in predicting the success of athletes in various sports. Somatotype can be a determining factor in individual differences. In traditional Iranian medicine, the relationship between people’s temperaments (Mizaj) on the one hand and their physical structure and physiological and psychological performance on the other has been discussed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between somatotype and Mizaj in male non-athlete university students in Mashhad.

This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on male students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the winter of 2016. The sample consisted of 200 individuals who were divided into four groups of 50 people based on their Mizaj: warm and wet, warm and dry, cold and wet, and cold and dry. The relationship between the Mizaj index and somatotype was investigated using the Eta correlation coefficient method. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were tested in SPSS software version 21 with a significance level of p ≥ 0.05.

Statistical results showed that the Eta correlation coefficient between the endomorphic type and Mizaj was 0.89. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that cold and wet Mizaj had a significantly higher endomorphic score than other types of Mizaj (4.91±0.58) (P=0.001). Moreover, the correlation coefficient of Eta between mesomorphic type and Mizaj was 0.924. It was also found that the warm and wet Mizaj had the significantly highest mesomorphic score (5.12±0.49). The correlation coefficient of Eta between ectomorphic type and Mizaj was 0.946 (P=0.001), and cold and dry Mizaj had the significantly highest ectomorphic score compared to other types of Mizaj (4.83±0.45).

The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between Mizaj and the body type of young men. Therefore, since the structure of a person’s body type can be a predictor of success in any of the various sports, Mizaj can be used to determine a person’s athletic talent.

Kidney stones are one of the most common urological diseases. Renal colic is a medical emergency due to severe pain, and the repetition of its periods greatly impacts the patient's life quality. Providing different treatments while increasing the patient's life expectancy causes changes in their lifestyle, health status, and life quality. This study aimed to evaluate the life quality of patients with kidney stones in Mashhad in 2019 with a review of Persian medicine.

The present descriptive-analytical study was performed on 96 patients. Data were collected by SF-36 quality of life questionnaire, researcher-made demographic questionnaire, and the Salmannejad temperament determination questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-16 software.

The mean age of patients was 45.6 years; the mean number of stones was 18.1± 84.1 and the mean size of stones was 12.32 ± 8.53 mm. The mean and standard deviation of patients' life quality was 369.26±98.32. The highest mean was related to the physical function dimension (82.68 ± 21.8) and the lowest mean was related to the pain dimension (52.23 ± 25.47). There was a statistically significant relationship between some dimensions of life quality with blood pressure and temperament (Mizaj) variables (p <0.05).

Several factors improve the life quality of patients with kidney stones. Paying special attention to the characteristics of patients with kidney stones and modifying the type of nutrition based on their temperament can prevent the recurrence and re-formation of kidney stones.

The emergency department is often associated with congestion and high workload. Emergency nurses usually experience situations that lead to moral challenges, and one of its consequences is moral distress, defined as the most important hidden job challenge among emergency nurses. This study was conducted with the aim of determining nurses’ level of moral distress and factors affecting it in the accidents and emergency department. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 nurses working in the emergency department of hospitals in Semnan and Sabzevar, Iran. They were asked to complete the moral distress and demographic questionnaires by self-reporting. The data was analyzed with SPSS 22 using independent t-test and analysis of variance. The mean age of the participants was 32.20 ± 7.2 years. The overall score of moral distress was 54.61 ± 10.1, which shows a low level of moral distress in these public hospitals. The lowest level of moral distress was related to high job satisfaction while the highest score of moral distress was related to unfavorable relationship between nurses and doctors. Considering the negative effects caused by moral distress on the quality of nursing care, it is necessary for managers of organizations to take necessary measures to identify the symptoms of moral distress in nurses and take a positive step towards reducing it by interventions and, as a result, increase the quality of services provided to patients.

Autism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder, formally called autism spectrum disorder, characterized by deficits in social communication, social interaction, and repetitive or restricted behavior patterns. This study aims to investigate the temperament of autism spectrum patients from the perspective of Iranian medicine, so that by helping to understand the causes of the temperament of this disease, a new step can be taken in the direction of prevention and treatment of this disorder.

This research is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study subjects were 60 patients referred to Golhai Behesht Autism Rehabilitation Center in Qom city in 1401, who were randomly selected. Dr. Salmannejad's temperament questionnaire was used to determine the temperament of the participants in the study. SPSS version 25 software was used for data analysis.

The findings showed that the highest frequency of mixed temperament among children on the autism spectrum was related to cold and dry temperament with 40% and the highest frequency of singular temperament was related to dry temperament with 78%.

According to the findings of this research, autism spectrum patients have a cold and dry temperament. Clinical studies are suggested to investigate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in cold and dry mood for the recovery of these patients.

Background and

Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases that affects the basic metabolism and has a great impact on the quality of life of patients. Despite the treatment, some of the patients are still symptomatic. Persian medicine pays attention to mizaj as one of the important principles of effective treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of mizaj types in hypothyroid patients.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on under treatment hypothyroid patients, aged 20 to 60 years, who referred to Sari Touba Clinic from January to June 2023. The mizaj of the patients was determined using a standard questionnaire.

Out of 300 eligible female hypothyroid patients, a total of 194 participated in the study. In terms of simple temperament, more than half of the patients were cold and 72.2% of the patients were wet. In terms of mixed temperament, 41% of patients were cold and wet. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between BMI and dry or wet temperament.

This study showed that the predominant temperament of hypothyroid disease is cold and wet; therefore, in order to achieve complementary treatment for the disease and choose best medicinal interventions based on the principles of Persian medicine, hypothyroid patients should avoid all measures that increase coldness and wetness. In other words, measures that increase coldness and wetness should be avoided in hypothyroid patients as much as possible.

Sexual attitude and knowledge, as important factors in marital relations, are subject to several factors. One of these factors is the lifestyle, which is dependent on temperament (Mizaj), and temperament itself is subject to mental and emotional states. In addition, physical activity can affect lifestyle habits. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between sexual attitude and knowledge, and temperament and physical activity level.

This research used a descriptive-comparative method that examined the relationship between sexual attitude and knowledge and type temperament (warm, cold, wet, and dry) and the level of physical activity in married young non-athletes. The sample size was 285 individuals, which were divided into two groups: warm/cold and wet/dry. Temperament classification of the subjects was performed through a temperament diagnosis questionnaire. The sexual attitude and knowledge of participants was evaluated via the SKAS questionnaire, and the level of physical activity was assessed via the Beck questionnaire. Considering the normality of the data distribution, the correlation of the variables was investigated by the Pearson test.

Based on the obtained results, there was a significant positive correlation between warmth and coldness of temperament and sexual attitude (p=0.0001) and sexual knowledge (p=0.00001), as well as dryness and wetness of temperament and sexual attitude (p=0.0001) Moreover, the level of physical activity and sexual attitude (p=0.005) were significantly related, while no significant correlation was observed between sexual knowledge and wetness/dryness of temperament (p<0.05). Also, no significant correlation (p>0.05) was observed between the level of physical activity and sexual knowledge.

Temperament and level of physical activity can be effective factors in increasing attitude and knowledge of sex. Accordingly, higher temperament scores in terms of warmness and dryness and the amount of physical activity of a person, will help to enhance sexual attitude and knowledge.

From the point of view of Iranian medicine, each person has a unique temperament and two people can never be considered similar despite their appearance. Temperament is affected by three physiological, anthropometric and psychological factors. One of the important indicators of mental health in the field of psychology is self-esteem. The relationship between psychological variables and temperament is among the gaps that need more research. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between self-esteem and temperament in young non-athletes.

This research was a cross-sectional-analytical method that investigated the relationship between two temperaments (hot and cold) and self-esteem in young non-athletic male students in the fall season of 2018. After obtaining written informed consent from the applicants present in the research, the sample size was determined in the warm temperament group of 94 people and the cold temperament group of 93 people. Temperament classification of the subjects was done through the temperament diagnosis questionnaire (Mojahedi 2014) based on the type of temperament. Also, the self-esteem level of the subjects was evaluated with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE). Due to the non-normality of the data, the differences between the groups were analyzed with the U-Man-Whitney test in the SPSS version 21 software environment.

Based on the obtained results, there are significant differences between the warm and cold temperament groups in the sub-components of self-esteem, self-worth in the cold-tempered groups with an average rank of 79.60 and warm-tempered groups with an average rank of 100.58 (P = 0.006). And the feeling of satisfaction was seen in the cold-tempered groups with an average rating of 77.23 and warm-tempered with an average rating of 103.23 (P = 0.001), so that the self-worth and satisfaction indicators in The warm-tempered group had the highest rating compared to the cold-tempered group.

The results were such that warm-tempered people had significantly more self-worth and satisfaction as components of self-esteem than cold-tempered people. In general, the self-esteem index as one of the variables of psychological sciences was higher in warm-tempered people.

Mizaj (temperament) is an important concept in Persian medicine that has many applications in the diagnosis, prevention, care, and treatment of many diseases. This study aimed to determine the relationship between placenta accreta and the state of the general and uterine temperament and Apgar score of newborns in mothers candidates for cesarean section.

A case-control study was performed in mothers who were candidates for caesarean section. The subjects included expectant mothers with placenta accreta (n= 33) and a control group (n= 66). Current general and uterine temperament were measured using Mojahedi and Tansas questionnaire. Demographic variables and Apgar score of newborns was measured using the Apgar International Standard Checklist Score. T-test and Chi-square were used to compare the data.

Demographic characteristics were similar between the two groups. In pregnant mothers with placenta accreta the mean scores for total warm-cold and wet-dry temperaments were 14.81±1.55 and 3.72±1.23, respectively. In the control group, these scores were 16.81±4.38 and 3.39±0.65, respectively (P<0.002). The chance of placenta accreta in cold-tempered mothers was 8.571 compared to warm-tempered mothers. The chance of placenta accreta in pregnant women with cold-tempered uterine was 15.385 times higher compared to pregnant women with warm-tempered uterine. Those with dry uterus were 10.35 times more likely to develop placenta accreta compared to mothers with wet temperament. The mean score for warm-cold tempered uterine in the placenta accreta group was 33.27±2.21 and for wet-dry tempered uterine was 11.45±1.58 and in the control group the scores were 39.60±5.20 and 13.71±2.16, respectively (P<0.001).

The chances of developing placenta accreta is higher in mothers candidate for Caesarean section with general and cold uterine temperament than in other temperamental conditions. Also, the chance of contracting placenta accreta is higher in mothers with wet general temperament and dry uterine temperament. Applying necessary measures based on the principles of Persian medicine is suggested for pregnant mothers in the early stages of pregnancy.

Anxiety before Cesarean section (C-section) is one of the common disorders that is caused by different reasons. According to Iranian traditional medicine, temperament indicates the specific characteristics of each person and its understanding is of great benefit in prevention and treatment of diseases and implementing interventions. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between temperament and anxiety before C-section.

This descriptive analytical study was conducted in 327 pregnant women candidates for C-section in Kerman, Iran 2020-2021. Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Salmannezhad Temperament (Mizaj) Questionnaire were completed at gynecology ward before C-section. Analysis of quantitative data was done applying ANOVA and T-test and analysis of qualitative variables was done using Chi-square test in SPSS V21.

The average age of pregnant women was 29.24±6.33 years and 37.3% were experiencing their second pregnancy. The mean scores for latent anxiety before C-section in cold-tempered mothers and warm-tempered mothers were 54.43±8.29 and 34.44±9.81, respectively, (P=0.001).

The level of latent anxiety before C-section was higher in cold-tempered mothers than warm-tempered and moderate-tempered mothers. Therefore, necessary measures considering traditional medicine are recommended for cold-tempered mothers before surgery.

Spiritual health is the most fundamental existential need in the system of creation (from birth to death) and legislation (from the initial to the final evolution) of human beings. It has direct and indirect frequencies, as well as corresponding, inclusion and implied implications in the Quran, the tradition, and revealed teachings. Thus, Quranic verses, hadiths and supplications, and the Fourteen Impeccable’s biography and lifestyle are rich sources in researching and clarifying the Spiritual conduct (sulūki) foundations of spiritual health, which have special importance, necessity and sensitivity.

According to the identity of spiritual conduct and the esoteric nature of spiritual health, this research has endeavored to describe the foundations of spiritual health via a rational method (argumentative explanation of spiritual conduct teachings) and narration (referring to Quran and the traditions, inferences from religious texts, and obtaining revelation teachings).

The most important findings of the present article include the following: a) the rational soul is the basis of movement and transformation and all-round transformation of the essential truth of human existence (ontological and anthropological foundations), and mental and heart health (healthy reason and heart), with the ability to know and be the generator of inspiration knowledge (epistemological foundations). It is the infrastructure, equability of  temperament, the ruling spirit and the dominate discourse on spiritual health, which is objectified by the real closeness to God and the manifestation of the Divine Names and Divine Attributes (teleological foundations). b) Expressing, explaining and proving that spiritual health is the foundation for psychic and social health and then a preparation for emotional, cognitive health and health in aspects and other differences can be its implied result.

Spiritual health, is the infrastructure of health in other areas of human existence (physical, psychological, and social), and on the other hand, it is in the relationship and continuous interaction with these areas, because spiritual wayfaring (sulūk) and health have an all-round connection and interaction and a dialectical relationship. Spiritual health is the cause of Introversive sulūk and the esoteric course and spiritual wayfaring is also the complete cause of spiritual health, which will have various foundations.

 Considering the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its effect on the quality of life (QoL) of patients which can lead to low self-care and increased risk of disease complications, this study aims to assess the effect of a self-care training program based on temperament modification on the QoL of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

In this quasi-experimental study, 110 patients with T2D were selected by a convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control using the random number table. After obtaining informed consent from them, they completed a demographic from and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire, and their temperament was diagnosed by a doctor expert in Iranian traditional medicine. The intervention group received four sessions of self-care training based on temperament modification each for 45 minutes. The control group received routine treatment without any intervention. Then, they completed the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire again three months after the intervention. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22 using chi-square test, paired t-test, and independent t-test. The significant level was set at 0.05.

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the quality of life score between the intervention (83.2±11.9) and control (85±9.4) groups (P= 0.194). After the intervention, the difference was significant between the intervention (87.7±11.3) and control (85.1±9.5) groups (P=0.044). There was no significant difference in the quality of life score in control group before and after the intervention (P=0.244).

The self-care program training based on temperament modification can improve the quality of life of patients with T2D.

The importance of the effect of geographical location on people's mezaj and its role in the prevention and treatment of diseases is an essential aspect of the subject of climate, which is one of the six essential principles. This study aimed to find the origin of the theory of "Haft Iqlim" and identify the pioneer who applied it in Persian medicine.

The present study applied the library-documentary method and followed a descriptive-analytical approach.

This study examined first-hand religious, geographical, and medical sources of Greek and Islamic territory to first discover the origin of the theory of dividing "Rub-e-maskun" into "Haft Iqlim" and then find the pioneer who applied this theory in Persian medicine.

The first trace of the theory of dividing the world into four parts was found in an Akkadian writing which belongs to the third millennium BC, and the first signs of dividing the "Rub-e-maskun" of the world into "Haft Iqlim" were discovered in Avesta. These theories found their way to Greece and were developed in the works of Ptolemy. Afterward, during the translation movement, they returned to their initial origin, the Middle East. Masoudi's books were the turning point of the combination of these two theories in Islamic Iran, and this combinatorial theory has progressed after him. However, they were first applied in medicine about the same time or shortly after Masoudi by Ali ibn Abbas of Ahwaz. For the first time, Ahwazi considered mezaj of the fourth Iqlim in the manufacture of medicine in his book "Kamel Al-Sina'a Al-Tabiya" for Persian people; therefore, he can be considered the pioneer of applying this theory in Persian medicine.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causes different symptoms. Mizaj or temperament in Persian traditional medicine is a specific feature of every human being. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Mizaj and severity of symptoms in patients with COVID-19.

A descriptive correlational study was performed in patients with symptomatic COVID-19 during recovery and interviews were carried out to record patients’ symptoms (fever, cough, chills, etc.). Salmannezhad Mizaj questionnaire was used to determine the patients’ temperament (warm, cold, wet, and dry). The number of symptoms in each patient was determined and the severity of symptoms was classified into three levels: mild, moderate, and severe. The relationship between Mizaj and COVID-19 clinical symptoms were assessed by Chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficients.

In this study, 168 patients (48 ± 13.3 years) were cared for between 4 and 30 days in COVID Recovery Center. Fever, dyspnea, and cough were seen in 73.2%. Among the patients, 47.6% had cold Mizaj and 26.2% had warm or moderate Mizaj. The frequency of severe symptoms was higher in patients with cold Mizaj compared with that in patients with warm or moderate Mizaj (P= 0.204). Myalgia was found to be considerably higher in cold-Mizaj patients than warm-Mizaj people (P= 0.006). Significant correlations were seen between wet and dry Mizaj and severity of symptoms (P<0.046,R= 0.554) and warm and cold Mizaj and frequency of symptoms (P< 0.054, R= 0.489).

Patients with COVID-19, who had cold or wet Mizaj had more symptoms, therefore, support, care, and preventive measures of Persian traditional medicine are recommended for people with cold or wet Mizaj exposed to Coronavirus.

 Pulmonary diseases are one of the most common occupational diseases caused by many factors such as lifestyle, work environment conditions, rate and severity of exposure. In addition to these factors, individual of physical conditions also plays an important role in the initiate, spread or worsening of these diseases. One way to measure, the innate ability of individuals to deal with occupational pathogens is to determine temperament. It is possible to predict the degree of their inherent vulnerability to workplace pathogens by determining workers' temperaments prior to job allocation, and thus reduced the severity of occupational injuries, Lung injuries are one of the most important occupational injuries in cement factories. The aim of this study was to compare the pulmonary function in different temperaments of cement factory workers.

 This was a cross-sectional descriptive-comparative study. It done with the participation of 92 qualified workers of Mehriz Cement Factory. In addition to determining workers' temperaments, pulmonary function indices including vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow of 25-75% (FEF 25-75%) also evaluated. ANOVA and Tukey tests used for statistical analysis of data.

Ethical Considerations:

 The Ethics Committee of Payam Noor University has approved the present study with code IR.PNU.REC.1398.116.

 The results of statistical tests show that all variables (VC, FEV1 and FVC) except EF 25-75% were significant. Pulmonary indices of VC, FEV1 and FVC in warm temperaments were significantly higher than cold temperaments.

 According to the results, cold temperaments are more likely to have respiratory and lung problems than hot temperaments. Therefore, more care must take in employing cold temperaments workers.

 

Proper selection and guidance of athletes is one of the benefits of talent identification that will lead to great savings in resource consumption. Individual differences are one of the most important indicators and play a significant role in this regard. Persian Medicine deals with physical, physiological and psychological differences with regard to the concept of temperament (Mizaj). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of temperament in physiological differences during a period of resistance training in non-athlete women.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-course and post-course design with two experimental groups of cold temperament and warm temperament. The statistical populations in this study were young non-athlete women. Participants were divided into two groups of hot temperament (12 people) and cold temperament (12 people) by Salmannejad standard Mizaj questionnaire. Body composition indices were measured twice, both before and after resistance training. The exercise protocol targeted the pectoralis major, trapezius, abdominal muscles, and extensor and flexor thigh muscles. After collecting and entering the data in SPSS software (version 21), raw data was analyzed. Hypotheses were tested with a significance level of p≥0.05.

The results showed significant between-group difference in muscle percentage in resistance training of young non-athlete warm- and cold-tempered women (p=0.03(. There was no significant difference between warm and cold groups in the waist to pelvic ratio groups in a period of resistance training of warm- and cold- tempered young women (p=0.13(. There was a significant difference in fat percentage between the groups in a period of resistance training of warm- and cold- tempered young women (p=0.04(.

In resistance activities, cold-tempered individuals have better physiological changes in the field of health than the warm-tempered. Therefore, temperament can be considered effective in health and professional sports practices.

The approach of personalized medicine has received a great deal of attention over the last century, emphasizing attention to the patient rather than the disease. Personalized medicine tries to plan the patient's condition and treatment method by considering the culture, personal preferences and experiences and health beliefs of the person as well as the values and lifestyle of the person, and even considering the psychosocial condition. Acknowledging the lack of knowledge of traditional medicine such as Persian, Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine about "Omixes", it can be argued that these medical paradigms have been emphasizing individual differences and their relationship with health for thousands of years. Many people know Iranian medicine as the famous theory of temperaments and quadrant humor. Without entering into a philosophical fallacy about the abrogation or obsolescence of this theory, from a practical point of view, it should be said that the separation of human beings and attention to their inherent differences and consequently the same functions and responses of their bodies, whether congenital (Intrinsic temperament) and whether under the influence of extrinsic and environmental factors (acquired temperament) is the basis of this thinking. Therefore, every human being, in turn, is an independent book that is influenced by his inner and outer and all direct and indirect biological factors of his life, and the spectrum of his health and illness is defined in this framework. In this study, the relationship between traditional persian medicine and personalized medicine has been studied.