ناامیدی

Aging is an important issue in psychological health and quality of life. Older people are vulnerable members of the society, prone to mental disorders, especially depression. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between self-care and depression through hopelessness and social support in older people in the post-COVID period. This was a correlational study, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all older people in Tehran, Iran with a sample of 260 individuals selected through convenience sampling. The measures used in this study included the second edition of Beck’s depression inventory, Younesi Borojeni’s elderly self-care questionnaire, Zimet et al.’s multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and Beck’s hopelessness scale. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and SEM in SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. The results indicated that the relationship between self-care and depression was significant through hopelessness (P<0.001, β=-0.87), and the relationship between self-care and depression was also significant through social support (P<0.001, β=-0.126). Based on the findings and the clarification of the relationships between self-care and depression in older people through the mediation of hopelessness and social support, effective actions can be taken to reduce depression and its psychological consequences in pandemic periods for this population.

Hope is a dynamic expectation to achieve goals and disappointment is a system of negative schemas that a person has towards himself and his future, and it harms the mental health, self-concept and thus the social adequacy of the person and makes him inconsistent and isolated. This research is written with the aim of explaining the concept of despair and its effect on mental health and human relationships and providing strategies to reduce it from the perspective of the Holy Quran and descriptive analytical method, and states that despair in the Holy Quran is the result of ignoring God's infinite power and mercy. It is the creator of man and it affects the mental health of a person with effects such as reducing the level of self-efficacy, creating and increasing depression, reducing happiness, reducing adaptation and creating and increasing feelings of dissatisfaction, and in this way it affects the relationships of a person and causes disruption in relationships and In the end, the quality of life decreases and it can be controlled and reduced with strategies such as spirituality, positive thinking, focusing on blessings and successes, and patience and effort. The result is that disappointment through the reduction of self-efficacy causes a person to appear in social relationships with a bag of negative emotions, and since the feeling of disappointment prevails over other emotions, the smallest problem in this field affects the person's relationships and causes disruption in relationships and If it continues, it will cause isolation and social isolation.

The phenomenon of working and street children is one of the problems that plagues most big cities. Working children means children and teenagers who, according to social laws, under the age of 18 engage in activities to earn money. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on reducing hopelessness and anxiety of working children in Yazd City.

The method of the current research was semi-experimental, and its design was pre-test-post-test with a control group and a four-week follow-up. The statistical population includes working children in the age group of 8 to 12 years who were covered by the welfare management of Yazd city in the spring of 2019. The study sample included 30 working children who were placed randomly in two control and experimental groups using available methods. Data collection tools included Kazdin's Children’s Hopelessness Scale and Spence's Children’s anxiety Scale. The experimental group received eight one and half hour sessions of treatment based on commitment and acceptance, but the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data analysis was done using analysis of covariance test and spss software.

The results of the present study showed that treatment based on acceptance and commitment was able to reduce frustration and anxiety in working children (p<0/05).

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the treatment based on commitment and acceptance has been able to reduce the hopelessness and anxiety of working children.

Cancer diagnosis and hospitalization of children can cause feelings such as anxiety, hopelessness, and fear of death. During hospitalization, play therapy can reduce psychological symptoms and facilitate the interventions of specialists as a non-pharmacological treatment.

Therefore, the aim of the current research was to determine the efficacy of play therapy on anxiety and hopelessness in children with cancer in Ardabil

This study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with the control group. The statistical population consisted of all children with cancer referred to Boali Hospital Training center year 1397-1398 in Ardebil.30 children were chosen through available sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 subjects each) The experimental group received 8 sessions of Cognitive-behavioral play therapy. Data were collected through “the Kazdin Hopelessness Scale for children (1979)”, and “the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (1997)”. Statistical analyses were conducted by Covariance analysis and SPSS software version 24.

The results of covariance analysis indicated that laughter therapy significantly reduced anxiety and hopelessness scores in the post-test. (P <0.001). 

According to the findings of the research, it can be said that play therapy intervention is effective in reducing anxiety and hopelessness, as a result, this treatment can be used as a complementary treatment alongside the main cancer treatments.

One of the problems that threatens children in developing countries is the issue of child labor. Working children have lower hope for the future than their normal peers. Working in childhood can have a negative effect on the growth and cognitive performance of children. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of hopelessness and dysfunctional attitudes in working children of southern Tehran.

This is a descriptive-cross-sectional study. The study population consists of all working children and adolescents engaged in child labor aged 10-18 years under the support of child laborers support centers in the south of Tehran. Of these, 247 were selected for the study using a continuous sampling method that lasted 8 months from April to November 2021. The data collection tools were a demographic checklist and the children's dysfunctional attitude scale (DAS) of D’Alessandro and Burton, and the children's hopelessness scale (CHS) of Kazdin (1986). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance, independent t-test, and Pearson's correlation test) in SPSS software, version 16. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The results showed that the average score of hopelessness (5.78±2.60) with a standard deviation of 5.78±2.60 was at a favorable level, among the dimensions of hopelessness, the average score of the dimension of future expectations (3.87±1.87) in hopelessness was higher than the dimension of happiness (2.00±1.39). The average ineffective attitude in the study was 96.16±74.11. Hopelessness only had a statistically significant relationship with the work status of the children in the study (P=0.029). There was no statistically significant correlation between ineffective attitude and hopelessness of working children (P<0.050). Hopelessness only had a statistically significant relationship with the work status of the children in the study (P=0.029).

It is recommended that interventional studies be conducted to improve the future expectations of children, and focus more on working children whose guardian is someone other than parents. Given the lack of a significant relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness in working children in the south of Tehran, it is recommended that the mediating and confounding variables be investigated.

Long-term treatments and high levels of tension in cancer have a long-term negative effect on the patients’ mental health and cause psychological problems such as increased worry, despair, and negative emotions. In this regard, the present research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of group social work intervention in reducing worry and frustration and moderating cancer patients’ negative emotions.

This research was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test study with a control group, and 30 patients with cancer at Birjand, Iran, were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15) using convenience sampling. In this procedure, the experimental group received group social work intervention training during eight sessions, but the control group did not receive any training. The data collection instruments were Watson, Clark, and Telgen’s (1988) positive and negative affect scale and Beck et al.’s (1985) frustration scale. Univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance were used to analyze the data.

The results of data analysis showed that the observed difference between the mean scores of frustration and negative emotions of the participants of the experimental-control groups according to the group membership in the post-test phase was significant with 95% confidence (P<0.05) and the effect of group social work intervention was 0.29 and 0.50 for the frustration and negative emotions, respectively

Group social work intervention should be used to reduce the psychological problems of patients with cancer.

Suicide is perhaps one of the saddest events in a person's life and one of the most painful problems in human society. The purpose of this research was to investigate factors affecting suicide from ideation to action based on Klonsky's theory in non-clinical populations. A person who can be said to be a masterpiece, intelligent, how can he decide to end his life and prefer not to live? Although many scientific and medical efforts are trying to protect people from diseases and injuries and perhaps increase their life span, on the other hand, we are witnessing an increase in the number of suicides and the unwillingness of a group of people to continue their lives. In recent decades, although studies have tried to reduce the number of suicides and somehow control this problem, we can practically see that the efforts have not had significant results, and relatively more modern humans have taken the path of giving up life than in the past and their primitive ancestors. At present, suicide is a major cause of concern and a serious problem for global health. The organization's statistics show that in 2023, worldwide, nearly 700,000 people will end their lives by suicide each year. Evidence suggests that for every adult who dies by suicide, there may be more than 20

: This research is basic in terms of its purpose and the method of carrying out descriptive research. The statistical population of this research was formed by all the people present in the social networks of Shahretbriez who could answer the questionnaire through the link to answer the questions. A sampling method was available and 638 were selected (based on about 20 people for each component of the model). The final sample was reduced to 607 people due to the failure of some participants in the final registration of answers. The entry criteria for this study were to have at least basic literacy to answer the questions and age (16-75), to have full consent, and also to be a volunteer for cooperation. To collect information, the questionnaires were placed in the dedicated link in social networks, and it was suggested that people participate in the research. In addition to ensuring the confidentiality of the participants, ethical considerations were observed in all stages of implementation. In this research, the data mining method and the decision tree technique were used to identify factors affecting suicide and provide a model to predict it. Finally, finding the answers to the study questions has been used. It is worth mentioning that in this study SPSS Modeler version 18 was used for data analysis.

The research findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the variables of mental pain, perception of being a burden, hopelessness, and neutral affiliation in the order of importance in the possibility of suicidal ideation, and also between the variables of suicidal thoughts, suicide readiness, despair, fearlessness about death, affiliation. There is a significant relationship between pain neutrality and pain tolerance in the order of importance in predicting suicide attempts. The parental bond variable did not have a significant effect on the prediction of ideation and suicide attempts. The probability of correct prediction in the training and evaluation groups in the C5.0 algorithm is 92.2 and 88.65, respectively, while on the other hand, the probability of correct prediction in the training and evaluation groups in the CART algorithm is 85.11 and 80, respectively. Two other indices show the optimality of the tree model (AUC and GINI indices) in the two training and experimental groups of the variable of suicidal ideation by separating the C5.0 and CART algorithms. According to the overall importance of the studied variables, the variables of mental pain and perception of burden were more effective than other variables in predicting suicidal ideation. In this way, with the increase in the amount of psychological pain, the perception of being a burden, disappointment, and neutral belongingness, the possibility of suicidal ideation increased. On the other hand, the possibility of suicidal ideation decreased in lower amounts of psychological pain and mild hopelessness. Also, among the two levels of interpersonal relationship variables (perception of burdensomeness and neutral affiliation), perception of burdensomeness was more effective than the variable of neutral belongingness in predicting suicidal ideation, so that as the score of perception of burdensomeness increases, the probability of suicidal ideation is higher and lower. As it went, its score would decrease. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variable of psychological pain and the perception of being a burden from the variables of interpersonal relationships had a more transient effect on the probability of suicidal ideation in the participants in the study. According to the results of the modeling of the prediction of suicidal ideation in the present study, it seems that Most of the variables considered in the study have been able to show a significant effect on the occurrence of this phenomenon, but at the same time, the results of the statistical technique used in the study indicate that the variables of parental bonding (care and control) included in the studied model have not been able to have a significant effect.

The variable of psychological pain showed the most importance in predicting the formation of suicidal ideation in the decision tree model, and also high values of psychological pain and despair, perception of being a burden, and neutral affiliation showed a higher probability of ideation in the model. In this study, among the three factors of suicide capacity, readiness to commit suicide, fearlessness of death, and pain tolerance, the variable of readiness to commit suicide showed the most importance in predicting suicide attempts. In terms of the decision tree model, it became important as a variable that was present in all the paths leading to suicide, along with suicidal ideation. In this study, among the three factors.

 The present study aims to investigate the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on cognitive flexibility, suicidal ideation, depression, and hopelessness in conscripts.

In this clinical trial with a pretest/posttest design using a control group, 60 conscripts were selected through a convenience sampling method from among those referred to military counseling centers in Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran in 2019, and were randomly assigned into intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The intervention group received ACT group therapy at eight weekly 90-min sessions, while the control group received no treatment. In the pretest and posttest phases, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Beck Hopelessness Scale were completed by both groups. Data analysis was performed using the independent ‎‎t-test and analysis of covariance.

ACT significantly led to increased cognitive flexibility and its components (P=0.001) and reduced suicidal thoughts (P=0.001), depression (P=0.001) and hopelessness (P=0.002).

 ACT group therapy can reduce depression, suicidal ideation and hopelessness in conscripts by increasing their cognitive flexibility.

Cancer is one of the rare and chronic diseases in children. It is always accompanied by psychological problems. Anxiety and hopelessness are the most common mood disorders in cancer patients. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to determine the efficacy of laughter therapy on anxiety and hopelessness in children with cancer in Ardabil.

  This study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with the control group. The statistical population consisted of all children with cancer referred to Boali Hospital Training center year of 1397-1398 in Ardebil.30 children were chosen through available sampling, and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (16 subjects each). The experimental group received 8 sessions of laughter therapy with Comic Clip Broadcast for 45 minutes. The research Tools were: 1) The Kazdin Hopelessness Scale for children (1979).  2) The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (1997).  Statistical analyses were conducted by Covariance analysis and SPSS software version 24.

The results of covariance analysis indicated that laughter therapy significantly reduced anxiety and hopelessness scores in the post-test. (P <0.01).

According to the finding of the study, it can be said that the use of laughter therapy is effective in reducing anxiety and hopelessness, so this treatment can be used as a complementary treatment along with the main cancer treatments.

Employee job satisfaction is one of the most important issues in any organization. Job satisfaction is described as general attitude of a person towards his job. Job satisfaction of medical assistants increases and promotes the quality of medical services and improves patients' satisfaction with medical services. The aim of this study was to determine the level of job satisfaction and hopelessness of medical assistants in educational centers of Tabriz. In this descriptive-analytical study, medical assistants of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected and assessed using the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) for Job Satisfaction and Beck Hopelessness Scale. Hopelessness decreases with increasing job satisfaction (P<0.001). There was a significant relationship between hopelessness and domesticity (P=0.017) and between job satisfaction and the level of hopelessness with the marital status of assistants (P<0.001) and (P=0.043).

The purpose of the present research effectiveness stress management based on cognitive-behavioral on frustration, suicide thoughts and reduce stress among  soldiers of Southwest Region of Nazaja at 1398.

The research's plan was experimental of field experiment by pretest – posttest and follow-up with the control group. The statistical sample consisted of 30 soldiers of Southwest Region of Nazaja who were selected by targeted sampling method. Data collection tools were Beck's frustration questionnaire (1993), Cohen & et al's perceived stress questionnaire (1983) and Beck's suicide thoughts questionnaire (1991). For the experimental group, 10 sessions of stress management cognitive-behavioral based on MeichenBaum (1977) were performed. There was no any psychological intervention for the control group.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the stress management based on cognitive-behavioral was effective on decrease frustration, suicide thoughts and reduce stress (p<0/05). Also, in the follow-up stage, this results was stable (p<0/05).

Stress management based on cognitive-behavioral can be used to reduce frustration, suicide thoughts and stress among  soldiers of Southwest Region of Nazaja.

Suicide is on the rise among adolescents, and according to Cognitive Theory, hopelessness is the cause of suicide in depressed patients, and impulsivity has a moderating role. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of "Rumination -Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" and "Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy" on impulsivity and hopelessness of depressed teenage girls attempting suicide.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with intervention and control groups with 2 months follow-up. The study population included depressed adolescents who attempted suicide in the emergency department of Samenol Aeme (AS) Hospital and Imam Hassan (AS) Hospital in Bojnourd in 2019. 30 teen girl were selected in a purposeful manner after confirming the inclusion criteria. Then they were randomly divided into two intervention groups and one control group. The demographic questionnaire, "Beck Depression Inventory-II", "Impulsiveness Scale" and the “Suicide Probability Scale” were used to collect data. Convergence validity and reliability were measured by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of instruments. The intervention groups each received 10 sessions of 60 minutes of treatment. Data were analyzed with SPSS. 25. 

Both interventions had a significant effect on reducing hopelessness (F = 37.94, P <0.001) and impulsivity (cognitive; F = 23.29, P <0.001; lack of planning F = 55.63, P <0.001) and also in Post-test (P <0.001) and follow-up time (P <0.05) were more than pre-test, and the results were stable compared to the post-test during each two-month follow-up period in each of the intervention groups (P > 0.05).

Both interventions can reduce hopelessness and impulsivity in different ways but without superiority. Therefore, it is recommended to use these two interventions in times of depression and in times of suicidal crisis.

Attachment is one of the basic human needs or emotional bonds between the growing baby and mother, which is a two-way interactive relationship that is influenced by many factors and many of these factors determine the unknown attachment. Since limited studies have been conducted on maternal-infant attachment behaviors and it seems that the attachment behaviors are different in various cultures, the present study was conducted to determine the predictors of maternal-infant attachment.

The present study was a cross-sectional study that was performed on 300 primiparous women at 8 weeks postpartum who were referred to comprehensive health centers in Zabol from June to October 2019. Inclusion criteriaincluded: being Iranian, women 18 years and older, no baby with abnormalities, ability to read and write, being term at childbirth, no physical (diabetes, hypertension, etc.) and mental illness. Sampling was done as a quota from comprehensive health centers. Data collection tools included the Individual Characteristics Questionnaire (two sections of demographic information and obstetrics), Beck Disappointment Scale (BHS), and Mother-infant Attachment Scale (MAS). Data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical statistics such as ANOVA test, t-test, and Pearson in SPSS software version 23 and the significance level was p < 0.05.

The results of the present study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between maternal age and attachment (r = - 0.126, p₌0.03) while there was no statistically significant relationship between other demographic variables and attachment. There was also a statistically negative correlation between disappointment and attachment (p = 0.001, r = - 0.29), so that by decreasing the frustration score, the score of mother-to-baby attachment increases.

According to the results of the study, among the studied variables, only maternal age and hopelessness were significantly associated with attachment. There was an inverse relationship between hopelessness and age with maternal attachment to the infant after delivery. Maternal mental health is an important factor in the development of attachment style between mother and baby, and disappointment can lead to depression, and postpartum depression can also reduce maternal and infant attachment, so addressing maternal mental health is especially important in the postpartum period.

The university environment may play a role in increasing frustration among students by spreading problems or stress. In the present study, we tried to evaluate the level of life expectancy and its related factors in students of different medical fields.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 1998-99. Students' frustration and general health status were collected using Beck frustration questionnaire and general health questionnaire.

A total of 634 students with a mean age of 22.50 years were included in the study. Of the total participants in the study, 270 were male. Approximately 40.3%, 25.4% and 4.6% of students had mild, moderate and severe levels of frustration, respectively. Interest in the field, smoking, life satisfaction, general health, and suicidal ideation were significantly associated with frustration among students.

The results of the present study indicate a relatively high prevalence of frustration among medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Given that these students are usually among the top ranks in the national entrance exam in the country and on the other hand in the future will be responsible for providing, maintaining and promoting the health of society, officials and researchers need to pay more attention to the mental health of these people. These problems should be investigated and appropriate measures should be taken to solve them.

Hopelessness, belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness are important risk factors for suicidal ideation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the interaction of hopelessness, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness in suicidal ideation and behavior.

The method of the present study was descriptive and modeling. The study population included all students of Mohaghegh Ardabil University in the academic year 2020; out of which 650 people were selected using convenience sampling method and completed the questionnaires of Hopelessness, Depressive Symptom-Suicidality Subscale, Suicidal Behavior, and Interpersonal Needs in an online way. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and Hayeschr('39') macro PROCESS tests.

The results showed a significant positive relationship between negative hopelessness and belongingness (r=0.45, p<0.001), burdensomeness (r=0.37, p<0.001), idea (r=0.32, p<0.001), and suicidal behavior (r=0.26, p<0.001). There was also a significant positive relationship between positive hopelessness and belongingness (r=0.32, p<0.001), burdensomeness (r=0.37, p<0.001), idea (r=0.25, p<0.001), and suicidal behavior (r=0.26, p<0.001). The results also confirmed the interaction of hopelessness, belongingness, and burdensomeness in suicidal ideation and behavior.

In general, this study supports the interpersonal theory and the interaction among hopelessness, belongingness, and burdensomeness concerning suicidal ideation and behavior. Based on these findings, it is suggested, to reduce suicidal ideation and attempt, holding skills and motivation training courses can increase hope in people.

It seems that logotherapy and acceptance and treatment based on acceptance and commitment can affect on death anxiety, resilience and hopelessness in women with multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of logotherapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on death anxiety, resilience and hopelessness in pattern with MS.

The method of this study was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow up with the control group. The population of this study consisted of all women with MS in Tabriz City who were members of MS Society of Tabriz in 2019. In total, 30 women were selected by purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into three groups of logotherapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment and control group. Members of both experimental groups received their own treatment respectively in 8 sessions of 1.5 hours. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.

Logotherapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment led to reduce death anxiety and hopelessness, and increase resilience compared to the control group in post-test of MS patients (P<0.001). In the follow-up phase, the effect of logotherapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on the death anxiety, resilience and hopelessness persisted (P<0.001). The effect of logotherapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on the death anxiety, resilience and hopelessness was not different at posttest and follow-up period.

Logotherapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment are likely to reduce death anxiety, thereby they lead to better cope with disease, increase resiliency, and reduce hopelessness in patients with MS.

Infidelity causes mental health problems, family disruptions, rumination about events, and changes in the betrayed person’s beliefs toward the spouse. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of "mindfulness-based schema therapy" on depression, anxiety, and hopelessness of women affected by spouse infidelity.

It was semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and follow-up ‎control ‎group design‏. The research statistical population comprised all women who required psychological help due to their husband’s betrayal and referred to counseling centers in Mashhad from January to March 2018. A total of 24 women were selected by the available sampling method and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups.  Both groups completed Beck depression, anxiety, and hopeless questionnaires in the pretest, posttest, and a two-month follow-up. The experimental group received mindfulness-based schema therapy‎ intervention (Van Vreeswijk et al., 2014) for ten sessions. Factorial repeated measures analysis of variance was used for data analysis.

The effect of the intragroup and intergroup interaction was significant in depression (p=0/01) and anxiety (p=0/001 ) but not significant in hopelessness (p=0/36). There is a significant difference in depression and anxiety from pretest to posttest and follow-up (p <0/01). But regarding hopelessness, the difference between pretest and posttest and follow-up is not significant (p> 0.05).

Mindfulness-based schema therapy can be used to reduce the depression and anxity of women affected by spouse betrayal.

Psychological factors play an important role in the outcome and adaptability of the patient with chronic heart failure, but they are often ignored in the treatment process. This study aimed to determine the correlation between hopelessness, resiliency, and type D personality in patients with chronic heart failure. The study was descriptive-correlational. The researchers, using purposive sampling method, selected One hundred patients with chronic heart failure who referred to the Farhangian clinic located in the second district of Tehran. The researchers completed patients’ demographic form, the index of severity of illness, beck hopelessness scale (BHS), short version of Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and type D personality questionnaire by interviewing the participants. SPSS software version 19 analyzed data. The findings showed that most heart failure patients had moderate hopelessness (86%) and resiliency (85%) and 67% had type D personality. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a moderate, inverse, and significant correlation between type D personality and resiliency (r = -0.479, p <0.001) and a weak but positive and significant correlation between type D personality and hopelessness(r = 0.198, p = 0.048). There was no significant correlation between hopelessness and resiliency (P >0.05). Type D personality in patients with heart failure is accompanied by a reduction in resilience and an increase in hopelessness. These findings can be used for health policymakers in designing and planning of multidisciplinary team care and holistic care of patients with heart failure. Considering the high frequency of hopelessness, reduction of resiliency, and type D personality in patients with heart failure, screening, identification, and referral of patients requiring psychological support is essential for facilitating adjustment and improvement of the quality of life. The identification and psychological support of patients with type D personality can help increase the hope and resilience of heart failure patients.

Childhood as one of the fundamental stages of human life can be associated with various vulnerabilities in a way that is more evident in children with chronic diseases. Since these children cannot meet their needs, they need those around them and caregivers, especially parents to help them with their situations. Unfortunately, they sometimes face neglect, ignorance, and limited access to health care services, poverty, violence, etc., which can be a source of frustration and intolerance of disease for them.  Therefore, in order to protect the right to health of sick children, this study seeks to answer the questions of what are the causes and effects of despair in children with chronic diseases and what are the prevention strategies?

This study described and analyzed the content, verses of the Holy Quran, the narrations of the Infallibles (PBUH), the views of Imamiye jurisconsults, national standards and regulations, and international human rights documents to answer the research questions.

Grounded upon the principle “a possible part must not be abandoned by an impossible whole”, providing suitable conditions and environment for sick children as much as possible is essential.

Since various causes, such as insufficient enjoyment of a decent standard of living and disregard for spiritual values and a tendency to be negative, can affect the health and progression of children's illness, however, in the holy Shari'a of Islam, based on the principle of respect for innate dignity of man, equal treatment and observance of the best interests of the child, using hope therapy strategies in promoting spiritual health as the cornerstone of other forms of health is emphasized. Not only does it require the cooperation and assistance of the government, society, family and even sick children, but it also requires more coherent laws and regulations in line with Islamic jurisprudence.