نوروفیزیولوژی

Stuttering is a multifactorial disorder. So far, numerous findings have been reported regarding various deficits in auditory processing components in the people who stutter. Despite studies on correlation of auditory processing deficits and stuttering, this assumption has not been proven yet. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and collect the results of studies regarding the auditory processing deficits in the people who stutter.

This study was a narrative review to collect research on auditory processing deficits in people who stutter. ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and PsycINFO databases were searched to reterive English articles that were published from 1995 to 2020. For studies conducted in Iran in Persian, SID and Magiran databases were searched. “Stuttering”, “auditory feedback processing”, “neurophysiology”, and “brain maturity” were the keywords of interest.

In the first stage, 211 articles were found. Finally, after reviewing the inclusion criteria, 86 articles in English and Persian were included. In addition to reviewing articles concerning the existence of auditory processing deficits, the present study emphasized that auditory processing problems in the people who stutter altered the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment approaches.

Although there is no evidence of anatomical abnormalities in the auditory system of people who stutter, numerous studies have reported unstable evidence of central impairments in their auditory processing. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies showed involvement of the central and peripheral areas of auditory processing.</div>

Science-based or scientific interpretation of Koran, that is, the accordance of Koran to empirical sciences is of greater attraction for educated people specially the youth. For the man’s brilliant developments to achieve new horizons in sciences and discover the unknown in the past centuries, not only dominated him on nature more, but also had a deep effect on a Muslim’s viewpoint of the world and his creator and changed his interpretation of religious sciences and then Koran. Rituals of ablution are according to new researches, for when it was planned, the proper incitement of brain sensorial cortex and also motor regions of brain cortex in the mind. And this is one of the scientific miracles of Holy Koran, because Ablution Verse itself has been inspired from the creator of the brain sensorial cortex. Ablution is considered as a kind of worship in Islamic rules, although, it has numerous medical points like the other instructions such as fasting, baptism and prayer in the morning. Some are stated here but the main aim of this paper is only the scientific discussion of ablution. The intellectual features of ablution which are of much prominence in Islam are not considered here.