مکمل های غذایی

This review study examines the effects of oral collagen supplementation on various biophysical properties of the skin, including hydration, elasticity, and wrinkle reduction. Collagen, as the most abundant structural protein in the skin, plays a vital role in maintaining its firmness, elasticity, and moisture. With aging, collagen production declines, leading to visible signs of aging such as wrinkles, sagging, and dryness of the skin. Additionally, factors like UV radiation and environmental pollutants accelerate collagen degradation, contributing to premature skin aging. In recent years, oral supplements containing hydrolyzed collagen, particularly collagen peptides, have gained significant popularity due to their potential ability to stimulate collagen production and improve skin quality. Various studies indicate that regular consumption of these supplements can significantly increase skin hydration, enhance elasticity, and reduce the depth and number of wrinkles. However, there are notable limitations in the existing studies, including variations in dosage, intervention duration, and collagen sources. Moreover, many of these studies have small sample sizes and short intervention periods, which limit the validity of the results. Additionally, the presence of other ingredients, such as vitamin C and hyaluronic acid in some supplements, makes it challenging to isolate the direct effects of collagen. Despite these challenges, the existing evidence suggests that oral collagen supplementation holds high potential as an effective approach for addressing skin aging. However, further long-term studies with larger sample sizes and more diverse populations are necessary to determine the precise mechanisms and optimal dosage, thereby providing more definitive scientific recommendations.

Dietary supplement consumption has increased worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dietary supplement consumption in patients referred to the dermatology clinic of Shahid Faghihi Hospital (Shiraz, Iran).

This study was a cross-sectional study which was conducted in 2022-2023. 192 people, who were referred to the dermatology clinic, were selected and asked to answer a questionnaire. The questionnaire had three major sections including demographic characteristics, specific information related to supplements, and the participant’s underlying diseases and habits. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. All the tests were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05.

135 (70.3%) participants were women, and 57 (29.7%) were men. The use of supplements was reported in only 23.4% of the studied population. The majority of the participants (68.9%) consumed the supplements for 1 to 3 months and at least 3 days a week (71.1%). The majority of the consumers (60%) used supplements that were not prescribed by their physician. Most supplement users (62.2%) believed that the long-term use of the supplement was not dangerous, while the majority of them (73.3%) stated that they did not know when to take the supplement. Besides, the prevalence of complications among the users was 6.7%. There was also a statistically significant relationship between income level and supplement consumption (P<0.001).

The prevalence of nutritional supplement consumption in patients referred to the dermatology clinic was considerable. The participant’s knowledge of supplements was notably limited. Thus, it is essential to educate patients on the usage of dietary supplements.

Postpartum grief and depression is a common mental disorder. Many studies that have been conducted in the field of complementary and alternative treatments for mood disorders show that there is a greater acceptance of non-medicinal compounds. The aim of the present study is to review nutritional supplements in the prevention of postpartum depression and grief.

This review study, in order to find related studies, PubMed, Magiran, SID, Cochrane, SIS, PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar databases using the keywords prevention, prevention of depression, postpartum depression. , nutritional supplements, postpartum depression and its combination with AND and OR operators were searched in Persian and English languages from 1996 to 2021.

7 articles were included in this study. The results of the review of the articles showed that the use of food supplements such as aroma therapy with orange essential oil, orange spring capsule, evening primrose oil capsule, designed food supplement package, selenium supplement is effective in preventing depression and grief after childbirth, and regarding the effect of omega supplement 3- On depressed mood, the use of different protocols in the study method has led to different results in different studies.

The results of the reviewed articles in this study show that the use of food supplements in the prevention of postpartum depression and childbirth grief is moderately effective and promising, but there is still a basic need to create a food supplement with flexibility against period mood changes. There is after childbirth.

Due to their active and stressful life, military personnel needs special nutrition. Nutritional supplements are meant to complement a healthy diet that includes vitamins, minerals, medicinal plants, amino acids, enzymes, and macronutrients. The depletion of muscle and liver glycogen reserves leads to a decrease in concentration, fatigue, and a decrease in physical and mental performance. Moderate to vigorous physical activity, one to three hours per day, requires 6 to 10 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight. It has been shown that the consumption of fat, including a high dose of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3, is effective in testosterone production, an issue that can be important for active people such as military forces due to the anabolic effects of testosterone. In people with vigorous physical activity, it is recommended to receive 1.4 to 2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight, which is higher than in general people. Also, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) compete with tryptophan in crossing the blood-brain barrier, delaying the feeling of fatigue. Excessive amounts of antioxidants in the form of supplements in people with vigorous physical activity disrupt the adaptation to physical activity and are not recommended. Vitamin D, iron, and zinc are involved in many natural functions of the body, and due to the special conditions of the military forces, there is a possibility of a lack of these nutrients in these people. This deficiency can endanger a person's physical performance and even health. Therefore, special attention should be paid to their adequate intake in the diet. Caffeine, nitrate, and creatine are among the substances that are effective in delaying the feeling of fatigue and have attracted the attention of people with vigorous physical activity. These nutrients can help military personnel during operations and increase their efficiency. In general, getting enough nutrients is very important for military personnel. Due to the special conditions during military operations, it is not possible to receive meals that can provide all the necessary nutrients. On the other hand, due to vigorous physical activities, the rate of metabolism, as well as the loss of nutrients in these people, is more than in general people, which increases the amount of need. Therefore, in order for the military forces to be able to have their maximum efficiency and also to prevent injuries and diseases that can have great costs and consequences for a country, the use of nutritional supplements to improve the nutritional status of these people can be considered.

Little information is available about micronutrients intake in bodybuilding athletes taking supplements. This study aimed at investigating dietary supplements usage and micronutrients intake in male and female bodybuilders.

This cross-sectional study was performed among bodybuilders in bodybuilding clubs in Shiraz. Information about consumption of dietary supplements were collected using a questionnaire and Food Frequency Questionnaire (168 items) was completed to assess the micronutrients intake based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA).

The participants (n= 270) included 175 (64.8%) males (mean age: 33.6±2.5 years). In this study, 115 (65%) males and 45 (47%) females used dietary supplements. The study showed a significant difference in the rate of supplement use based on gender (P<0.000), age group (P<0.006), and level of education (P<0.001). Furthermore, bodybuilding trainers were the major source of dietary education (62.4%), while nutritionists and physicians accounted for nutritional advice to only 17.4% of the participants. Findings indicated low micronutrients (vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and zinc) intake in male athletes based on RDA. There was also low intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B9, calcium, iron, and magnesium in female athletes.

Prevalence of supplement use was high in male and female bodybuilders, however, they suffer from low intake of micronutrients.

Preeclampsia is one of the major causes of maternal mortality and morbidity, and its prevention is one of the most challenging topics in obstetrics. Magnesium supplementation has been suggested as a way to prevent preeclampsia; therefore, this systematic review study was conducted with aim to determine the effect of magnesium supplementation on the prevention of preeclampsia.

In this systematic review to find relevant clinical trial articles, databases of Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were used. The keywords of Preeclampsia, Pregnancy Toxemia, Dietary Supplement, Supplement, Supplementation, Magnesium, Intervention study, Clinical Trial, Clinical Studies, Randomized Clinical, and Controlled Clinical Trials were searched with Boolean operators (OR, AND) without time limitation until February 2, 2021. The inclusion criteria were oral magnesium supplementation and English language studies. There were no geographical restrictions. The quality of the articles was assessed with Cochran collaboration's tool (Risk of bias) and "Review Manager program" software (RevMan 3.5). Data were analyzed qualitatively.

Finally, 7 articles with a sample size of 2111 people were included in the study. Magnesium supplementation was used as magnesium citrate, magnesium aspartate, Effervescent magnesium, magnesium, and a multivitamin containing 200 mg of magnesium. The result showed that magnesium supplementation in low-risk individuals with hypomagnesemia reduces the incidence of preeclampsia.

It seems that taking magnesium supplements in low-risk pregnant women with hypomagnesemia can be effective in preventing preeclampsia; however, the studies with high quality and sufficient sample size are recommended for definitive conclusions.

Due to the high consumption of dietary supplements and the need to identify the factors affecting consumption to design effective interventions, the aim of the present review is to the factors affecting the consumption of supplements in studies conducted on healthy adults between 1996 and 2020.

The present study was conducted by reviewing 584 articles from the last 24 years and searching the databases of Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct Springer, Cochrane, Embase, Medlib, Magiran, SID, and the Google Scholar search engine. Based on the PRISMA guide, 54 articles were selected and reviewed.

Most cross-sectional and cohort studies have shown the effect of gender, education, and age on dietary supplement consumption. The only trial study showed the effect of gender and only a review study showed the effect of gender, age, education, and income. Women take supplements more than men. With increasing education, age, physical activity, body mass, and income dietary supplements consumption increases. Other factors such as smoking, race and ethnicity, chronic diseases, alcohol consumption, living in a metropolitan, marriage, lifestyle, perceived health, and higher health awareness, drug use, and self-efficacy have also affected consumption.

The studies have been limited to examining the relationship between demographic factors and use and less attention has been paid to factors such as awareness and beliefs about supplement use. Therefore, in order to achieve more definitive results and increase the efficiency of interventions designed in the field of consumption of these supplements, it seems necessary to conduct prospective and intervention studies.

inappropriate diet and the lack of necessary nutrition receiving during pregnancy, effects on maternal and neonatal health. This study carried out to investigate the effect of maternal supplements during pregnancy on growth indices at birth. This cohort study was carried out on part of Bandar Abbas Cohort study data. The main exposure in this study was the consumption of dietary supplements during pregnancy and the dependent variable was the growth indices of newborns. The adjusted relative risk index using a Modified Poisson Regression model was applied. All analysis were performed using the STATA software. 196 of participants remained in the study. The age range of mothers was from 16 to 42 years old and the mean of that was 27.28 (± 5.62). 81, 84 and 149 of mothers had taken an iron supplement, multivitamins, and vitamin D irregularly respectively. 12.76%, 8.68%,18.88% of the newborns, had abnormal weight, height, and head circumference at birth respectively. The relative risk of low birth weight and consumption of multivitamin 2.65 was achieved. Also, the relative risks between low birth height and iron and multivitamin supplements were 3.54 and 4.56 respectively. There was a relationship between irregular consumption of iron and multivitamins during pregnancy with weight and height at birth, but there was no relationship between the consumption of nutritional supplements during pregnancy and the head circumference. Mothers' nutritional supplementation during pregnancy requires more attention.

Regular sports exercises and the use of food strategies are always considered as low-risk and healthy approaches for coping and treatment of obesity. In this regard, the present study was performed with aim to determine the effect of concurrent training with Flaxseed supplementation on body mass index, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in overweight girls. This clinical trial was performed on 36 overweight women in Tabriz University in 2017. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups (n=9 in each group), including training along with supplementation, concurrent training, supplementation Flaxseed and control. Concurrent training included aerobic exercises with an intensity of 65% of heart rate and resistance training with intensity of 60% 1RM. The subjects used the powdered seed one hour before food, at three meals and dissolved in 250 mg of water, during four weeks of supplementation course. Insulin value was measured using an ELISA kit, fasting glucose level by autoanalyzer, and insulin resistance by homoeostasis model (HOMA). Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and ANOVA, repeated measurements variance analysis, and bonferroni post hoc. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. In concurrent training group, after four weeks, there was a significant decrease in WHR (P=0.015), and supplementation of flax seed alone caused a significant reduction in weight (P=0.008), fat percentage (P=0.041), WHR (P=0.015). Meanwhile, interventions could not affect insulin (P=0.511), insulin resistance (P=0.549), and glucose (P = 0.600). Four weeks of concurrent training and Flaxseed supplementation had no significant effects on glucose and insulin-related indices, and body composition. The use of such independent variables requires more research

According to national tuberculosis control guide, two-step tuberculin skin test (TST) should be done in the elderly, if the initial test is negative. However, it raises questions about the usefulness of this approach.
This study aimed to explore the effects of fish oil supplements on the two-step tuberculin test in hospitalized patients.
In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 128 patients randomly allocated to control group (receiving placebo, n=64) and treatment group (receiving fish oil supplements, n=64) during 2016. Fish oil supplement group was treated with 2 g daily for 4 consecutive days. The outcome was considered a change in 2 sequential TST induration sizes. Significant increase in the size of the secondary induration compared to primary was considered 6 mm or more.
Findings: There was significant difference between primary and secondary indurations of two groups (higher in treatment group) (P=0.04). According to the results of analysis of variance and correlation tests, two effective factors were identified: initial induration and residence location (P=0.014 and P=0.002, respectively). In both groups, no clinically significant increase in the size of induration was observed.
It seems that the number of cases considered as infected with tuberculosis does not increase with two- rather than one-step tuberculin skin test. Also, the short-term administration of fish oil supplements does not change this result.

Regarding high antioxidant property of whey protein, the role of its supplementation on liver and muscle damages after intense muscle contraction is not well understood. Relatively, this study aimed to determine the effect of a whey protein supplementation after intense muscle contraction on some liver enzymes in non-trained men.
Thirty non-trained young men (78 ± 12 kg) were divided into 2 groups: glutamine supplementation (3 days/ 0.4 g per kg of body weight, n = 15) and placebo (n = 15) groups by randomly. Subjects performed an exercise test consist of intense eccentric contraction (up and down stairs). Blood samples were obtained before and 0, 24, 48 and 75 hours after exercise for measure aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). Supplementation was performed at first day (after exercise test) and repeated at the second and third days.
A significant increase was observed in AST and ALT after exercise when compared with pretest in two groups (p 0.05) but ALT activity was significantly lower in each stages of whey protein than placebo group(p Despite no change in AST, but with emphasis on reducing the AST in response to whey protein supplementation after exercise test, it is concluded that whey protein supplementation after intense eccentric contractions lead to reduce liver damage in non-athletes young male

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease where immune system mistakenly assumes different elements of joints as exogenous and attacks it. Based on scientific findings, a wide range of complementary and alternative therapies (including herbal and food supplements) are useful for RA.
This Cross-sectional study was carried out on 120 patients suffered from RA whom were referred to public health centers of Yazd in 2014. Using a questionnaire, demographic characteristics and the type and rate of supplementation were evaluated in these patients.
out of 120 patients, 118 individuals used at least one of the questioned supplements. Patients ranged from 19 to 76 years that 71.6 percent ≥ 40 years, 85% female, 92% married, 55% earned between 1 and 2 million Tomans per month and 51.7% had high school diploma or higher education.
The most prevalent consumed supplement was calcium-Vitamin D (90.7%) and Folic acid (%80.5), vitamin D (%73.7), and omega-3 (%55.9) came afterward. Interestingly, majority of patients (96.5%) were taking supplements under the supervision of rheumatologist.
Based on present data obtained in patients suffering from RA, most frequently used supplement was calcium-vitamin D. Most patients were satisfied of positive effects of these supplements.

Fatigue is considered to be one of the main causes of impaired quality of life among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Creatine enhances ATP synthesis and possesses antioxidant properties. There has been interest in the use of creatine supplement for fatigue and muscle strength in neurological disorders. It has previously been reported that, using 20 gram/day creatine supplement for 5-7 days followed by 5 gram/day for another 7 days did not ameliorate fatigue in patients with MS. In this study, we aimed to determine whether longer application of creatine supplement would be effective in controlling fatigue in these patients.
In a double-blind controlled trial, 20 patients with MS with fatigue and mild to moderate disability were randomly assigned to creatine (10 gram, two times a day for 14 days) and placebo (10 patients in each group). Fatigue was assessed at baseline and after 14 days using fatigue severity scale (FSS).
No significant differences were observed between FSS score before and after the intervention. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between the experimental groups in the mean difference of FSS.
Creatine supplementation had no significant effect on fatigue score even after longer administration.

With respect to the side effects of antidepressants, most clients prefer dietary supplements to chemical drugs in lactation period. This study was conducted to identify the effects of Omega-3 fatty acids on postpartum depression This double blind clinical trial was carried out on 70 women with postpartum depression who referred to the selected health centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University in 2007. Subjects were randomly divided into two 35-member groups receiving Omega-3 (a 1 gr. Capsule daily) and receiving placebo. Edinburg’s standard test was used to diagnose depression and Beck’s standard test was used to identify the severity of depressive symptoms. The severity of depression was identified before the intervention and in the first, second, third and fourth weeks after it. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 10), using Paired T-test, variance analysis with multiple measurements, Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square test. Mean depression severities in the Omega-3 group were 18.1 before and 9.0 after the intervention with a significant difference (P<0.001). The corresponding figures in the placebo group were 17.5 and 17.2 with no significant difference (p=0.3). The decreasing trend of postpartum depression severity in the Omega-3 group was significantly different from the other group (P<0.001) Omega-3 is a suitable compound with no side effect for mothers and their infants in decreasing postpartum depression. Further studies with longer durations to identify its remission patterns are warranted.

Iron deficiency can be followed with major problems in relation to reduced aerobic capacity and power for athletes. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of six weeks aerobic training on young girls’ hemoglobin, red blood cells, hematocrit, iron, serum ferritin and transferrin. 34 female students were selected with an average age of 16.56 years, weight 50.42 kg and height 160.55 cm from 100 volunteers randomly and assigned into three groups: exercise + iron supplementation (group 1), exercise+ placebo (group 2) and control. Before exercise, subject's blood samples were obtained. Experimental groups were trained for three sessions per week for six weeks. The experimental groups 1 and 2 received a tablet containing 27 mg ferrous gluconate and placebo respectively, the night before of each exercise session. After training period, the second stage of blood sampling was performed. Iron supplementation with aerobic exercise increased the amount of iron, serum ferritin and transferring. No significant effects were found on hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cells. Placebo intake along with aerobic exercise reduced serum iron, ferritin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cells significantly. Significant differences between three group's serum iron and ferritin were also observed. The results showed if aerobic exercise performed with iron supplements by young girls, in addition to increasing the amount of iron, it increases iron storage in the form of ferritin and transferrin and possibly their risk of anemia is prevented.