جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "واکسیناسیون" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recognized as a leading cause of liver disease globally, resulting in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. With an estimated 296 million people infected worldwide and an annual mortality rate of around 820,000, hepatitis B presents a significant public health challenge. The virus is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids, with particular significance given to vertical transmission (from parents to children) and horizontal transmission (between spouses), especially in hyperendemic regions.

This retrospective descriptive study examined the prevalence of hepatitis B among families in Esfandiar village, a hyperendemic area in Iran. The research involved 133 individuals who tested positive for HBsAg and 199 of their family members. Key demographic characteristics, infection factors (HbsAg status), and antibody titers were analyzed.

The results indicated that 15.4% of the spouses and 5% of the children of the patients were HBsAg-positive, while 21% of their children had a history of infection with HBV. Furthermore, vaccination history revealed that only 0.9% of vaccinated individuals were HBsAg-positive, compared to a striking 40% positivity rate among the unvaccinated.

These findings highlight the critical role of familial transmission of hepatitis B, particularly between couples and from parents to children. They also underscore the importance of vaccination and health education in curbing the spread of this disease.

Pandemics pose significant threats to global health systems, as exemplified by COVID-19, which placed unprecedented strain on healthcare infrastructures worldwide. One innovative solution that emerged during this crisis was the use of multifunctional centers. These facilities, capable of rapid conversion for various healthcare services, played a crucial role in alleviating pressure on hospitals. In Iran, the Iran Mall Convalescent Center demonstrated the effectiveness of such centers by converting into the country’s largest vaccination hub. This paper explores the importance and benefits of multifunctional centers in managing future pandemics. Multifunctional centers offer reduced pressure on hospitals, cost-effective and rapid setup, flexibility in services, optimized resource use, and increased healthcare system resilience. However, challenges include the need for rapid adaptation, specialized training, and coordination among various stakeholders. The Iran Mall Convalescent Center’s successful operation highlights the potential of multifunctional centers to enhance pandemic preparedness and response.

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women, and human papillomavirus infection is the cause of more than 90% of cervical cancers. Since the spread of this virus is increasing and currently, the program of vaccination and prevention of this virus is not included in the plans of the Ministry of Health of Iran, presenting policy challenges and solutions can be an effective step in formulating a policy brief and implementing the vaccination program. This study was conducted in three stages. Firstly, a survey was conducted to assess women's awareness and attitude toward the human papillomavirus in Zahedan. In the next step, a literature review was carried out on the challenges of vaccination cost, number of vaccine doses, and vaccination coverage. Finally, previous studies were used to examine the social and cultural situation of Sistan Baluchistan province. The results demonstrated that half of the participants had moderate to weak knowledge and attitude about this virus, and participants' level of education had a statistically significant relationship with their awareness and attitudes. In addition, due to the low age of marriage, high prevalence of polygamy, and the presence of the youngest population in this province, policy solutions are presented. Educational interventions based on new methods for the target population to prevent and raise awareness and attitude (clips, teasers, animations, and multimedia content) were designed and provided to comprehensive health, broadcasting, and education centers. Vaccination should be given priority in this province. In order to implement the vaccination program, we also need the support of international health organizations.

Understanding behavioral factors affecting vaccine acceptance using health-oriented models/theories as a practical and structured model helps to design appropriate interventions for better disease management. It provides a better understanding of the application and capacity of models and theories in the prediction of behavioral intention. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess studies based on health-oriented model/theories in predicting the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in a systematic way.

In this systematic review study, the keywords related to the aims of the study were searched in databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, without a time limit and until February 2022, based on the PRISMA statement. To prevent bias, two researchers independently performed a search and screening.

Finally, 32 articles that met the inclusion criteria were examined. The predictability of the models varied from 39%-76%, and this was not reported in some studies. The most widely used models, respectively, were the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior, which were used alone or in combination in some studies. In a study comparing these two models, the theory of planned behavior was more predictive.

Health-oriented models/theories, especially the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior, have been able to play a critical role in predicting willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in different populations. Therefore, it is necessary to use a suitable and efficient strategy to develop the structures of these models or combine them with other patterns and models

An animal bite is a significant health issue that can result in the deadly disease of rabies, with a 100% fatality rate.

The goal of this study is to ascertain the epidemiological status of animal bites in Isfahan province

This is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study that examines animal bite cases referred to vaccination centers in the year 2018. Data was collected using Excel software, categorized, and then analyzed using SPSS 26 software with statistical tests such as chi-square and t-test, with a significance level of P>0.05.

This study analyzed 11,368 animal bite cases in 2017, with an average age of 32.63±16.81. The majority were men (83.3%) living in urban areas (70.72%). Dog bites accounted for 70.2% of cases, while cat bites were 23.82%. Chadegan had the highest incidence rate at 668.12 per hundred thousand people, followed by Semiram at 510 per hundred thousand. Khor and Biabank had a rate of 5.06 per hundred thousand, while Feridunshahr had the lowest at 33.6 per hundred thousand. Middle-aged individuals represented 45.1% of cases. Upper body injuries accounted for 51% of cases, showing
a significant correlation (P<0.001) with gender, location, animal type, age group, and occupation of the injured.

In this study, it was discovered that the majority of animal bites were due to dog and cat bites, with most of the aggressive dogs being owned. It is crucial to focus on vaccinating this group of animals and enforcing regulations for keeping dogs
in residential areas.

Various methods have been employed globally to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, the effectiveness of vaccination in reducing COVID-19 infections requires further investigation. This study aimed to assess the impact of the national vaccination program on the trend of COVID-19 infections in Iran, utilizing an interrupted time series model from February 19, 2020, to March 20, 2022.

In this quasi-experimental study, we employed a regression method based on Newey's Ordinary Least Squares to analyze daily data on COVID-19 infections in Iran, applying the interrupted time series model.

The daily trends of COVID-19 infections were analyzed on two specific dates: September 23, 2021, and November 22, 2021. Prior to the implementation of the vaccination program, the trend of new cases was on the rise on both dates (p<0.0001). However, following the intervention, there was a statistically significant decrease in new cases (p<0.0001).

National vaccination campaigns against COVID-19 have significantly contributed to reducing the incidence of the disease. It is crucial to continue these vaccination efforts to control the spread of COVID-19.

Influenza virus is scattered around the world and causes epidemics of varying severity annually. Mortality caused by influenza is more common in cardiovascular patients than in other chronic diseases. Paying attention to this is very important in preventing the disease and its complications in children and adults with cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of epidemiological investigation of hospitalized cases caused by influenza in cardiovascular patients and its effect on the health of these patients in Mazandaran Heart Center.

The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted on patients who were admitted to the Mazandaran Heart Center between 2016 and 2018. All patients who were hospitalized with the initial and final diagnosis of influenza and were treated with all flu medicine were included in the study. Since the PCR test was not available for all these patients, as the value of clinical diagnosis was based on symptoms and initial laboratory findings during the epidemic, in addition to PCR-positive cases, cases with clinical diagnosis were also included in the study. All data analysis with SPSS version 16 software was used.

In this study, 113 patients with an average age and standard deviation of 63.3+15 years were included. Among these patients, the highest frequency of history of heart disease was related to congestive heart failure (35.4%) and angioplasty (292%), and the lowest frequency was related to valve replacement 8.0%. Among other underlying diseases, the highest frequency was related to hypertension (65.5%), diabetes mellitus (41.6%), and hyperlipidemia (31.0%), and the lowest frequency was related to thyroid disorders (2.7%). Also, 31.9% of patients had diabetes and hypertension and 16.8% had diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Examining the signs and symptoms of influenza among the patients also showed that the highest frequency related to fever (76.1%), sputum (66.4%), cough (64.6%), shortness of breath (611%) and myalgia (548%) and the lowest frequency was related to diarrhea (5.3%). Only 7% of patients had a recent history of flu vaccination. In the chest radiography report, 25.7% of the patients had increased bronchial marking and 17.7% had evidence of pneumonia. Finally, 82.3% of patients were discharged after complete recovery. Also, only 12 cases (10.6%) of the patients died. Heart failure was the most common underlying disease among deceased patients.

The results of this study revealed that the symptoms of influenza in heart patients are similar to other patients and the type of underlying disease has no effect on the disease presentation and its initial manifestations, but persisting of the symptoms and progression towards severe disease were more common. Most of the deaths were due to heart failure, and this issue highlights the importance of these patients' adherence to the flu vaccine. Unfortunately, the results of the study indicated that this high-risk population had little adherence to influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations.

With a national vaccination program, we have achieved success in the prevention of infectious diseases in the community especially in children. Despite this great success, the side effects of vaccination may not encourage some people in the community to get vaccinated. In this study, we investigate the prevalence of common side effects of vaccination in Shahrood city.

This study investigated the incidence of complications caused by vaccination in infants and children under seven years old in Shahrood city in a 5-year period from April 2016 to March 2020. We collected demographic and clinical information, by referring to the health centers and complications recorded after routine vaccinations such as fever, rash, diarrhea, swelling and other complications of vaccination were collected.

Findings Among the 429 registered complications between 2016 and 2020, most complications were related to pentavalent and trivalent vaccines. Among the registered complications, high fever is the most common complication in both term and pre-term groups. (202 cases, 47.1%) other complications included maculopapular rash (59 cases), mild local complications (55 cases), vomiting (41 cases), and continuous screaming (36 cases), respectively. Among these, 123 cases were resolved without treatment, 297 cases were resolved with drug treatment on an outpatient basis, and only  eight cases required hospitalization.

In general, the vaccination program is highly effective despite having limited side effects.  Knowing this information, can increase vaccination in the country.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexual transmitted infection. The persistence of HPV infection causes different types of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancer. HPV infection during pregnancy may be associated with several adverse consequences, such as preterm birth and miscarriage. The present study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between HPV infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes in different studies.

In this narrative review, to find relevant articles, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the keywords HPV, Papillomavirus, HPV in Pregnancy, HPV Transmission and Adverse outcomes from 2000 to 2022. For this purpose, original research articles, clinical trials, reviews and case reports related to the subject of this review were included in the study and unrelated studies were excluded. The review of the articles was done by reading the title, abstract and content, respectively. The language on the admission papers was English.

The results of the different studies have shown that the risk of HPV infection in pregnant women is higher than in non-pregnant women. Also, the risk of preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of the membranes is reported to be higher in HPV positive pregnant women in comparison with HPV negative women. Some studies have also pointed to the relationship between HPV infection and spontaneous fetal death.

Considering many complications of HPV infection in pregnant women, it is better to ensure about non-infection with this virus before pregnancy.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination is necessary for pregnant or lactating women which can prevent them from infection to severe case of disease. The present study aims to determine the factors related to the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant or lactating women in Zahedan, Iran using the health belief model (HBM).

This is a cross-sectional study. Participants were 260 pregnant or lactating women referred to comprehensive health service centers in Zahedan city in 2022. Sampling method was done as a convenience sampling method. Data collection was done using a demographic form and a HBM-based questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed based on Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.7. Moreover, the content validity index value was 0.81 and the content validity ratio was 0.77. The data were analyzed using non-parametric Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation test, and regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22.

The results of the regression analysis showed that the demographic variables explained 12.6% of the variance in vaccine acceptance behavior, where only the effect of age and educational level was significant, (P<0.05). The BM constructs along with age and educational level predicted 26.3% of the variance in vaccine acceptance behavior, where only age, self-efficacy and perceived benefits had a significant effect (P<0.05). Overall, the mentioned variables predicted 38.9% of the variance in vaccine acceptance behavior.

The factors of young age, high educational level, and the HBM constructs of self-efficacy and perceived benefits can predict the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance behavior of pregnant or lactating women in the South East of Iran. These findings can help policymakers and health care providers to use this model in designing program for improving vaccination acceptance of these high-risk groups.

COVID-19 was a global epidemic that led to numerous problems, including menstrual disorders in women. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of menstrual disorders and related factors in women with COVID-19.

The descriptive study was conducted on 80 women with COVID-19 in the first six months of 2022. Information was collected using a telephone questionnaire and data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16) using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and analysis (chi-square and independent t-test).

Based on the results, 43.7% of women had menstrual disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among these women, 26.3% and 17.5% of cases considered the disorder to be related to receiving the COVID-19 vaccine and COVID-19 infection, respectively. Massive bleeding (17.5%) and low-volume bleeding (7.5%) were the most reported disorders, and Sinopharm (76.3%) and AstraZeneca (15.0%) vaccines were the most used vaccines. The results of statistical tests did not demonstrate a significant relationship between the presence of disorder and other variables (P>0.05).

Menstrual disorders increased during COVID-19 compared to before. Considering the resolution of this disorder after several months, it is recommended that if the disorder is not resolved, it should be referred for identification and follow-up in time to reduce the dangerous consequences of women's diseases.

Vaccination is a highly effective medical intervention in the COVID-19 pandemic. Systemic Capillary Leakage Syndrome (SCLS) is a severe and rare condition that can occur following COVID-19 vaccination, leading to recurrent shock episodes in patients. This report highlights a case where a patient experienced leakage syndrome after receiving the AstraZeneca vaccine. The 31-year-old female patient experienced shortness of breath, blood pressure drops, edema, and limb coldness 48 hours after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. The clinical assessments identified low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and reduced breath sounds at the bases of the lungs. Bilateral pleural effusion was observed in a chest CT scan, and pericardial effusion of moderate severity was seen in echocardiography. Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis, hyponatremia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and transudative pleural fluid. The remaining observations fell within standard parameters. Measures such as fluid restriction, correction of electrolyte imbalances, prescription of corticosteroids, and antibiotic therapy were applied. These interventions resulted in an improvement in the patient's overall condition, leading to the resolution of her symptoms. Since the symptoms of leakage syndrome are non-specific, and its diagnosis is based on excluding other causes, and considering that no paraneoplastic evidence was found in the studied patient, the diagnosis of leakage syndrome was attributed to the individual.For individuals exhibiting hypovolemic shock and edema linked to pleural effusion or ascites, and upon excluding conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, hypercoagulability syndromes, sepsis, and connective tissue vascular diseases, attention should be directed towards the possibility of leakage syndrome. Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment in these patients, and fluid restriction is a key component of management. Awareness of the symptoms and signs of this syndrome, as well as factors that may trigger its recurrence, is essential for physicians to make appropriate decisions for timely diagnosis and treatment in similar cases

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted pathogenic virus in humans that causes benign warts and, in some cases, malignant tumors in cutaneous and mucosal epithelia in various parts of the human body, including cervical and anal cancers. HPV is a member of the Papillomaviridae family that has a double-stranded DNA genome. Since HPV cannot grow in tissue cultures, molecular hybridization assays are used for detection. The virus is classified into more than 200 types based on DNA sequences. In most cases, infections with this virus are asymptomatic and benign, and can be eliminated by the host immune system within 1-2 years. In some conditions, the immune system cannot defeat the infection, leading to chronic infection and ultimately malignancy. Cytology methods such as papanicolaou-stained smears are frequently used to monitor and detect precancerous and cancerous lesions in cervix cancer cases.
HPVs are typically divided into low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) types based on their ability to cause cancer. Infection with HR-HPVs that contain approximately 12 types is the most significant risk factor related to cervical cancer in women, along with oral mucosa, oropharynx, penis, vagina, and anal cancers. Studies have shown that genotypes 16 and 18 are the most prevalent types of HR-HPVs and responsible for close to 70 percent of cervical cancers. Furthermore, these types are related to other neoplasia, such as head and neck, and anal cancers. The most prevalent LR-HPVs are genotypes HPV-6 and 11, which are most frequently associated with anogenital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP).
The main way that HPVs can easily spread is through skin-to-skin and skin-to-mucosal contact, and in order to infect a person, the virus must reach to the basal layer of the skin tissue. HPV uses its capsid proteins (L1 and L2) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the host cell to enter keratinocytes through endocytosis. In the first stage of infection, the virus uses E1 and E2 proteins and the replication machinery of the host cell to replicate and produce nearly 50–200 copies of virus particles. In chronic infections, HR-HPVs can integrate into the host genome, alter the normal cycle of cell replication, and lead to carcinoma. This is the key factor in the progression of infection to carcinoma. This integration leads to the overexpression of oncogenic proteins E6 and E7. These proteins have the main role in the progression of infection to malignancy. Protein E6 prohibits the blocking of apoptosis by binding to P53, while E7 deactivates retinoblastoma protein (pRB), which is necessary for suppressing the cell division cycle. These actions, along with some other circumstances, lead infected cells to transform into malignant cells.
HPV can evade the host immune system through the expression of its own proteins in the lower layer of the epithelium. Moreover, due to other factors including lacking viremia throughout its replication cycle, and lysing infected cells and escaping viruses only at the exterior layer of epithelium, it typically takes at least 2–3 years for the immune system to eliminate the virus.
HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, and 2–44 percent of women are infected with this virus. Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer affecting women, displaying a notably elevated mortality rate, particularly in developing countries. Globally, around 90 percent of cervical cancer cases are attributed to Human Papillomavirus.. In Iran, the prevalence of infection ranges between 7 to 24 percent, and HPV infection is identifiable in approximately 78.8 to 79.3 percent of cases involving cervical cancer. . Due to the lack of specific treatment against the virus and the direct connection between persistent infection with HPV and cervical cancer, comprehensive and constant vaccination is essential for effective disease control. According to numerous studies, vaccination against HPV significantly decreases the incidence of cervical, nasopharynx, anal, vaginal, and penile cancer and also reduces the incidence of vaginal warts.
The available vaccines contain capsid protein L1 of the virus and prevent the entry of the virus into the host cells. Vaccines should be given at young ages before first exposure to the virus because they have no therapeutic benefit and have no impact on the emergence of persistent infections. Likewise, vaccination is the most efficient way to control cervical cancer, and there are currently three types of vaccines against HPV: Gardasil, Cervarix, and Gardasil 9. Gardasil, the first commercially produced vaccine, is a quadrivalent vaccine and confers protection against types 6 and 11, 16, and oncogenic types 18 of HPV. Cervarix is the bivalent vaccine and provides protection against types 16 and 18. To make vaccination more effective and prevent more cervical cancer, the nine-valent Gardasil has been produced. Gardasil 9, in addition to the types of Gardasil, contains an additional five types, including 31, 32, 52, 45, and 58, and is generally used in double doses to prevent a higher percentage of cervical cancer.
Infection with papillomaviruses is increasing, which has caused concerns in Iranian society, and it seems vital to have a widespread plan to control the infection. Preventing the spread of infection with the widespread use of vaccines at young ages and the diagnosis of infection in the primary stage is necessary to prevent the spread of infection and its transformation into cancer. Global vaccination programs have demonstrated a substantial decline in cancerous lesions associated with HPV types 16 and 18, with a reduction ranging from 90 to 100 percent. Moreover, the incidence of cervical cancer has decreased by 70 percent, and genital warts in women and men have seen reductions of 77 percent and 62 percent, respectively. Consequently, vaccination emerges as the most effective and economically feasible approach to cervical cancer prevention, particularly in developing nations. With an increasing number of cervical cancer occurrences and the undeniable connection between this cancer and HPV, there is an urgent need to set up a widespread vaccination program in Iran, where there is currently no comprehensive HPV vaccination program. This study summarizes the general knowledge and new findings of virology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, and vaccination of Human Papillomaviruses.

Covid-19 Vaccination in pregnant women may affect the central nervous system of newborn, but this issue has not been confirmed and requires comprehensive investigations. Due to the fact that no comprehensive study has been conducted in Iran to investigate neurologic complications requiring surgery in infants born to women vaccinated with covid-19 vaccines, we decided to conduct this study with the aim of the effect of covid-19 vaccination of pregnant women on the occurrence of neuro surgical requiring intervention in newborns.

This retrospective cohort study was conducted with the participation of 718 pregnant women (429 vaccinated and 289 unvaccinated) during the year 2022; Maternal and neonatal complications and complications related to neurological procedures requiring surgery were recorded from the existing information system. Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA and multiple binary logistic regressions were used to compare the data of two groups.

Vaccination of Covid-19 in pregnant women leads to an increase in intracerebral hemorrhage (95% CI: 1.85-3.77 and (OR=1.41) and brain cyst (1.13-13.96: 95% CI: 1.55-3.77 OR=1) in babies born from them. While significant effect on hydrocephalus (OR=0.91), craniosynostosis (95% CI: 0.45-0.96 and OR=0.88), tubal defect There was no neurological (95% CI: 0.14-0.45 and OR=0.37) and vascular thrombosis (0.77-0.97: 95% CI and OR=0.89).

Covid-19 vaccination has been associated with many benefits and has increased public health; However, performing it in pregnant women has been associated with rare complications that were investigated in this study; The results of this study showed that the covid-19 vaccination in pregnant women leads to an increase in intracerebral bleeding and brain cysts in newborns; However, more studies are needed to confirm these results.

With the spread of coronavirus and causing a global pandemic within a short period, various topics were raised about vaccination as one of the ways to prevent it. One of these topics was the requirement for vaccination, which has resulted in many Islamic jurisprudential, legal, and ethical discussions. This paper aims to examine this issue in the scope of Shia jurisprudence principles.

The present study aimed to describe and analyze the views and the evidence and the technique of collecting information is library research.

 The rules against requirement for vaccination include the rules of reluctance, the obligation to avoid possible harm, caution, respect, the negation of hardship and embarrassment, the sovereignty and the principle of non-wilaya, and the rules in favor of the requirement for vaccination, including the principle of public interest, the obligation to avoid possible harm, the principle of the priority of the right to life, and the rule of maintaining the universal system and preventing its disruption.

The arguments in favor of mandatory vaccination considerations are more reasonable and stronger and have a more comprehensive view of the problem, and there is also no legal or religious obstacle.

Today, vaccination is effective in preventing COVID-19. This study aims to determine the factors affecting the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines by older adults in Qom, Iran, based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB).

In this correlational study, 200 older people were selected from a retirement center in Qom using a random sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic form and a TPB-based questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling in SmartPLS software.

The mean age of the participants was 62.8±5.8 years; 80.1% were male, and 49.7% had received the booster dose of vaccines. There was a significant positive relationship between intention to receive the vaccine and vaccination behavior (β=0.597, P<0.05). Also, the fear of vaccine side effects (β=-0.162, P<0.05), attitude (β=0.356, P<0.05), and perceived behavioral control (β=0.171, P< 0.05) had a significant relationship with the intention to receive the vaccine. The fitness indexes of the model showed its good fit, and the TPB-based model could predict 34% of the changes in receiving COVID-19 vaccines. 

Attitude, fear of vaccine side effects, and behavioral control are the factors affecting the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines by the elderly in Qom City. The results can be useful in developing educational programs to increase the rate of vaccination among older people.

Animal bites are one of the most important public health problems that cause rabies. This study aimed to investigate the preventive measures taken for animal bite cases that occurred in West Azerbaijan province during 2012 to 2019.

This cross-sectional study involved the review data from all animal bite cases referred to rabies care centers in West Azerbaijan province. Information regarding prophylactic measures to prevent rabies, including post-bite procedures (washing, disinfection, dressing, stitches and receiving antibiotics), anti-rabies vaccine status (referral delay, vaccine dose received, vaccination history, anti-rabies serum, tetanus vaccination history) was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The relationship between delay in referral and the measures taken was investigated using the Chi-square test.

Over the studied years, there were 47131 cases of animal bites. Among these, 63.9% were referred without delay, while 36.1% experienced a delay in referral. Notably, 99.6% of wounds were washed with soap and water, 94.5% were disinfected, and 31.3% received antibiotics. The proportion of individuals receiving antibiotics was significantly higher among those with delayed referrals. Regarding rabies vaccination, 77.3% had received all three initial doses, 15.4% had completed five doses, and 1.1% had not received any vaccine.

While prophylaxis measures for animal bite cases are commendable, there is a critical need for timely administration of rabies vaccine in rabies care centers. Implementing educational programs for general population to encourage prompt treatment-seeking in the event of animal bites is essential.

After the outbreak of the Coronavirus and the epidemic of its attributed disease worldwide, many scientists decided to use new strategies to diagnose, prevent and treat the coronavirus-caused disease. Nanotechnology, with a wide range of applications in various sciences, including medicine, helps to progress and solve many of its problems. Nanosystems with unique features have a special place in drug delivery and biomolecule transport. They can transfer antiviral and other drugs that face the coronavirus through different mechanisms in the blood plasma and between cells. Likewise, viral components and antibodies against them are moved between cellular and subcellular boundaries by some of these systems.

This study investigated the application of nanosystems in targeted drug delivery, vaccination, and diagnosis of corona disease.

Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective health interventions for the prevention and eradication of childhood infectious diseases worldwide. There are limited data from low- and middle-income countries on the role of text messaging to improve routine immunization coverage. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of educational SMS to families on timely routine vaccination of children under one year of age in Iranshahr during the Covid-19 pandemic.

A randomized controlled semi-experimental study was conducted among families with first-born children who referred to 5 health centers in Iranshahr, during the second year of the Covid-19 pandemic (year 1400). Information related to 91 intervention cases (receive vaccination reminder SMS) and 203 control cases that were selected by simple random method, information related to the frequency of variables and correlation analysis of variables using SPSS21 software, and t-test, Anova, Fisher and Chi-square test was done.

Complete vaccination coverage at the end of the one-year period was observed in the intervention group at 85.7% and in the control group at 61.6%. variables; Vaccination, mother's education, presence of a motor vehicle, fear of corona disease showed a significant difference in both intervention and control groups (P-value ≤ 0.05). But other variables; The guardianship status of children, parents' occupation and mother's age did not show any significant difference (P-value≥0.05) Finally, after examining the variables in the two subgroups of complete and incomplete vaccination in the intervention and control groups, there was a significant difference in some variables. observed (P-value ≤ 0.05).

SMS reminders led to a significant improvement in the completion of vaccination of children in Iranshahr city, so sending SMS reminders can be effective even in situations like the Corona pandemic where there is a fear of contamination.

Background and

Public vaccination was highly recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic. The lack of evidence-based data made inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients hesitant to receive the vaccine. In this study, clinical and laboratory outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination were investigated in patients with IBD.

This retrospective study was conducted on patients with IBD who referred to gastroenterology clinics across Sari during 2021-2022. Patients' information including demographic data and laboratory parameters were recorderd. Clinical outcomes of IBD based on the partial Mayo score in ulcerative colitis and the Harvey-Bradshaw index in Crohn's were compared before vaccination and within three months after receiving the second vaccine.

A total of 111 patients with IBD, including 100 ulcerative colitis patients and 11 Crohn's patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. The two groups were matched for distribution of age, gender, and disease extent. In addition, there was no significant difference between the groups in COVID-19 infection frequency, COVID-19 severity, type of vaccines received, and vaccine injection frequency. No significant differences were observed in clinical outcomes and laboratory parameters between the patients before being vaccinated and after receiving the second dose of vaccine. There were no changes in the type of IBD drugs within three months after getting the second vaccine, except for steroid prescription increase in ulcerative colitis patients (4% vs. 10%, P<0.01). Moreover, a statistically significant correlation was found between steroid necessity and partial Mayo score (r=0.658, P<0.001).

Receiving at least two doses of COVID-19 vaccines did not change the clinical outcomes and laboratory parameters of IBD patients. The results of this study are promising and can reduce possible concerns in IBD patients regarding the use of vaccines against COVID-19.