هالوتان

Aim and Rapid and Confident induction of anesthesia is a goal for the anesthesiologist. In the meanwhile, most of anesthetic drugs are not without complication. In this study we evaluated the effects of anesthesia induction with halothane by single breath on hemodynamic parameters in pediatric patients. Methods and Materials: In this study 50 children were enrolled. For induction of anesthesia the single breath method with 5% halothane and O2- N2O (30-70%) mixture was used. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before induction, 1 minute after induction, 1 minute after using muscle relaxant, and 3 minutes after intubation. The heart rate and QT interval were recorded by ECG. Halothane significantly prolonged the corrected QT (QTC); it caused a mild increase in heart rate which reduced again after using muscle relaxant. However, another heart rate elevation occurred three minutes after intubation.Blood pressure decreased after induction and even after intubation which was statistically significant. Halothane is an arrhythmogenic drug which can prolong QTC in pediatric patients. Moreover, our study shows that it can decrease blood pressure and heart rate at the same time.

Familiarity with different methods and medications in anesthesia and producing sufficient depth of anesthesia are very important in anesthesia practice. Due to the central analgesic and sedative effect of lidocaine in the presence of the sufficient blood level، it can be used for general anesthesia. This study was carried out to compare the effect of halothane with lidocaine infusion on BIS during maintenance of anesthesia. In this randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial، 66 patients scheduled for elective inguinal herniorrahaphy were randomized into two equal groups. For maintenance، one group received halothane (1%) with O2-N2O and another group received lidocaine infusion (100μg/kg/min). BIS was checked every 5 minutes for half an hour. Statistical analysis of data was done by Chi-square and T-test through SPSS software. P-values less than 0. 05 were considered meaningful. Mean of BIS was 65. 72 in the lidocaine group and 56. 7 in the halothane group during the first 30 minutes. There was a significant statistical difference between the two groups (P<0. 05). Mean of BIS in lidocaine group was higher than that in the halothane group. If this indicates the presence of a light level of anesthesia، increasing the dose of hypnotics and opioids leads to an increase in the depth of anesthesia. However، since there is not any device for monitoring the effect of opioids on the central nervous system and the level of anesthesia، simultaneous monitoring of BIS and hemodynamic parameters seems to be a more reasonable idea.

Recently laparoscopy has become a common out patient – base surgical procedure. An ideal anesthetic technique should provide a rapid and smooth induction, rapid recovery and minimal postoperative complications. In spite of no single ideal technique has been shown for outpatient laparoscopy, it seems that total intravenous anesthesia with propofol has more rapid induction and recovery profiles and less side effects, in comparison with inhalational agents. In This study we compared the total intravenous anesthesia with inhalational agents during diagnostic gynecological laparoscopy. We also evaluated the effect of N2o addition on intravenous propofol anesthesia. Methods and Materials: In this Prospective study 150 women (age: 25-45) who were in physical class I and II of American Association of Anesthesiologists and were candidate for diagnostic laparoscopy were elected. They randomly subdivided in three groups. Group one received anesthesia with thiopental, halothane and oxygen, group two received Total Intravenous anesthesia with propofol and oxygen. Group three received propofol anesthesia with 50% N2O - oxygen. The incidence and severity of post operative nausea and vomiting, degree of sedation, severity of pain and also stay in recovery unit were evaluated. The incidence of Postoperative nausea and vomiting, sedation and time of discharge from recovery were significantly lower in group 2 and 3 compared with group 1 (P<0.05). Addition of N2O did not increase the incidence of Postoperative nausea and vomiting, but moderately increased the severity. There were not any significant difference between different groups in term of severity of pain and need for analgesia (P>0.05). Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol in comparison with inhalation anesthesia is a better choice for outpatient gynecologic laparoscopy. The results of this study showed that addition of N2O to propofol does not improve postoperative analgesia. Also, it did not increase the postoperative complications and recovery time.

Nowadays using herbal medicine is common among people. A large number of patients who take pharmaceuticals also use herbal medicine without knowing anything about the interaction between them. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of consuming garlic before anesthesia on the process of anesthesia with Halothane and Thiopental in male mice. In this study 24 mice with the average weight of 30±5 gr were divided into 4 groups (6 in each). Two groups of the animals received 40mg/kg of garlic concentrate intraperitoneally in the morning and in the afternoon for three successive weeks and after a two day's rest one of the groups were injected with halothane and the other one received pentobarbital. Simultaneously, the remaining two groups were injected with physiologic saline intraperitoneally and under the same condition. After anesthesia, four variables namely induction (A), duration (B), recovery (C) and heart rate (D) were assessed. The obtained data was analysed by means of SPSS software (12.0) and statistical t-test and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. In the former 2 groups which had been injected with "Halothane" and "Halothane+garlic" there was a significant difference in the variables A (P<0.001), C (P<0.001) and D (P<0.05). In the latter 2 groups injected with "Pentobarbital" and "Pentobarbital + garlic" there was a significant difference in all the four variables (P<0.05). Regarding the findings of this study and applying them to humans, positive and negative effects of simultaneous use of garlic together with anesthetic drugs must be taken into account. Thus, the dose of the drugs must be determined more accurately.

Evaluation of the quality of food proteins has a great importance because of biological and economical impacts. Among existing methods, true Protein digestibility, net protein ratio and protein efficiency ratio have been suggested as appropriate methods to determine the quality of proteins. Considering the importance of protein quality in foods, this study has been conducted to compare the value protein Cerelac (food industry baby) with home made food (Rice -Bean mixed) in male rats. This experimental study was performed on 64 male rats (wistar), aged 21days under 8 diets in 8 groups including of: 2 case diets (home made food and Cerelac), 1 diet standard (casein + Methionine) and 1 basal diet (protein free) in order to determine TPD, AD and 2 case diets, 1 standard diet and 1 basal diet in order to determine NPR, PER and FER. Comparison of TPD, AD, NPR, PER and FER between the groups was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey methods. TPD were 92.8±4, 87±8 and 79.7±1.6, NPR were 4.3±0.4, 4.3±0.9 and 3.8±0.6 and PER were 3±0.2, 2.5±0.4 and 2.9±0.2 for Casein + Methionine, Cerelac and home made food groups respectively. So difference TPD ANOVA between three groups was significant (p<0.0001) but NPR and PER were not significant. TPD and NPR are home made food based on Rice -Bean mixed in comparison with cereal in protein was higher and it is acceptable.

One of the most important points in the pharmacology of Anesthetic drugs is the their effect on the depth anesthesia and for its assessment recently an important marker BIS is used. In this study we evaluated the effect of three drugs namely Halothane, Isoflurane and Sevoflurane on depth of anesthesia using BIS monitoring. Patients and This study was performed on 114 patients in ASA-2, who were candidates for cochlear implantation surgery in Hazrat-e Rasool Akram Hospital. The patients were divided in three groups randomly. In the first group who were 36 patients, Halothan was administered for induction. In second group there were 24 patients, Isoflurane was administered and in third group with 54 patients Sevoflurane was administered. For close monitoring of depth of anesthesia BIS technique was used. Time needed for inducing general anesthesia during laryngoscopy, intubation, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded by BIS in collecting data sheet. The study was a randomized clinical trial and tests used for data analysis were One way Anova and Tukey tests. BIS values for patients anesthetized with halothane were 42±1.6 and 42.7±1.5(laryngoscopy and intubation, respectively), with isoflurane were 43±0.3 and 42.1±3.7(laryngoscopy and intubation, respectively) and for sevoflurane group the BIS valves were 42.1±1.3 and 42.4±1.3(laryngoscopy and intubation respectively)(Pv<0.0001). Analysis of data using one way ANOVA and Tukey test showed that there is no difference in regard to the effect on depth of anesthesia and vital signs between three groups but with sevoflurane time was decreased for achieving general anesthesia.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is potentially dangerous and causes morbidity and excessive costs to the patients. Prior investigators have reported controversies about halothane- and isoflurane-induced PONV, thus, the present study was conducted to compare these two drugs.

80 candidates for elective minor orthopedic surgery were randomly allocated into two groups, halothane (n= 40) and isoflurane (n=40). Confounding factors including sex, age, duration of surgery, NPO, history of general anesthesia, history of PONV, drugs, and history of disease were recorded in a questionnaire. PONV was assessed at three occasions (recovery, 3- and 6-hour post operative).

PONV was reported in 4 (10%) and 3 (7.5%) patients in halothane and isoflurane groups, respectively (NS). None of the patients suffered PONV 3- or 6-hour post operative.

Results revealed that the incidence of PONV can be hold low, with an aggressive control of risk factors, in addition, halothane or isoflurane seems to have no preference from this aspect to each other.

Maintenance of cardiac output in normal range to assure tissues and vital organ perfusion is one of the most important tasks of anesthetists. Hemodynamic and cardiac indices(e.g. cardiac output) change due to either anesthetic drugs or changes in body position during various surgical operations and they have also been important and notable problems. The goal of the present study was to determine the preference of one of volatile or intravenous anesthetic methods in patients in sitting position in terms of adequacy of perfusion to vital organs. We studied combination of two different factors: sitting position and anesthesia regimen in 38 patients undergoing the same type of surgical operation on shoulder(rotator cuff repair). Patients were anesthetized in two different methods after similar induction of anesthesia, and then they were randomly assigned into volatile(Halothane) and intravenous(Propofol) groups. Patients’ cardiac output was measured in several minutes in sitting position during surgery. Finally, it was found out that there was no distinctive difference between mean cardiac output in two groups and no hypothesis was proved for preference of one of these methods of anesthesia to another.

Background and One of the dangerous complications after E.N.T surgery with general anesthesia is fleeding during surgery. Intravenous and inhalated anesthesia will cause hypotension and reduce bleeding. The purpose of this study was comparing the Halothane and propofol effects on bleeding in surgery. This research is a selective clinical study for comparing the range of bleeding after using the inhalating Halothane and intravenous propofol anesthesia. It was done on post surgery in Bahman 1382, in Department of car, nose and throat, Emam Reza hospital. Our cases were 38 male and 22 female patients after rhinoplasty and septorhinoplasty. One group used halothane and another used propofol. Head and neck of patients were 15-30 degree upper than trunk and pharyngeal. Pack used for all of them. The range of bleeding was explained by the amount of bloody pads and suctioned blood. Independent T test and k2 and Pearson tests were used for data analysis. The majority of cases were ladies in 1-30 years old (8108%) and 6802% had rhinoplasty. The range of bleeding in propofol group was lesser than halothane group (2304%). This study incapacitate that both halothane and propofol can cause hypotension and reduce bleeding.

Background and Ône of the main aims of anesthesia, particularly in ophtalmic surgeries is rise in intraocular (ÏÔP). Ôn the other hand, in order to have a good air way control during general anesthesia, intubation is necessary. Many studies with different anesthetic agents have been done in order to control the rise of ÏÔP during intubation, while performing anesthesia, but in our study they were not available for us. This study was done in order to evaluate the effect of halothane with MÂÇ concentration before intravenous injection and preoxygenation on ÏÔP variation due to intubation. Ïn a clinical trial with sequential sampling and after obtaining approval from the university research ethics committee, 102 patients of 16 to 65 years old, with Ï,ÏÏ ÂSÂ risk undergoing elective general and orthopedic surgeries, were divided randomly in two halothane (case) and nonhalothane (Çontrol) groups. The control group (51 patients(were preoxygenated with 100% oxygen for 8 minutes and intubated with the drugs similar to fentanyl, nasdonal and pavelone. Çase group was matched with control group for all conditions. Ëxcept for the time of preoxygenation, MÂÇ. ÏÔP was measured by schiots tonometer in pre and post intubation. Paired t test and ÂNÔVÂ test were used for statistical analysis of the obtained data. Ïn this study, ÏÔP did not show any significant difference in pre and post intubation (P<0.05), but the difference in the minutes of one and five after intubation was significant (P=0.001, P<0.001). The highest rate of ÏÔP rise (42.68%) was observed in the first minute after intubation in the control group. Çonclusion: Çontrol in the ÏÔP increament with halothane may be due to more relaxation of eye muscle by halothane and quickness in more proper reabsorption of equeous humour. Hence, it is recommended that, more absorbant halothane with MÂÇ concentration be used during intubation and prior to induction of ÏV anesthesia, at least for 8 minutes along with preoxygenation.