پزشکی اسلامی

This study aims to develop an initial model of the Ontology of Islamic Medicine Era based on the second edition of the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era.

This research was conducted by qualitative content analysis method. The study population included all entries of the second edition of the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era (compiled by the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran), of which 508 terms under the entry of "disease" were selected by purposive sampling. The Ontology model of the Islamic Medicine Era was designed according to the semantic relations presented in the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era. The data gathering method was structured (systematic) observation. The data gathering tool was a checklist compiled based on the terms and relationships in the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era.

Following refinement of the terms and their relationships in the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era, and identifying ontological entities (including classes, instances, and relationships), the Ontology model of the Islamic Medicine Era was designed using Protege ontology editor. The RDF representation of the model was subsequently created in RDF/XML Syntax.

After designing the Ontology model of the Islamic Medicine Era, the RDF graphs of this model were created to analyze the entities and the relationships between them.

The Qur'an and the hadiths of the Infallibles (peace be upon them) are two sources of divine grace. The correct medical narrations from them have value and credibility. Most of the medical hadiths narrated from the Prophet (PBUH) in the Sunnis and the infallible Imams in the Shiites have no document or have a weak document and are part of the weak hadiths. The existence of fabricators of hadith causes the loss of trust in weak hadiths. Counterfeiters have different motives. Due to its direct relationship with human health, medical narrations cannot use the rule of tolerance in narrations.

The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library documents, has examined the causes and strong motives in fabricating medical narrations by looking at the prevailing atmosphere in Islamic medicine.

The findings of the study show that those in charge of court affairs are narrators of some medical hadiths that make the narrations of the infallibles by political rulers and those in charge of court affairs probable. Research in the field of retrieving correct medical narrations from fake narrations is a way forward.

According to paragraph 12 of health communication policies and in order to explain a part of traditional Iranian medicine, it is necessary to conduct research focusing on terminological knowledge in the field of pathological knowledge in traditional Iranian medicine, because the initial research was conducted in This field shows that in terms of terminology, the words related to the description, definition and recognition of diseases in various medical texts of the Islamic period have undergone semantic changes.

This research is a historical-terminological study that has been done by using a collection of the most important medical texts of the Islamic period and recording the views and achievements of the authors.

Many factors have contributed to the emergence of a set of terms around the description, definition and recognition of disease names in Islamic medical texts. The language of the texts (usually Persian or Arabic), how the basic texts are translated into the languages used in Iran and the change and meaning of the words throughout history are among these factors. At the same time, any basic research in the field of pathology in traditional Iranian medicine with the aim of explaining and recognizing the semantics of these data requires considering these semantic changes.

Considering the fact that the medical knowledge of the Islamic period is divided into different branches, it seems that one of the most important of these branches in terms of production of specialized words and terms is the branch of pathology, which includes a relatively large collection. But based on several components, including the use of several different languages or a long historical connection in traditional Iranian medicine and the arrival of new medical languages in Iran (from the Qajar period onwards), important semantic transformations have taken place in the meaning of disease names. And the word that used to refer to a specific disease in traditional Iranian medicine. today is assigned to another different disease.

The present study tries to explain the content, scope, rules and medical applications of the rule of necessity in order to solve some of the current jurisprudential problems by examining emerging examples of the rule in medical issues.

This research has been done by the method of library studies and in a descriptive-analytical method, which has been obtained and analyzed by referring to Quranic, narrative and scientific texts.

The rule of necessity (the necessities of explaining the necessities) is one of the doctrinal rules of the texts, among which the Quranic documents include verses 173 of Surah Al-Baqarah and 145 of Surah Al-An’am. This rule has a great impact capacity in various fields of jurisprudence and law and plays a key role in solving many emerging problems and issues, but in Islamic jurisprudence has been less studied in detail.

Nowadays, the existence of personal necessities in various areas of life, especially medical issues, requires the rule of "necessity" to be further studied in order to explain the limits and criteria of its implementation and jurisprudential scholars can use this rule well when studying issues.

One of the medical issues related to jurisprudence regarding to Shar’a justifiability is dissecting cadaver for medical education. Teaching and learning all sciences and techniques, including medicine, is certainly necessary for human beings. Dissection of human cadaver is an introductory course in medical education in one side and obligation to respect for Muslim dead body like the live individual is imperative on the other side. Moreover, irreverence to Muslim-whether live or dead-is forbidden-haram- in Islamic thoughts. The essential question is how it is possible to maintain both respect for Muslim dead body and meanwhile help to improve and develop medical education and related fields in Islamic community by having permission to dissect the dead body of Muslims.In the present article it is attempted to discuss and analyze the opinions of some of great religious scholars in the past and those of the contemporary religious authorities. Furthermore, Fatwa of the Supreme Iranian Leader Ayatollah Khamenei is also quoted here. In conclusion,religious scholars of Islam have emphasized the respect for Muslim dead body and have declared that non-Muslim body should be dissected in medical education.

Background and Purpose:

Volume III articles of Medical Encyclopedia of Islam and Iran were published. The present research analyzes the content of articles in this Medical Encyclopedia making a comparison between the articles of first volume with the articles of second and third volume.

Methods and Materials:

This research is a descriptive research and the method of content analysis was selected as the research method. The study population included the only published volume of Medical Encyclopedia of Islam and Iran (volume 3) which contains 254 articles. Due to the limited volumes published by the Encyclopedia, sampling was not performed in this research and all of the articles of volume 3 were examined. For data collection, the articles were studied and the needed data, including the degree of authors, was inserted in the checklist that was formulated based on the research questions.

The research was done on 254 articles. Most of them (62%) have a master's degree and men (51%) were involved more than women (49%) in the production of articles. Also, most of the authors (83%) had Iranian nationality. Among 254 reviewed articles, 242 articles (95 %) had been written originally and 12 articles (5%) had been translated; 47% was belonged to the subject of “specific issues”, 28% to the subject of "persons", 13% had the “general” subject, 10% had the “books and writings” subject, and 2% to the “miscellaneous issues”. Each article contains an average of 2 pages of encyclopedia with an average of 17 citations used per article. In these reviewed articles, a total number of 98 pictures had been used in 62 articles and 192 articles were lacking picture. Checking the status of citations that had been used in the encyclopedia articles, from 4544 citations in volume 1, the most citations (52%) were in Farsi language and 48% of the citations were non-Persian in general. The highest rate of citation was found to be in the Arabic language including 35% of the citations. As for the date, 55% had solar date citations while 34% were on the date of A.D. and 5% on lunar date. The highest frequency of the cited author in the articles was Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi, with the frequency of 97 and the highest frequency of the cited source was Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (in Farsi language) by Ibn Sina, with the frequency of 51.

It seems that there was a significant relationship between the number of citations and the nationality of authors; however, there is no direct and significant relationship between the time of publication and citation frequency.

Currently, in Iran, some difficulties in the application of conventional medicine, has caused more public interest in using Persian traditional medicine for their health problems.
In terms of terminology, Persian traditional medicine, Islamic medicine and traditional medicine have been used interchangeably.
Although, proponents of traditional medicine claim a strong basis for its application, at least in scholarly available literature it has not been proved, specially based on evidence-based sciences.
In search for Islamic medicine’s definition and its foundations a non-systemic literature review with saturation based in authors’ opinion, with attention to relationship between science and religion was conducted.
Medical issues in Qur’an and hadith as well as conventional medicine were searched and based on the relationship between science and religion; there are six perspectives about Islamic medicine. It includes approval, denial, prioritization, or a combination of these opinions.
The article, describing the so-called Islamic medicine from the perspective of Allameh Javadi Amoli and definition suggested by Mehdi Esfahani about Islamic medicine.

Iranian during History have always had significant role at formation and promotion of their eras science. Meanwhile Medicine in Iran has and old History. The information in Avesta, Zoroastors holy book, about medicine has been an explanation about Iranian special concentration on this science. From the time befor establishing of Achaemenian kingdom, there is no valid information about Iranian Medicine. Specifically, under the Achaemenids, Darius I Achaemenid founded the Medical School in Sais. In Sassanid period with the establishment of Gondishapur University and acquaintance with Greek literature, Roman and Syriac and Hindi, Iranian Scientific movement was formed. During this period, Gondishapur University hosts were great Scientists in the fields of Medicine, Pharmacy, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy and Translation. The Science center, with the collapse of the Sassanid dynasty and the coming of Islam to Iran survived. The findings of this paper indicate that the greatest achievement Science Center Gondishapur, transfer of knowledge, including Physicians and Pharmacists to Islamic period. In this paper the History of Medicine and Pharmacy in Iran's pre-Islamic period until the third century higri, the library method has been studied.

In Sasanian epoch, in the city of Gondēšāpur in Xuzestān, a medicine school and a hospital were built which in the shadow of Sasanian’s political and economic supports they became so flourished that Gondēšāpur was sometimes called the “city of Hippocrates”. In the tradition of Gondēšāpur medicine, Greek, Indian, Syriac and Iranian medical knowledge and treatment methods were mixed and Gondēšāpur physicians kept old medicine heritage of Gondēšāpur and presented it to Muslims. Gondēšāpur physicians of families such as Bōḵtišu and Māsavayh having an excellent medical background in their homeland, were the physicians of caliphs and nobles of Abbāsīd caliphate for more than two centuries. They were also pioneer translators of Greek, Iranian, Indian and Syriac old texts of medicine, astrology, philosophy and other foreign knowledge into Arabic. “Islamic medicine”, which sometimes erroneously is called “Arabic medicine”, is really indebted to old heritage of Gondēšāpur physicians who like a bridge made Muslims familiar with the traditions of Greek, Siryan, Iranian and Indian medicine and in Baghdād, the capital of Abbāsīdcalliphate, they presented all their valuable medical knowledge and experience to Muslims.In this paper, adopting a descriptive/ analytic approach, the role of Gondēšāpur physicians of the house of Māsavayhin transferring powerful tradition of Gondēšāpur medicine to Islamic world and in flourishing Islamic medicine will be studied.

Music as a scholar science is comparator of tunes with melodies and art of saying the emotions also it had a main role in management of disease. Music makes a revolution in spirit and cause an exhilaration which has been noticed by the sages from ancient of Iran. The doctors were familiar with practical music and knew it’s characteristics to cure. They discuss about music as a medicinal tools in their books. Purpose of this study is collecting all the ideas about music therapy and effect of music on health from ancient of Iran until Teymooriyan age. It is noticed to some part of Islamic civilization beside it too. Actually, this study gathered some ideas about music therapy until the 9th age. Music therapy had a role in plan of management of diseases among the physicians in the past.

Ali Afzal Ghate’ Ghazvini was a renowned physician، scholar، and calligrapher of the Safavid era whose personality and efforts in the field of medicine have not been fully recognized thus far. Among his works، three medical treatises can be of use in researching the medicine of the Safavid era. The present article adopts a descriptive-analytic method to introduce one of these treatises، Favaed-al-Afzalieh، and present a survey of its content in addition to the author’s biography. The findings here are based on the three chapters of this medical classic، which indicates the encyclopedic nature of this treatise. Favaed-al-Afzalieh reveals details on a variety of practical medical issues prevalent in the Safavid era، and is considered outstanding due to the volume of all the medical information it contains. The present study discusses the standing of this treatise in the history of medicine along with a suggestion to revise and publish this valuable، comprehensive work and reintroduce it to the world of medicine.

The present study has focused on the content analysis of articles published in The Medical Encyclopedia of Islam and Iran. This is an applied study which is performed using content analysis. The population of this research includes the only published volume published of The Medical Encyclopedia of Islam and Iran (Volume 1). The 1st volume consisted of 389 articles. Due to the limited published volumes of the encyclopedia، sampling was not performed and all articles of the Volume 1 were examined. The articles were studied for collecting data. The required were recorded in a control list that was designed based on the fundamental questions. The results of this study are as follows: The review of the authors of the articles showed that the majority (43. 75%) of authors have a master''s degree and women (52. 34%) were involved in the production of articles more than men (47. 66%). Also، most authors (92. 19%) are of Iranian origin. The investigation of the encyclopedia articles showed that of 389 articles، 370 articles (95. 12%) were original articles and 19 articles (4. 88%) were translated articles. Among them، 219 (56. 3%) belong to individuals، 106 (27. 25%) to specific topics، 41 (10. 54%) to the subject of books and publications، 15 (3. 85%) to the general theme and 8 articles (2. 06%) belong to other topics. Each article include 2. 64 pages of the encyclopedia on average and 16. 58 citations per paper have been used on average. Also، among the studied articles، a total of 106 images are used only in 93 articles and 296 articles contain no images. The investigation of the citations used in encyclopedia articles showed that that of 6451 total citations in Volume 1، the most citations (66. 98%) were in languages other than Persian and only 33. 02% of the citations are in Persian. In general، Arabic is allocated itslef the highest citations with 49. 31%. The review of the publication time of citations revealed that the most citations (54. 15%) are in Gregorian date. and then Hijri date (36. 8%) and AH (4. 84%). The results showed that the most frequent cited authors in the articles were Ibn Abi Asibae with a frequency of 128. The most frequent cited reference was Uyun Al-Anba-Fi- Tabaghate-Al-Ateba book (in Arabic) of Ibn Abi Asibae with a frequency of 123. Also، no significant relationship was found between number of citations and nationality of authors. However، it was found that there is direct significant relationship between the time of publication and citation count.

Religious ideas and believes have an important influence on human life. The researches related to history of science have confirmed this steady impact on medicine. Since in ancient of Iran the health was a divine gift and reversely every suffering was due to devil, any activity in preserving personal healthy was one of the most importance duties of human kind. These believe have continued in Islamic medicine which supposes mankind as the best creature and his body as the most valuable body. In this article we point out to religious ideas and believe in Iranian’s ancient medicine and its impact on later Islamic medicine.