جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « هیپوکمپ » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Aging is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon characterized by a gradual decrease in physiological functions in various organs. The central nervous system and the hippocampus are significantly affected by the effects of aging, such as apoptosis. The synergistic effects of physical activity and natural antioxidants such as hawthorn to protect brain damage against apoptosis may be the key to inhibiting or reducing the apoptosis of nerve cells in the aging process. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training with hawthorn extract supplementation on the changes of BAX/Bcl-2 indices in the hippocampus tissue of aged rats.

In this experimental research, 30 male Wistar field rats 22 months of age were randomly divided into five groups of six, including young, elderly, elderly/exercise, elderly/extract, and elderly/extract/exercise. In the groups that used hawthorn extract, they received 100 mg/kg of the extract by gavage after training sessions. The high-intensity interval training protocol was for six weeks with an intensity of 80-100% of maximum speed. After tissue removal, BAX/Bcl-2 protein levels were measured using the western blot method. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to examine the research variables.

The results of the present study showed that aging caused a significant decrease in the Bcl-2 variable and a significant increase in the BAX variable (P = 0.001). Also, the results of this research showed that both high-intensity interval training and hawthorn extract consumption caused a consequential advance in Bcl-2 values (respectively, P = 0.031 and P = 0.011) and a significant decrease in BAX protein (P = 0.003 and P = 0.016, respectively). In addition, the results of this research showed that the synergistic effects of high-intensity interval training in the elderly/extract/exercise group caused a significant increase and decrease in Bcl-2 and BAX variables, respectively, compared to the elderly/exercise and elderly/extract groups (P < 0.05).

According to the results of this research, it can be stated that the synergy of the beneficial effects of high-intensity intermittent physical activity along with the consumption of hawthorn extract in increasing the Bcl-2 variable and decreasing the BAX variable can probably play a consequential role in inhibiting the apoptosis process in the rat hippocampus tissue and can probably be a promising non-pharmacological strategy.

NRF2 and NQO1 proteins are very important for cell protection; Therefore, the purpose of this research was investigating the effect of resistance training with coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the content of NRF2 and NQO1 proteins in the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats.

In this experimental study, thirty-two 2-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 200±20 gr were selected. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1-control, 2-resistance training, 3-resistance training+Q10 supplement and 4-Q10 supplement. The resistance training program consisted of climbing a ladder with 26 steps and a slope of 85 degrees, for 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. The daily consumption of Q10 supplement was 200 mg/kg of body weight of rats. The content of proteins was measured through Western-Blot laboratory method. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests and the effect size of eta squared test using SPSS version 16 and Graphpad Prism software version 10.2.3. The significance level was P≤0.05.

Eight weeks of resistance training with Q10 supplementation led to a significant change in NRF2 content (F=4.80, p≤0.03, ƞ2=0.64). Tukey's post hoc test showed this significant change between pairs of resistance training groups and Q10 supplement group (p≤0.04); medium effect size was observed in NRF2 content (ƞ2=0.64). No significant difference was observed in NQO1 content (F=3.01, p≤0.09, ƞ2=0.33). A weak effect size was observed in NQO1 content (ƞ2=0.33).

Doing resistance training together with Q10 supplementation alone or in combination cannot significantly change the content of NRF2 and NQO1 proteins in the hippocampus of the brain.

Stroke and chronic cerebral hypoperfiusion (CCH) is one of the most common problems following ageing. Using the suitable treatment has been one of the issues in treating these complications. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of citicoline on memory and neuronal survival in CCH rats. 40 rats were divided into four groups (n=10) including: 1) Control, Rats that received vehicle after sham surgery 2) Citicoline: Rats that received citicoline after sham surgery 3) Hypoperfusion: which underwent CCH surgery and received vehicle and 4) Hypoperfusion+Citicoline group, which underwent CCH surgery and then received citicoline.for 10 days  (100 mg/kg). Morris water maze (MWM) and Nissl staining were used to evaluate spatial memory and hippocampal neuronal density in rats, respectively. For data analyzing, two-way ANOVA (for trial test of MWM) and one-way ANOVA (for the other data) were used. The results of the Morris water maze test showed that citicoline treatment increases the time spent in the target zone in hypoperfused rats (P<0.05). Histological studies (Nissl staining) showed that treatment with citicoline increases the number of hippocampal neurons in the CA1 region in CCH rats (P<0.05). Citicoline treatment improves spatial memory and hippocampal neurodegeneration in CCH rats.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system and is mediated by the immune system. Since physical activity has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of voluntary swimming activity on the iNOS & COX-2 protein content, as well as the cognitive and motor performance of the Multiple Sclerosis rats model.

In the present study, 20 rats with an average age of 12 weeks were categorized into four groups, including healthy control, MS control, healthy training, and MS training. To induce MS, the rats of the MS groups were fed food infused with 0.5%cuprizone throughout the entire 12-week research protocol. After the end of 6 weeks of training protocol and conducting behavioral tests, the hippocampus tissue was extracted, and the number of proteins was measured using the western blot method.

The results of the memory and motor function tests revealed that subjects with MS had impaired memory function, motor activity, and difficulty maintaining balance. However, following a period of swimming activity, these functions significantly improved. The results also showed that the levels of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in the MS control group were significantly elevated compared to the healthy control group. On the other hand, the MS training group showed significant reductions in the levels of these proteins compared to the MS control group.

Based on the results of the current research, voluntary swimming exercise activity could potentially lead to more nerve protection and improvement of memory function, motor activity, and balance in patients with MS and can be promising as a non-pharmacological treatment strategy.

Acute attacks of epidemics and the physical risk have severe adverse psychological side-effects on post covid patients. Most importantly, COVID-19 survivors who experienced fear for survival are vulnerable to post-traumatic stress symptoms. The present study aimed to determine effectiveness of online compassion-focused therapy in reducing the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms, increasing post-traumatic growth and studying the changes in hippocampus and amygdala volume in recovered patients infected with the corona virus in Shiraz and in It was done in 1401.

The present study was conducted between May 2021 and July 2022 among patients with delta variant COVID-19 in Fars province, Iran. The study’s statistical population included 40 patients with hospitalized history on delta variant (Covid-19) diagnosed with post-traumatic stress symptoms, who were purposefully sampled in two experimental groups (40 people) and control groups (20 people). The control group received standard treatment during this period. Inclusion criteria were not having specific mental disorders, being literate in reading and writing, suffering from corona disease. Exclusion criteria were not fully attending Psychotherapy classes, having a mental disorder. The participants responded to the Tedeschi and Calhoun's post-traumatic growth and development questionnaire, PCL-5 post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire. The researchers measured the volumes of hippocampus and corpus amygdaloideum (amygdaloid body), The 1.5 T MRI was taken at oblique coronal plane using a section thickness of 3 mm without any gap. The researchers correspondingly investigated right-left volume differences for hippocampus and corpus amygdaloideum. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance, univariate analysis of covariance, mean and standard deviation were used.

it was indicated thatSelf-compassion psychotherapy had a significant effect on post traumatic growth (p<0.001, F=62.548) and reducing post-traumatic stress (F=103.335, p<0.001). Furthermore, the volume of the hippocampus and amygdala of the compassion therapy group increased in the post-test phase (F=21.995, p<0.001).

Psychosocial interventions that promote more informed and organized rumination about the pandemic and enhance posttraumatic growth in response to prior traumatic events can help facilitate positive psychological changes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in post-chronic patients. slow down and also planning psychotherapy strategies in crises through telemedicine and online services should be taken into consideration.

Temporal lobe epilepsy is characterized by the degeneration of hippocampal neurons and the sprouting of mossy fibers in the dentate area. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascene on hippocampal tissue changes induced by kainic acid-induced epilepsy in rats.

In this experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats weighing between 185-225 grams were used. The animals were divided into four groups: sham group, sham treated with hydroalcoholic extract, epilepsy (kainic acid), and epilepsy pretreated with hydroalcoholic extract. Kainic acid was used for intra-hippocampal and unilateral injection to induce epilepsy in the animals at 0.8 micrograms per rat. The rats were given 500 mg/kg of the extract intraperitoneally daily for one week before surgery. Five weeks after surgery, thionin and Tim staining methods were performed on the hippocampal slices.

Kainic acid-induced epilepsy resulted in convulsive behavior, and pretreatment with the hydroalcoholic extract significantly reduced the intensity of convulsive attacks (P<0.05). The density of neurons in the CA3 area of the hippocampus in the kainic acid group showed a significant decrease compared to the sham group (P<0.05), while pretreatment with the extract caused a significant increase in the number of neurons in this area compared to the kainic acid group. Additionally, a significant increase in the intensity of mossy fiber sprouting was observed in epileptic rats compared to the sham group, and pretreatment with the extract significantly decreased its intensity (P<0.05).

The pre-treatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascena decreased convulsive behavior, protected hippocampal CA3 neurons and reduced the intensity of sprouting in the hippocampal dentate region in the experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by kainic acid.

Nerve stem cell transplantation is one of the effective strategies for repairing nerve lesions. Oligodendrocytes are myelinated cells located in the central nervous system and are involved in the formation of myelin axons (8). Oligodendrocytes express O-A proteins, especially O4, which is a marker for the cell body and oligodendrocyte processes, during differentiation and maturation in the central nervous system (29). The results of some studies have shown that glial cells that express only O4 protein have the potential to become precursors of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and can increase the growth stages in stem cells (29). Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) is known as a specific marker for the identification of astrocytes in the central nervous system. This protein is the main cytoskeleton constituent of astrocytes (27) and plays an important role in maintaining, repairing and maintaining the white matter integrity of the central nervous system as well as the blood-brain barrier (35). The aim of this study was to compare the effect of High intensity interval training with hind limb suspension on the level of GFAP and O4 in glial and neuronal stem cell of male rats.

Twenty-four male wistar rats (body weight = 189.25 ± 5.71g.) were randomly divided into four groups: HIIT+HLS (n= 6), HIIT (n= 6), HLS (n= 6) or CON (n= 6). The exercise protocol was performed on a rodent treadmill for 6 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The rats were sampled and studied 24 h after last training session. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and monoclonal antibody O4 (O4) were analyzed before and after the training interventions.To suspend the lower limb, the animal's tail was first cleaned and dried using cotton and alcohol. Then two-thirds of the mouse tail was taped longitudinally from the beginning to the end third. Next, three pieces of kinesio-tape were placed transversely on the mouse tail, so that normal blood flow was not disturbed. We attached the upper end of the kinesio-tape to the suspension hook and then has been attached the hook to the cage movable bar chain so that the angle between the animal's chest and the floor of the cage is 30 degrees and the mouse legs do not come into contact with the floor of the cage. The suspension system, including a movable bar, pulley and hook, was mounted on top and on both parallel sides of the cage, allowing the animal to have full access to all parts of the cage by moving freely around a 360-degree axis. Data analysis was used using Shapiro-Wilk and Levine tests to investigate the natural distribution of data and homogeneity of variances and one-way and post-hoc Bonferroni statistics to test research hypotheses.

The results suggested that the percentage of changes in the amounts of fibrillary acidic protein of the cerebral hippocampus of the brain in the intense interval training group + group under the conditions of the hind legs compared to the control group showed a significant decrease (p≥0.001). Also, the percentage of changes in cerebral hippocampal glial fibrillary acid protein in the lower extremity suspension group increased significantly more than the control group (p≥0.001), but the percentage of changes in this protein in the intense interval training group compared to the group There was no significant difference in control (p≥1,000).The results of the data obtained from the percentage of changes in the O4 protein of the cerebral hippocampus of the groups showed that this change was significantly lower in the group of intense interval training with the conditions of the hind limb suspended than the control group (p≥0.001). Also, the percentage of O4 changes in the cerebral hippocampus in the lower extremity suspension group was significantly higher than the control (p≥0.001). In addition, the percentage of changes in the intense interval training group was not significantly different from the control group (p≥0.465).

The results of this study revealed that HIIT+HLS was being able to prevent damage to the cells of the central nervous system and direct the neural stem cells towards the production of neurons, astrocyte and oligodendrocyte.Mesenchymal stem cells are currently the main choice for cellular treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Mechanical stimuli have been reported to play a decisive role in the final fate of stem cells and their cell differentiation pathways, so that the path and flow of induced signals and activated factors determine cellular fate in time, position, and mediate an appropriate number (36). Studies have shown that the proliferation, differentiation, and cytoskeleton organization of stem cells are affected by microgravity and tend to produce neurons or nerve cells (31). Astroglia cells also act as neuronal stem cells and participate in neurogenesis. Evidence suggests a very important role for these cells during plasticity. These cells are involved in the neurogenesis of the adult mammalian brain in the ventricular region, and in the sub-granular region and the olfactory bulb. On the other hand, previous research has shown that lactate production during intense interval trainings and suspension of hind legs can play an important role in the development of oligodendrocytes and myelination, so that increasing lactate production as a substrate in myelination, and used by the nervous system. Considering this issue, it is possible to use this exercise mode in the condition of lower limb suspension as a treatment method or non-pharmacological supplement effective in neuromuscular disorders and other related diseases, to enhance fitness in athletes, improve injury and also prevention of adverse effects of being in weightlessness, especially on space missions.In general, the results show that intense interval training with hind leg suspension conditions had a greater effect on health and no damage to the hippocampus of the brain of a healthy male rat than other groups (intense interval, suspension or control group). Since no research has been done on the effect of intense interval training under the conditions of hind limb suspension on cellular changes in the hippocampus and human brain, judgment in this regard needs further study. Findings of this study may help in the rehabilitation process of people with neuromotor disorders, injured athletes, the elderly, sedentary people, as well as the conditioning program of athletes in various sports to adapt to the use of such exercises.

The molecular mechanisms of the improvement of exercise on memory are in the aura of ambiguity.Therefore, the aim of this research was studying the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent swimming training (HIIST) on the biochemical factors of lipid metabolism and hippocampal memory function of male rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

The present study was experimental. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: healthy (n=20) and high-fat HFD (n=20) groups. Rats in the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet for eight weeks with the aim of inducing NASH. After proving the disease in HFD group rats, the remaining rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy-sedentary (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), sedentary disease (n=9) and diseased-swimming (n=9). The exercise groups performed eight weeks of HIIST (three sessions/week, each session lasting 30 minutes). At the end, FNDC5 protein was evaluated by western blot method and brain hippocampal irisin and serum FFA by ELISA method. Memory performance was measured by the water Maz-Morris behavioral test. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between groups, and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between two groups (p<0.05).

The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the FNDC5 protein and irisin of the brain hippocampus and serum FFA and in memory function variables between the groups (p<0.05).

HIIST in NASH model can activate lipid metabolism in the hippocampus of the brain and improve memory function. However, more research is needed in this field.

Growth factors are small peptide biomolecules that play an important role in increasing autoimmune diseases and are involved in the pathogenesis of many types of cancer. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of HIIT with inhibition of CGRP on EGF and EGFR gene expression in the hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats.
In this experimental study, 32 Wistar male laboratory rats with an average weight of 205±15 grams and an age of 8 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 series including         1-control (C), 2-inhibition of CGRP (CI), 3-HIIT (TH). ) and               4-inhibition of CGRP+HIIT (CI+TH) were divided. In order to inhibit CGRP in groups 2 and 4, CGRP antibody was used intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg. The HIIT training protocol was performed for 6 weeks and 5 days per week, which consisted of 10 bouts of intense       2-minute running. on the treadmill and 1 minute of slow running (active rest) was incremental. Finally, the desired tissue was extracted and the expression level of EGF and EGFR genes was evaluated by Real time-PCRΔΔ method and using 2 ΔΔCt formula. To analyze the findings, one-way analysis of variance was used along with Tukey's post hoc test in SPSS software version 26 (p≤0.05).
The results of the present study showed that the levels of EGF in hippocampal tissue in group (TH) were significantly higher than groups (CI) (P=0.001) and (C) (P=0.006). It was also significantly higher in the (CI+TH) group than the (CI) group (P=0.007). EGFR gene expression levels in   (CI+TH) group were significantly higher than (CI) (P=0.04) and (TH) (P=0.01).
Physiological changes caused by HIIT in the hippocampus can improve the functional state of the brain through positive regulation of EGF and EGFR gene expression as an effective non-pharmacological method. Furthermore, HIIT+CGRP inhibition may represent a novel approach through the EGF and EGFR pathways in the hippocampus.

Long-term exposure to glucocorticosteroids is associated with brain damage through augmenting oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death. Due to the anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of ferulic acid (FA), its effect on learning, memory, and protection of the hippocampus in dexamethasone (DEX) treated rats were investigated in this study.

This experimental study was conducted on 32 male Wistar rats. Neural injury was induced by injection of 500 µg/kg/day of DEX for 3 weeks. Treatment groups received oral FA (50 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks. At the end of 3rd week and following evaluation of learning and memory by passive avoidance and novel object discrimination (NOD) tests, some related factors of oxidative stress and apoptosis in hippocampal homogenate were measured and number of neurons in hippocampal CA1 area was also counted.

Step-through latency and discrimination index were significantly higher in FA-treated DEX group than DEX group. FA-treatment of DEX group was associated with lower levels of MDA, caspase 1, and caspase 3 but higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Meanwhile, CA1 neuronal density was significantly higher in FA-treated DEX group.

Taking ferulic acid simultaneously with long-term administration of dexamethasone prevents the occurrence of learning and memory disorders and hippocampus damage, and part of its beneficial effect is done through reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome affected by the hippocampal function. Mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium (MSC-CMs) has shown antioxidant and neuroprotective potentials in treating various diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of MSC-CMs on the thermal treatment of reserpine-induced FM and evaluate the concentration changes of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the hippocampus of rats under these conditions.

220 g. Animals received reserpine (1 mg/kg) in the FM groups, and subcutaneous injection of normal saline in other groups, once a day for 3 consecutive days. Then, the rats received MSC-CM (0.3 and 0.5 mg/ml protein content, intraperitoneally) once a week for three weeks. The thermal pain threshold of mice was evaluated using tail flick and hot plate tests at the beginning and end of the experiments. TNF-α concentration in the hippocampus was determined by an ELISA kit at the end of the experimental period.

The thermal pain threshold of rats in the FM group decreased significantly (P<0.01) in both pain tests compared to that of the control group. A significant increase (P<0.01) was observed in the level of TNF-α in the hippocampus of rats in the FM group compared to that of the control group. Treatment with MSC-CMs significantly reduced reserpine-induced pain and hippocampal TNF-a concentration despite the effect of fresh and conditioned medium on control rats.

Treatment with MSC-CMs could control thermal pain in the rat model of reserpine-induced fibromyalgia by controlling the TNF-a level in the hippocampus.

Nowadays, industrialization has reduced physical activity and lifestyle changes, resulting in the spread of lifestyle-related diseases. A common feature in most diseases associated with the new lifestyle is obesity. Obesity as a multifactorial disease is often associated with other diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis and some kinds of cancers. Considering as a global problem, obesity is on the rise in adults, adolescents, and children. In many societies, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased over the past two decades. In the United States, the risk of developing overweight and obesity during a person's lifetime is 4% and 6%, respectively. Obesity is associate with many secondary diseases such as diabetes. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases that have in common high blood glucose levels. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes and cognitive impairment.Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. The most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes. High blood glucose causes damage to various organs as well as disturbances in their function. The average life expectancy of diabetic patients is 10 years less than their non-diabetic peers. Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease in humans. Along with peripheral insulin resistance, which is present in 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes, research has also shown central insulin resistance, especially in the hippocampus, which causes impaired glucose metabolism, memory and cognitive problems, and eventually Alzheimer's. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. As a result, metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, in addition to environmental effects, can cause Alzheimer's and cognitive disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the main and most common diseases of the nervous system. While 10-15% of AD patients have a genetic background, 85-90% have non genetic causes.The main cause of AD and cognitive disorders is extracellular accumulation of beta amyloid. These plaques cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which eventually leads to the destruction of cortical and hippocampal neurons. The presence of tau protein clots in brain tissue is another feature of AD. Since the hippocampus is the main site of memory and learning, the accumulation of tau and beta amyloid plaques in the hippocampus causes memory and learning disorders. Symptoms of AD include memory loss, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is a major problem in AD patients. Cognitive function refers to a set of mental processes that contribute to perception, memory, and reason. Cognitive function begins with the initial processing of data and ends with executive function. Early data processing requires few stimuli and thus shows a limited level of cognitive function. In contrast, executive functions represent more advanced cognitive processes that contribute to purposeful behavior. Disruption of these cognitive processes can go a step further and cause premature or delayed complications of various diseases by disrupting function of most body systems which eventually could lead to death.Exercise has always been considered as a useful intervention in preventing metabolic disorders. Since the most important reason for not exercising is lack of time, high intensity interval training (HIIT) because of less time needed and being more beneficial have replaced traditional training with high volume. HIIT consists of intervals (from 45 seconds to 4 minutes) of high-intensity activity (more than 85% of maximal heart rate) and low-intensity activity (approximately 50% of maximal heart rate). Many studies have shown the therapeutic and even preventive role of HIIT in memory and learning disorders induced by obesity and diabetes. However, some other reported no positive effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the effect of HIIT on memory and learning impairments induced by obesity and diabetes. Hereby, we tried to find out if HIIT could improve memory and learning impairments induced by obesity and diabetes and in this case which HIT protocol would be the most effective.

The protocol of the present study is as follows: a search was conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Noor and Mgiran databases. Studies between 2000 and July 2021 which meet inclusion criteria (the manuscript considered as valid by http://impactfactor.ir) were included.  In the initial search, 152 studies were found based on the title and keywords. Then, 84 studies were deleted due to the lack of abstract relevance to the field. Of the remaining studies (68 studies), 38 were removed due to not having at least one combination of our keywords (in addition to HIIT, at least one of the words cognitive impairment, hippocampus, and AD should be included in the title or keywords of the study). In the third stage, the full text of 30 studies was reviewed and 15 studies were excluded due to the lack of relevance of the full text to the field. Finally, the full text of 15 studies was thoroughly reviewed, and at the end, due to the relevance of the full text of these articles and their subject matter to the authors of the present study, they were regularly categorized based on the sample used (human, animal) And entered the research.

8 studies (30%) were conducted between 2000-2010 and 19 studies (70%) were conducted between 2021-2011. 18 studies (66%) were long-term (studies with training protocol lasted more than a week) and 9 studies (33%) were short-term (studies with training protocol lasted less than a week). 8 studies (30%) used human participants and 19 studies (70%) used animal.

HIIT shows opposite effects to promote cognitive function by promoting mitochondrial functions and reduce neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus. Preliminary evidence suggests that HIIT can induce structural and functional brain changes in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, but results are still inconclusive. It also has been suggested that, HIIT could exerts anti-inflammatory effects and improves the brain redox status, thereby ameliorating the pathophysiological hallmarks of AD (e.g., beta amyloid deposition).Also There is evidence suggesting that incorporating HIIT into the school day is not associated with improvements in the executive function skill of inhibition, but rather, HIIT is better related to attention–concentration in the classroom. Studies showed that only four minutes of HIIT between classes can improve selective attention in children.Notably, HIIT is useful in combating a wide range of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in obese and diabetic rodents, including improving learning and memory disorders, reducing depression-like behaviors, and improving uncontrolled appetitive behaviors.Restored neurogenesis, improved synaptic plasticity, and reduced neuroinflammation may altogether contribute to cognitive improvements in obese and diabetic rodents. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has suggested the indisputable role of adipose tissues on cognitive function, metabolic function, and neural plasticity. HIIT can effectively attenuate metabolic syndromes in obesity and diabetes by improving lipid profile, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance.In sum, this review of these studies shows that performing any type of HIIT can increase improve cognitive function and learning. HIIT could also stimulates neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and prevents hippocampal neurodegeneration induced by diabetes. As a result, HIIT can improve cognitive impairment, increase learning and memory, and ultimately improve AD symptoms.  Also The authors show that HIIT is beneficial to cognitive control and working memory capacity when compared against "a blend of board games, computer games, and trivia quizzes" and that this effect is mediated by the Adipokines polymorphism. That  study "suggests a promising alternative to enhance cognition, via short and potent exercise regimens". A meta-analysis studies showed that HIIT can elicit short term brain improvements.Future studies should examine the effect of HIIT on the molecular basis of AD (e.g., beta-amyloid protein accumulation and tau) in addition to behavioral tests to measure short- and long-term memory in mice and measure their learning. In addition, measuring the stress and anxiety of mice can help us determine an effective training protocol. In addition, to complete the results of the present study, it is better to examine different training protocols. In this regard, the effect of different types of exercise (running, optional exercise, etc.) on cognitive functions and improvement of learning and memory disorders has been investigated. Therefore, the effect of intense swimming on cognitive function has not been studied yet and it is suggested that it be the focus of suture studies.

BDNF protein is the important neurotrophin that is involved in cognitive function. Diabetes can lead to impaired function and is a neurocognitive disorder's factor in hippocampus. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of concurrent training on BDNF levels in the brain hippocampus and cognitive function of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

40 of Sprague-Dawn rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy inactive, non-healthy concurrent exercise, diabetic group without exercise, and diabetic concurrent exercise. Rats in the training groups performed concurrent training for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, subjects' memory was assessed using a cognitive function test in a water maze. BDNF levels in the hippocampus were measured by Western blotting. One-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

The present study showed that eight weeks of concurrent exercise resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar in the healthy exercise group compared to the diabetic group. A significant decrease in BDNF levels of the cerebral hippocampus was also observed in the diabetic exercise group compared to the diabetic group. In addition, the level of memory function in healthy exercise and diabetic exercise groups was significantly higher than healthy control and patient control.

Concurrent exercise reduces BDNF hippocampus and increased cognitive function in the exercise group compared to the control group. As a result, it can be said that this type of exercise is very effective in improving the complications of type 2 diabetes.

Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of seizures. In this study, we investigated the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Tanacetum parthenium against oxidative brain damage in a pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice.

 In this experimental study, mice were divided into 6 groups: control, PTZ, and 4 other groups that, besides PTZ, received 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of the fraction. PTZ (100 mg/kg) and a fraction (30 min before PTZ) were administered intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. Delay in the onset of the minimal clonic seizure (MCS), generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), and the level of oxidative stress indexes in cortical and hippocampal tissues were measured.

 Pretreatment with fraction resulted in postponing the onset seizures in the Fraction+PTZ groups compared to the PTZ group (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001). In addition, all doses of ethyl acetate fraction decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the level of tom thiol groups and the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in the brain tissues compared to the PTZ group. 

Ethyl acetate fraction of Tanacetum parthenium attenuated PTZ-stimulated seizures through improving brain tissue oxidative stress.

Exercise, with beneficial effects on brain health and cognitive function reduces the destructive effects of some neurological diseases such as Alzheimerchr('39')s. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise on cognitive function and expression of Sirt1, CREB and BDNF genes in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease.

The statistical population included 18 male Wistar rats from the Pasteur Institute. Rats were randomly divided into three groups including Alzheimerchr('39')s group, Alzheimerchr('39')s disease-exercise group and a healthy control group. Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group was induced by injecting Aβ42 into the hippocampus. Seven days after surgery, the rats performed the aerobic exercise for four weeks (five sessions per week at a speed of 10-15 m/min). They underwent behavioral tests 48 hours after the last training session. Twenty four hours later, rat hippocampal tissue was extracted. Sirt1, CREB and BDNF mRNAs were measured using Real time-PCR.

Learning and spatial memory performance decreased in rats of Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group compared to a healthy control group (p˂0.001). Decreased mRNA expression of Sirt1, CREB and BDNF genes was observed in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group compared with the healthy control group (p˂0.001). Alzheimerchr('39')s rats with intermittent aerobic exercise had improved learning function, spatial memory and increased mRNA expression levels of Sirt1, CREB and BDNF genes in comparison with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group (p˂0.001).

Periodic aerobic exercise in rats with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease can improve spatial learning and memory by positively regulating the Sirt1/ CREB/ BDNF signaling pathway in hippocampal tissue.

Nervous tissue apoptosis, especially of the hippocampus, has been identified as a potential contributor to neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and evidence suggests that exercise affects various aspects of nervous cell activity and may prevent the death of neurons cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight-week of resistance training on BAX and BCL2 in hippocampal tissue in male rats.

For this aim, 16 male rats were randomly divided into 2 groups of eight (resistance training  and control) and resistance training group exercised for 8 weeks and 3 days per weeks with eight frequency and 2 minutes rest between them with resistance ladder with 1 meter length and 85 degree angle. Sandwich Elisa method was used to measure BCL2 and BAX concentrations and U Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used to test the hypotheses.

There was significant difference in BCL2 and BAX of hippocampus tissue in compared to control group, so that eight week resistance training causes significant increase in BCL2 level in resistance exercise group as compared to control group. Also eight week resistance training causes significant decrease in BAX level of resistance exercise group as compared to control group. Furthermore, eight week resistance training cause significant decrease in BAX/BCL2 ratio in resistance groups as compared to control group (p<0.05).

The results of this study showed eight-week resistance training causes significant increase in BCL2 and significant decrease in BAX and BAX/BCL2 ratio. Thus, it can cause decrease hippocampus tissue apoptosis in male rats.

The combination of resistance and endurance training has a variety of effects on brain tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the tissue changes and NeuN and NF200 factors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus after 6 weeks of combination training in male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 30 rats were divided into 6 groups: young control and training (2 weeks), middle-aged control and training (8 weeks), and old control and training (24 months). Exercise groups were trained for 6 weeks with a combined program. To examine hippocampal tissue changes, gene expression of NeuN and NF200 and also NF200 protein, crystal violet method, real time-PCR method and immunohistochemistry were respectively used. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data.

Compared to the control groups, the young (p=0.005) and middle-aged (p=0.008) exercise groups had a significant increase in living nerve cell and also the training groups of young (p=0.003), middle-aged (p<0.001) and old (p=0.021) showed a significant increase in NF200 protein in hippocampal tissue. In the study between the training groups, the young group had a significant increase in NF200 protein compared to the middle-aged and old groups (p <0.001). There was no significant difference among the three exercise groups in the expression of NeuN and NF200 genes (p>0.05).

6 weeks of combined training at young and Middle Ages have a better effect on living nerve cells. These exercises also significantly improved NF200 protein (without significant changes in genes). This difference seems to be influenced by measurement steps and other secretory sources.

Astrocytic connexins (Cxs) play roles in ion diffusion to the extracellular milieu and in release of ATP and gliotransmitters including glutamate. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is one of the most abundant Cxs in brain tissue, especially in the hippocampus, so, we investigated its role on CA1 baseline synaptic response and short term synaptic plasticity.

In this experimental study, bilateral intrahippocampal microinjection of TAT-Gap19, Cx43 blocker (1nmol/1μl) was performed for inhibition of hippocampal astrocytic connexin 43. Baseline synaptic response and short term synaptic plasticity were evaluated by field potential recording.

 According to two-way ANOVA, inhibition of hippocampal Cx43 did not have any effect on baseline synaptic response (P>0.05). TAT-Gap19 decreased paired pulse index (PPI) at 20 and 80 ms inter pulse intervals (IPI, Unpaired t-test, P<0.05), but it did not affect PPI at 200 ms IPI (P>0.05).

The results suggest that the function of hippocampal astrocytic Cx43 does not affect baseline synaptic response but affects short term synaptic plasticity in CA1 area of the hippocampus.