پزشکی

Health tourism, as a significant branch of the tourism industry, has gained substantial attention from numerous countries in recent years. This industry not only contributes to economic development and job creation but also improves access to quality healthcare services. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, despite possessing considerable capabilities in various medical and therapeutic fields, health tourism has not received the dedicated attention of lawmakers, and there is a lack of specific legislative frameworks in this area.

This study utilizes descriptive and analytical research methods to analyze the status of health tourism within the legal framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Content analysis was employed to extract and review relevant high-level documents and regulations pertaining to health tourism. The study commenced with the collection of legal documents and regulations related to health tourism, followed by a comprehensive content analysis of these resources to assess the extent to which existing laws support health tourists.

The findings reveal that health tourism has not been explicitly addressed in Iran's legal system. While the term "health tourism" is not directly mentioned in the laws, it is possible to provide legal protections for health tourists by referencing general principles and legal norms. Additionally, this study examines the economic implications of health tourism, including its impact on job creation and revenue generation.

The study concludes that for the successful development of the health tourism industry in Iran, it is essential to reinforce the legal infrastructure and establish specific legal protections. It is recommended that laws and regulations be formulated explicitly to anticipate and provide the necessary support for health tourists, ensuring their legal security as travelers in this sector.

Uncertainty in the choice of medical speciality is one of the challenges of medical students' decision-making throughout the country, so this study investigated the uncertainty in the preference of clinical speciality among medical students of medical universities in Iran in 2023.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 188 medical students aged 5th and above by available sampling method in 2023. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire of clinical hesitancy with 38 questions in 4 dimensions (general doubt, decision postponement, decision-making barriers and indecisiveness). A tree map diagram was used to describe the samples and to compare the uncertainty in selecting clinical expertise and its components in the demographic subgroups of students, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used using SPSS version 27.

Of the 188 participating students, 63.5% (115) were female and the rest were male. The most frequent age of participants (112 people) was 25-29 years old. 47.5% (86 students) had a history of education of 8 years or more. 33.1 (60 students) were willing to start specialisation immediately after completion of the project. Radiology, dermatology, cardiology and ENT specialities were the most popular and forensic medicine, paediatrics, general surgery and emergency medicine majors were the least interested in selecting the speciality.

The popularity of some specialized medical disciplines in the country is a wake-up call for the empty seats of most of the required specialities in the country, which has been sounded. The popularity of some specialized fields for specific reasons will result in the concentration of specialities in some well-to-do cities and deprive cities of some vital specialities. Careful strategic planning is emphasised by health policymakers.

Problem-solving based learning is a student-centered learning and teaching method that, if students participate, leads to deeper learning of the content of basic sciences and clinical sciences in a field, learning and improving skills such as clinical reasoning, teamwork, problem-solving, critical thinking, lifelong learning, leadership and communication, and social skills. Since the basis of learning based on problem-solving is the student, during education, the professor plays an indirect role, which is different from the usual role of professors, and this in some cases leads to challenges in the implementation of learning based on problem-solving. In this article, an attempt will be made to address the various aspects of the expectations of the professor as a facilitator during the implementation of the problem-solving-based learning method.

Abortion is one of the most important jurisprudential-medical and legal issues, which receives great attention due to the inherent dignity of human beings. Therefore, Islamic jurisprudence, considering the right to life and the inherent dignity of human beings, comprehensively and completely deals with all aspects of abortion, and the only place where abortion is allowed is the conflict between the life of the mother and the life of the fetus, and this is before fetus ensoulment, and it is not permissible to perform abortion after ensoulment. However, considering that the mother is not the only participant in the birth and care of the child, and it is a mutual responsibility that the parents must undertake as a couple, a question is thus raised: Does father's hardship and shame justify abortion?

To find the answer to the above question, we decided to explain and analyze the viewpoints of jurists and their evidence using the descriptive-analytical method and the collection of documentary-written materials, through the collection of opinions and the comparison of their viewpoints in library references and applications.

The findings of the research show that the father's hardship and shame does not grant permission for abortion; rather, there must be something more important than the life of the fetus for abortion to be permitted.

By analyzing the views of the jurists, it was found that the father's hardship and shame cannot be a valid reason for granting permission for abortion. For this reason, the point of view of the jurists who consider the hardship and shame of the father as a reason for the permissibility of abortion, can be analyzed and criticized.

Job burnout is a state of mental fatigue resulting from a person's professional life and consists of three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and decreased personal accomplishment. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the levels of job burnout and its related factors in medical internship students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional analytical study involved 71 medical interns of Guilan University of Medical Sciences participating by census in 2022. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and a socio-economic status questionnaire were completed by the students. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests (percentage, frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics tests (Chi-square and Fisher's exact test) through SPSS (version 25). The P-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Out of 71 medical interns, 47.9% of medical students were female, while 52.1% were male. The findings showed that 44.1% of female (15 individuals) and 51.4% of male (19 individuals) experienced severe burnout, and 55.9% of female (19 people) and 48.6% of male (18 people) had moderate burnout. Participants earned high scores in emotional exhaustion (76.1%), depersonalization (67.6%), and decreased personal accomplishment (26.8%). There was a significant relationship between the internship level (P=0.00), the medical school GPA (P=0.011), the pre-internship test score (P=0.003), and the father's education rate (P=0.023) and the emotional exhaustion score. There was also a significant relationship between the depersonalization score and the internship level (P=0.003). Results indicated a significant statistical relationship between variables of maternal education (P=0.026), economic status (as assessed by the student or family regarding housing prices) (P=0.047), and medical school GPA (P=0.004) and the decreased personal accomplishment dimension score.

The results of this study showed a high level of burnout among interns, with students scoring high in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization components. Therefore, according to the results of the present study, further research on preventive interventions and strategies to mitigate exposure to burnout factors would be beneficial.

Study guide is a tool that helps to direct learners on the education path as a road map and can facilitate their learning process. Moreover, it provides useful information for educators to achieve optimal learning outcomes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the students' perception regarding the application of study guides in clerkship and internship courses in the clinical education process at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.

This analytical-cross-sectional study was conducted at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2020-2021. In this study, the viewpoints of 62 students regarding the use of study guides in the process of clinical education were investigated through a validated Agarwal's (2017) questionnaire. The content validity ratio (CVR) in all items was higher than 0.49, and the content validity index (CVI) in all items was reported to be higher than 0.79, with no items being omitted from the questionnaire. The required data were collected using the field research method. Data were analyzed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, and percentage) and inferential tests (Students T-Test) in SPSS software (version 16.0).

The mean age of participants in this study was 25.32±0.71 years, and 33 participants (53.2%) were female. The mean satisfaction scores of the students from the internship and clerkship courses were calculated as 3.55±0.97 and 3.44±1.59, respectively, indicating the acceptable satisfaction of the externs and interns with the study guide. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the views of the participants regarding the application of the study guide in internship and clerkship courses (P=0.45). The highest mean score was reported in the "instructiveness" item (4.14±0.69).

The results showed that the students considered the study guide an informative tool and a motivator for creating motivation for learning through increasing awareness and knowledge concerning the educational program and the learning process. Systematic planning is recommended for the use of learning guides to manage students' learning in medical school.

Knowledge translation is the sharing of knowledge obtained from research with knowledge users, including community members, organizations, and policymakers, to use it to improve systems and improve the provision of services and products. The implementation of the knowledge translation process in the health field is facing challenges in our country, which is partly because of insufficient knowledge about the concept of knowledge translation and how to implement the knowledge translation process. In the present study, the definition of knowledge translation, and how the process and tools of knowledge translation were discussed, and then, while reviewing the status of knowledge translation in Iranian universities of medical sciences, solutions for the implementation of knowledge translation were presented. Some of the mentioned knowledge translation tools in this study are podcasts, three-minute thesis presentations, webinars, infographics, research news from research results, press releases, journal clubs, policy briefs, and clinical guidelines. The situation of knowledge translation has been reported as inappropriate and incomplete in medical sciences universities of Iran. In these studies, the evaluation was done using the evaluation tool of knowledge translation, which included the four areas of audience needs assessment, knowledge production, knowledge transfer, and evidence application. According to the current situation of knowledge translation, the implementation solutions of knowledge translation in each field have been presented separately. Appropriate networking between knowledge producers and knowledge users, as well as holding regular meetings with representatives of executive organizations and industry owners to determine research priorities, are among the solutions presented in the audience needs assessment section. Creating the infrastructure to carry out research projects based on the needs of the audience, allocating the necessary resources for the implementation of research projects, active participation of representatives of executive organizations in the process of conducting research, creating an internal network between academic researchers to advance research priorities as much as possible, and also pay attention to the quality of knowledge production to gain the trust of the audience are the solutions provided in the knowledge production sector. Acquainting researchers with the field of knowledge transfer and its importance, allocating resources to implement the knowledge transfer process, using appropriate and up-to-date tools for knowledge transfer by researchers, and creating rules to support researchers who, before publishing their research findings in reputable journals, publish them through other means of knowledge transfer, institutionalizing the mechanisms of benefiting from the research achievements in the general education program, and also considering the incentive plans for the transfer of the produced knowledge are among the solutions presented in the knowledge transfer section. Producing valid and reliable evidence, placing produced evidence at the disposal of policymakers, building trust in the audience by researchers, policymakers, and relevant officials to use produced evidence, informing the audience about the need to use production evidence, creating appropriate communication between knowledge producers and knowledge users through the use of knowledge brokers, the existence of resources and financial support for the use of evidence by policymakers as well as target audiences are some of the solutions provided in the use of evidence section

Deciding on life-prolonging treatments for terminal patients is a major challenge in healthcare. The Advance Directive is a proposed solution. While morally justifiable and aligned with principlism, religious beliefs, particularly in Islam, where preserving life is paramount, heavily influence these decisions. Several juridical and legal rules can culminate in different decisions on the continuation or termination of life-prolonging treatments including the absolute legal power of the owner to exercise dominion[1] or control over property and permission of intervention in their body[2], the rules of prohibition on causing the death[3], the sanctity of human killing[4], the rule of prohibition of detriment[5], and paying attention to the concept of unstable life[6] in Article 372 of the Islamic Penal Code and the rules of preventing losses[7], and also paying attention to the rule of sanctity of idle[8]. In relation to the use of an Advance Directive, given various types of will in Islamic Jurisprudence and according to the contract of agreement[9], it is possible to enter the patient’s request regarding how to continue the treatment. This study indicated that applying Advance Directives in Iran’s health system requires a more accurate analysis of moral, legal and jurisprudential foundations

Enzymes have been used experimentally in the preparation of fermented, food, and medicinal products since mankind started a regular life in the form of early civilizations, without any information about their nature being available. It has been more than a century since scientists have obtained information about the enzymatic reactions and the enzyme structure, and a newer and more practical attitude towards them is obtained day by day. Today, these proteins play roles as biomarkers in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of diseases. Enzymes roles as receptor for some hormones and their qualitative and quantitative changes interfering in the onset of some diseases such as diabetes have been known. In addition, they are used as accurate and specific tools in the assay of some biochemical analytes, phenotypic identification of bacteria and biosensor design. The basis of the mechanism of some drugs is enzyme inhibition. Meanwhile, some enzymes are directly used as drugs. The enzymes are applied in some immunoassay techniques, genetics and proteomics laboratory methods. In modern biotechnology, enzymes are used to produce plenty of products. This review article aimed to take a new, updated and comprehensive approach to several roles that enzymes play in various fields from diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of diseases to their application in medical, genetics and proteomics laboratory methods.

For first time at 2003, researchers realized that plasmonic could be amplified using stimulated emission, which this concept has caused emerging "Plasmonic Lasers" or "Spasers" (Surface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). Spasers are nanoscale and subwavelength lasers investigated and used in various fields such as medical. Detect and therapy of cancer and drug delivery are some of their applications in medical. To detect tumors from healthy cells, cancer cells are realized using spaser Nano laser even in deep tissues. In one method, graphene and nanotubes can be pushed to cancer cells and destroy them with laser radiation, or aluminum nanoparticles due to their properties would be used in this way. Spasers have been used as optical probes, to attach CTCs and make them to small pieces. Spasers are introduced in drug delivery in skin field, too, in which method the drug delivery the disadvantages of usual methods are not seen.

  This article is presented based on investigations and studies which are done in mediclal field before, to show plasmonic lasers applications.

Based on unique properties of plasmonic and materials such as carbon nanotubes, Nano-shells and so on in nanotechnology, integrating lasers and such materials we can reach to significant results and findings in medical field.

Technology goes on and affect all sciences such as medicine. By integrating lasers and palsmonics, new useful and significant finding could be achieved without having usual and common disadvantages of conventional methods. This method can be used in diagnose and therapy of cancer and drug delivery, that are discussed briefly here.

Mental health is one of the prerequisites for education. Stress, mental disturbance, sleep problems, and health anxiety are among the prevalent educational challenges in classrooms. This study endeavored to investigate the status and multiple relationships between stress and mental disturbance with sleep quality and health anxiety the academic year 2023.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 90 students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences using convenience sampling method. Data were collected through the Cohen Stress Scale, the Marczak Mental Disturbance Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Salkovskis Health Anxiety Scale. The data were analyzed descriptively using central tendency indices and inferentially using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analyses.

The results of data analysis revealed significant relationships between stress and mental disturbance with sleep quality and health anxiety. Stepwise regression analysis also indicated that in the presence of both predictor variables, stress had a higher ability to predict both sleep quality and health anxiety in students.

With the increase in stress and mental disturbance in medical students, their sleep quality decreases which in turn increases their anxiety; therefore, it is recommended that educational authorities consider these four factors in students.

Literature is a mirror of culture and social relations at all times. Health and medicine, as part of culture and social life, have had a place in literature for a long time. As one of the most popular literary styles, especially in Arabic and Persian literature, the technique of Maqama writing has had many achievements for scholars, including in the representation of social life. Badīʿ al-Zamān al-Hamad̠ānī, who is considered the inventor of this technique, dedicated one of his Maqamat to "medicine". This part has been forgotten throughout history and omitted from most manuscripts and all official publications. Fortunately, the Yale manuscript has preserved this “Medical Maqama” In this article, concerning the technique of writing the Maqamat and its historical and social contexts and goals, we report and analyse this innovative Medical Maqama.

Indicators of social accountability in medical education institutions are necessary for the improvement of community health needs. In this regard, the present research aimed to investigate the social accountability at Ilam University of Medical Sciences in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The present survey research was carried out in 2022 on students and professors of medicine and dentistry (n=788). The data were collected by standard questionnaire of Social Accountability of Medical Education. This questionnaire included 0 components and 85 items.

The results showed that the mean scores of the components of medical school standards range (24.9) (P=0.0002), amount of quality improvement in education and research (34.4) (P=0.0003), amount of mandatory mechanism for accreditation (23.2) (P=0.003), and amount of global principles with the characteristics of the context (33.8) (P=0.002) were in an unfavorable situation during the COVID-19 pandemic from the point of view of both professors and students. These values had a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) with those in the the pre-COVID-19 pandemic. The component of evolving roles of doctors and other health professions (82.5) (P=0.098) and responsive and effective management (74.8) (P=0.0001) were in a favorable situation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Given the diversity of the performance of groups regarding the mentioned areas and criteria and considering that most of the cases related to education received a low score, there is a need to create a foundation for increasing social accountability.

Since medical care providers are faced with complex issues in their profession, one of the important skills in making correct clinical decisions is critical thinking. Therefore, one of the standards of medical education is to instill critical thinking in students.

The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire and the standard California B questionnaire. Mann-Whitney test was used to make comparisons, and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to check the correlation between the data.

The findings showed that the average critical thinking score of the participating medical students was 8.05 (± 2.6). Also, analysis and inference had the highest 2.5 (± 1.58) and lowest 2.51 (± 1.04) levels of obtainable score, respectively. Critical thinking had a significant positive correlation with all its components (P<0.001). The critical thinking of the participants was not significantly different in terms of gender or university entrance examination regions (P>0.05). The analysis showed that critical thinking has a significant positive correlation with age (r=0.159, P=0.018) but a significant negative correlation with years of education (r=-0.216, P=0.001) and grade point average in the last semester (r=-0.492, P=0.012).

The studied medical students did not have an optimal level of critical thinking, which is necessary for making appropriate and effective decisions, and this skill was found to have an inverse relationship with the grade point average and academic years. Therefore, it can be argued that the current educational system in the university has not been able to enhance this vital skill among medical students.

Considering that having professional ethics in the clinical area is an important principle for establishing communication between the clinical team and patients, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the adherence of medical interns of Jundishapur University of Ahvaz to the principles of clinical professional ethics.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 121 paragliding students of Jundishapur University in 2022. And the sampling method was done in a simple random way. In order to collect information, the Qasimzadeh standard professional ethics questionnaire was used, which has 16 questions in 8 dimensions. In this study, P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

In the studied statistical population (56/2), 68 of them were men, 108 (89/3) were single, and 13 (10/7) were married. The average age was 24.20, in those who accepted the medical ethics course, the average total score and also in the two dimensions of justice and responsibility were higher than those who did not take this course (P=0.010). Agreeableness (6.8) got the lowest score and honesty dimension (7.9) got the highest score.

The statistical tests showed that the level of compliance with all the components of professional ethics in this research among medical trainees is strong, also the medical ethics course increases the level of professional ethics. As a result, by promoting professional ethics education, it is possible to increase the level of knowledge and compliance with this importance by students.

Although the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in causing cervical cancer is known, it seems that the awareness in the field is low. The present study aimed to determine the knowledge and attitude of medical students of Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences regarding human papillomavirus.

This study was done using a cross-sectional descriptive method. The research population was 120 medical interns of Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences who were included in the study by simple random sampling. The study tool was a valid HPV awareness and attitude questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 24 software.

obtained data from 122 medical students of Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences were analyzed. The majority of the study population included male students (82%), single people (66.4%), and interns (58.2%). The mean awareness score was 23.6 ± 3.9 (favorable) and the mean attitude score was 15.38 ± 3.5 (unfavorable). There was a significant relationship between education level and attitude score (Pvalue = 0.019) and interns had a lower score than trainees in attitude. There was no difference in the awareness score (Pvalue = 0.925).

Considering the presence of these people at different levels of the healthcare system soon, their sufficient knowledge and positive attitude towards the human papillomavirus and its prevention will be effective and efficient in community-based health education interventions.

The mutual influence of physical and mental health on each other is one of the principles accepted in Islam and medical science. Also, among the set of factors that affect physical and mental health, the role of nutrition is very important. This research has investigated the nutritional effects of dates on human condition and behavior from the Islamic point of view and has analyzed the verses and narrations that exist in this field and compared them with scientific achievements. According to the results of this study, eating this valuable food is not only effective in preventing and treating weakness and physical diseases, but as a heavenly fruit, it has positive effects on the health of the soul and mind, as well as the mood, personality and behavior of humans, and it causes relief from sadness, calmness and Tolerance, purity and purity of heart and distance from Satan’s temptations and provides the basis for happiness and closeness to God.

Ancient medical science is as old as human history and the history of science. Authentic documentation before Avesta is insignificant and there are few prominent scientific and civilizational institutions in the field of medicine before Jundishapur. This study endeavors to analyze the evolution of medicine and specifically Traditional Persian Medicine from the most prominent pre-Islamic civilizational institutions, namely Jundishapor, to the modern era, with an analytical approach, and to decipher the secrets of stagnation and transformation, and with the future research, to suggest the necessary and worthy developments of the present time and the next half century. Analytical historiography was used as the method to conduct this study.