چربی ها

In obesity, adipose tissue undergoes chronic inflammation and dysregulated or ectopic angiogenesis. Exercise and dietary interventions are established strategies for combating obesity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) on the expression of angiogenic proteins in visceral adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet (HFFD).

This experimental study was conducted using 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8 per group): 1) Standard Diet (Con), 2) High-Fat, High-Fructose Diet (HFFD),3) HFFD + HIIT, 4) HFFD + ADF, and 5) HFFD + HIIT + ADF. The HIIT protocol was implemented five days per week and consisted of seven intervals of 4 minutes at 85–90% of the maximum running speed (Smax), interspersed with 2-minute recovery periods at 50% of Smax. ADF was implemented on an every-other-day schedule throughout the intervention. The protein expression levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) and Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) in visceral adipose tissue were measured using the Western blotting technique. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post hoc test.

The HFFD group exhibited a significant increase in body weight, whereas the HIIT, ADF, and combined HIIT+ADF interventions resulted in significant weight reduction. The protein expression levels of VEGF-A and PEDF were significantly reduced in the HFFD group (P< 0.05). In contrast, the expression of PEDF was significantly elevated in the HFFD+HIIT, HFFD+ADF, and HFFD+HIIT+ADF groups (P< 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in VEGF-A expression among the intervention groups (P> 0.05).

In summary, a high-fat, high-fructose diet (HFFD) leads to significant weight gain. Conversely, HIIT, ADF, and their combination (HIIT+ADF) not only promote weight loss but also appear to mitigate abnormal angiogenesis by enhancing PEDF protein expression in visceral adipose tissue. This increase in PEDF is likely associated with improved adipose tissue function.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of interval and continuous training on apolipoprotein M, TNF-α and IL-6 of visceral fat in rats fed a high-fat diet.

Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups including standard diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet with moderate intensity continuous exercise (HFD+MICT), high-fat diet with high intensity interval training (HFD+HIIT). The HIIT and MICT groups performed their group specific training for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The HIIT protocol consisted of 6 bouts of 4-minute exercise at 85-90% of the maximum speed, which had a 2-minute active rest, and the MICT protocol performed at 65-70% of the maximum speed. Protein levels of apolipoprotein M, TNF-α and IL-6 in visceral fat were measured using western blot method.

Eight weeks of HFD increased the protein levels of apolipoprotein M, TNF-α, and IL-6 in visceral fat compared to the ND group (P< 0.05). In contrast, both HIIT and MICT protocols led to a significant reduction of visceral fat IL-6 compared to the HFD group (P= 0.001). Also, MICT caused a significant decrease protein levels apolipoprotein M compared to the HFD group (P= 0.04). However, both exercise protocols had no significant effect on TNF-α (P< 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between training groups (P< 0.05).

Exercise training improves adipose tissue inflammatory markers in high-fat diet-fed rats, and moderate-intensity continuous training may be a more appropriate approach.

 The effect of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on CTRPs under dietary Intake is unclear. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on protein levels of CTRP-1, CTRP-5, and CTRP-15 in rats fed a high-fat diet.

This study was experimental in nature, utilizing a post-test design with a control group. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups, including standard diet (6), high-fat diet (6), high-fat diet with high-intensity interval training (6), and high-fat diet with moderate intensity continuous training (6). The HIIT and MICT groups did their own group-specific exercise for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week. To measure the protein levels of CTRP-1, CTRP-5, and CTRP-15 using the western blot method. were used. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V.26; one-way analysis. of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze data at a significance level less than 0.05.

In the HFD group, visceral fat levels of CTRP-1, CTRP-5, and CTRP-15 went up significantly (P<0.001) after eight weeks of the diet. A lot less CTRP-1, CTRP-5, and CTRP-15 visceral fat was found in the MICT group compared to the HFD group (P<0.001). The HIIT protocol also greatly lowered the amount of CTRP-1 protein in visceral fat compared to the ND group (P=0.001).

While exercise training can prevent the effects of a high-fat diet, moderate-intensity exercise training is a more effective approach. A high-fat diet is associated with a significant increase in CTRPs of visceral fat.

Background &

Obesity remains a significant health challenge in both developing and developed nations of the 21st century; predisposing individuals to various diseases. Inactivity and poor dietary habits are considered primary contributors to obesity.
Materials &

The study population included individuals who referred to the obesity clinic of Hazrat Rasool Akram located in Tehran; The inclusion criteria were women with body mass index above 35 and age 35 to 45 years, 32 of whom were included in the study by census method after obtaining informed consent. After measuring the physiological indicators such as height, weight, heart rate and blood pressure and obtaining consent to participate in the research, the subjects were randomly selected and assigned to four groups: Pilates exercise with probiotic supplement (8 participants), Pilates exercise alone (8 participants), supplement alone (8 participants), and a control group (8 participants). In this study, the effect of Pilates exercises and probiotic supplementation on the lipid profile of obese adult women was evaluated, therefore, because of having four experimental groups (1. Pilates exercise with probiotic supplement, 2. Pilates exercise, 3. Supplement, 4. Control), this research is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design.

Pilates exercise was found to significantly increase high-density lipoprotein levels and decrease cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels among participants. However, while probiotic supplementation did not significantly affect blood lipid concentrations, it did lead to reductions in cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels.

Overall, it can be stated that Pilates exercises can serve as a solution for obese individuals and for positive controlling of lipoprotein levels. As the exact mechanism of action of probiotic supplements on blood lipid metabolism is not clear, further research is needed to elucidate the action mechanism of probiotic supplements and their relationship with lipid profile levels in obese individuals.

Hypoxia, particularly in adipose tissue, is involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Hyperoxia, oxygen administration, has been proposed as a potential treatment for this condition. However, one complication associated with hyperoxia is the decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). This study investigates the effect of hyperoxia on NO-producing enzymes (NO synthase, NOS) and the L-arginine-degrading enzyme (arginase) in epididymal adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.

Type 2 diabetes was induced in 12 male rats using a  high-fat diet combined with a low dose of streptozotocin. The rats were then divided into two groups: hyperoxia (received 95% oxygen for five weeks) and control group exposed to air containing 21% oxygen). After five weeks, the animals were anesthetized, and epididymal adipose tissue was isolated. Protein levels of endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and arginase, as well as concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and lactate, were measured.

Hyperoxia resulted in a 28% reduction in fasting serum glucose, decreased lactate concentration, decreased eNOS protein levels (11.1±5.2 vs. 8.4±1.3 ng/mg protein, P=0.041), decreased NOx levels (18.2±1.0 vs. 12.1±1.2 nmol/mg protein, P=0.027), and increased arginase protein levels (1.3±0.14 vs. 2.2±0.31 ng/ mg protein, P=0.028) in adipose tissue.

Hyperoxia reduced fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetic rats but simultaneously decreased NO bioavailability in visceral adipose tissue, which associated with reduced eNOS protein and increased arginase protein levels.

Hyperlipidemia, a chronic metabolic disorder marked by elevated blood lipid levels, significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. While pharmacological interventions exist, factors such as medication side effects, cost considerations, and a growing interest in complementary and alternative medicine have stimulated research into the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants in managing hyperlipidemia. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of these botanical agents in reducing blood lipid levels.

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across reputable databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and other relevant online platforms. Keywords such as "hyperlipidemia," "herbal medicine," "traditional medicine," "herbal extract," and "herbal therapy" were employed to identify studies published up to 2024. Inclusion criteria were established to select studies that reported the impact of medicinal plants on lipid profile modifications.

Based on the results, the study revealed that various medicinal plants, including Thymus vulgaris, Apium graveolens, Cichorium intybus, Fumaria officinalis, Heracleum rawianum, Anthemis altissima, Gundelia tourneforttii, Cynodon dactylon, Anthriscus sylvestrianum, Solanum nigrum, Arum elongatum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Berberis vulgaris, Rheum ribes, and Mentha spicata, are commonly used in traditional medicine to address hyperlipidemia.

The use of indigenous Iranian medicinal plants for managing hyperlipidemia is deeply rooted in the country’s ancient history and has been increasingly validated by contemporary scientific research. These natural compounds can help lower blood lipid levels by inhibiting fat absorption and boosting lipid metabolism. The growing interest in traditional medicine and medicinal plants can be attributed to their inherent advantages, such as a lower incidence of side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Ongoing scientific research in this field offers promising avenues for developing innovative and effective herbal-based therapies

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women, affecting 4 to 20% of women worldwide. Pharmacological treatment and lifestyle modification are used to manage PCOS. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between animal and vegetable fat consumption and polycystic ovary syndrome.

This case-control study included 64 healthy women and 64 women with PCOS. Data were collected using a general information questionnaire, a 168-item food frequency questionnaire, a scale, and a stadiometer. The amount of fat intake was determined using Nutritionist 4 software. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 software. Chi-square test, comparison of means, and logistic regression test were used to analyze the data.

Participants showed no significant difference in employment status, marital status, age, body mass index, education level, height, and weight. Consumption of animal fat (P-value= 0.09) and vegetable fat (P-value= 0.001) was higher in the case group, but this difference was only significant for vegetable fat. Consumption of some animal fats, including butter (P-value>0.001), tallow (P-value>0.001), and cream (P-value=0.021), was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. Logistic regression results showed that vegetable fats, butter, and tallow consumption was associated with a higher risk of PCOs.

According to the results of the present study, the consumption of vegetable fats and some animal fats was higher in the case group than in the control group, so a balanced fat consumption may be effective in improving the health status of women with PCOS.

Debates on the effects of milk fat on individuals' metabolic well-being and susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases have been a long-standing issue in scholarly investigations. In this study, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out to assess relationships of milk fat content with lipid and anthropometry in adult men.

This cross-sectional analysis included a sample of 1,805 men from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES 2015-2016 data. To identify associations between the milk fat content and outcome of lipid and anthropometric, three various regression models were used that adjusted for confounders.

Adult men, who consumed milk containing 3.25% fat, had a higher risk of high body mass index and circumference waist, compared to those consuming 0–1% fat, based on the fully adjusted model (OR: 1.49, CI: 1.18–1.89; and OR: 1.34, CI: 1.09–1.66, respectively). Furthermore, adult males, who consumed milk containing 3.25% fat, had lower odds of high TC levels and TC/HDL-C ratio (OR: 0.71, CI: 0.56–0.88 and OR: 0.70, CI: 0.54–0.89, respectively). The odds probability of having high LDL-C and non-HDL-C was lower only with the consumption of 2% fat milk, compared to 1% fat milk (OR: 0.57, CI: 0.36–0.89; and OR: 0.74, CI: 0.55–0.99, respectively).

This cross-sectional analysis showed upper odds of high BMI and waist circumference and lower odds of atherogenic lipids in adult men, who consumed whole fat milk, compared to those consuming non/low-fat milk.

Food insecurity and poor quality of diet are among risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The main objective of this study was to assess the association of food insecurity with atherogenic glucose and lipid profile in women.

In this cross-sectional study, 630 women between 18 and 50 years of age were selected by cluster sampling and interviewed face-to-face. To assess the household’s food security status, we used a household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) questionnaire, which its validity and reliability had been determined in the Iranian population. The serum levels of glucose (FBS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured and LDL/HDL, TC/HDL, and TG/HDL ratios were calculated.

The mean serum concentrations of TG and TG/HDL ratio were significantly higher in the women suffering from moderate and severe food insecurity compared to those in the food-secure women (p=0.002). Compared with the food secure group, women with moderate and severe food security were more likely to develop hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted OR, 1.63; p=0.018) and a high TG/HDL ratio (adjusted OR, 1.52; p=0.030). However, food security status showed no significant associations with the probability of having the impaired fasting glucose, hypercholesterolemia, high LDL, low HDL, and abnormal ratios of LDL/HDL and TC/HDL.

Food insecurity may be associated with increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia and high TG/HDL in women.

The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is associated with the accumulation of liver fat. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of exercise training on liver fat accumulation and insulin resistance in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity.

A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Magiran, and NoorMags databases from the inception to January 21, 2023. The inclusion criteria for the present meta-analysis included 1) children and adolescents, 2) exercise training, 3) overweight and obesity, 4) studies with a control group or with values measured in the pre-test stage and 4) liver fat as the main variable. To calculate the effect size, standardized mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random effect model.

A total, nine studies with eighteen exercise interventions and including 621 children and adolescent were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise result in a decrease in liver fat with a large effect size [SMD: -0.85 (CI: -1.26 to -0.43), P = 0.001], insulin [WMD: -1.32 µU/ml (CI: -2.35 to -0.30), P = 0.01] and insulin resistance [WMD: -0.61 (CI: -1.06 to -0.17), P = 0.007]. While the reduction of glucose was not statistically significant [WMD: -0.52 mg/dl (CI: -1.47 to 0.40), P = 0.26].

Exercise training results in the reduction of liver fat accumulation and improvement of insulin resistance in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity, which is recommended as a main strategy to reduce liver fat and improve metabolism.

The risk of hypertension is increased as people get older. Hypertension and overweight/ obesity are highly prevalent in Iranian older adults and there are limited studies on the association between high blood pressure and visceral fat in this population. This research was conducted to evaluate the correlation between hypertension and visceral fat in older adults.

This case-control study was carried out using the records of people aged ≥ 60 years who enrolled at Phase II of the Amirkola Health and Ageing Project (AHAP). People with hypertension (case group) and those without hypertension (control group) were matched for age and gender. Physical activity was measured using the Physical Activity Scale for Elderly. Visceral fat level was measured by a density meter device.

Out of 700 senior adults, half were found with hypertension. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in age (P=0.684), body shape index (P=0.691), and physical activity (P=0.308). But, a significant difference was observed in mean waist circumference (P<0.001), body mass index (P<0.001), waist circumference to weight ratio (P<0.001), and visceral fat (P<0.001) between the two groups. There was a significant positive correlation between blood pressure and the levels of visceral fat, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist to height ratio in older males and females. Body mass index in male (P<0.001, AUC=0.710) and visceral fat level in female participants (P<0.001, AUC=0.626) were considerably correlated with hypertension.

This study revealed a significant direct correlation between blood pressure and visceral fat level, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist to height ratio in older male and female population. Body mass index in male and visceral fat level in female older adults were strongly associated with hypertension.

Metabolic syndrome refers to a set of diseases including insulin resistance, high blood glucose levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. The cinnamon plant is a member of the Lauraceae family and is considered a universal medicinal plant. Traditional medicine studies reported the therapeutic effects of this plant in the reduction of blood glucose levels, blood pressure, obesity, and improving dyslipidemia. The present study aimed to review the effect of cinnamon and its active compounds on metabolic syndrome.

The search was carried out in Science Direct, Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, and SID using the following keywords: cinnamon, cinnamaldehyde, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and blood lipid profiles. Relevant articles published in May 2007 to September 2022 were selected.

Data obtained from different studies (clinical studies, in vivo) on the effects of cinnamon and its active ingredients showed the protective effects of this plant in metabolic syndrome in different ways.

Cinnamon could decrease the rate of complications and mortality caused by metabolic syndrome.

The age of onset of obesity and its consequences have decreased, this study aimed to compare the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic activity with light and heavy intensities on fat burning in obese and overweight children.

The statistical sample of this quasi-experimental study included 30 primary school male students with overweight and obesity (mean age 11±0.83 years and body mass index of 29.2±4.3 kg/m2). No diet control, they were randomly divided into three groups of light aerobic exercise (n=10), heavy aerobic exercise (n=10) and control (n=10). 24 hours after the first stage of blood sampling and fat assessment, the experimental groups performed aerobic activity (outdoor walking) with two intensities of light (40-50% HRmax) and heavy (80-70% HRmax) for 12 weeks. The control group did not perform any continuous physical activity. At the end of the 12-weeks exercise program, blood samples and fat assessment values were collected. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Post hoc Tukey test using SPSS-24 software at P≤0.05.

The results showed that both light and heavy aerobic exercise protocols decreased cholesterol, fat triglyceride, and serum leptin, LDL, BMI and HDL. However, heavy intensity aerobic exercise was significantly more effective on the above variables.

It seems intense aerobic exercise has a greater effect on fat burning in obese children.

Consumption of pomegranate extract along with resistance training can improve the blood flow, resting metabolism and cause weight loss. However, their effect on body composition and weight control has not been studied. This study aims to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training combined with pomegranate extract supplementation on resting metabolic rate, hypertrophy and muscle strength of inactive male college students. 

In this quasi-experimental study, 42 inactive male college students voluntary participated after signing a written informed consent form. They were randomly divided into four groups: resistance training (n=11), resistance training + supplementation (n=11), supplementation (n=10), and control (n=10). The resistance training was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and included two movements for the upper body (barbell chest press and barbell shoulder press) and two movements for the lower body (leg extension and leg press with machine). The pomegranate extract was consumed at a dose of 100 mL 3 times a week (half an hour before training). Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance with least significant difference post hoc test and paired t-test considering a significance level of P≤0.05. 

The rate of muscle hypertrophy (hip circumference) increased significantly after intervention in two groups of resistance training and resistance training + supplementation, which was higher in the combined intervention group (P=0.001). The maximum strength in lower body muscles also increased significantly after intervention in these two groups (P=0.001). Body fat percentage decreased significantly in the resistance training + supplementation group (P=0.03). No significant change was observed in the resting metabolic rate of the study groups (P>0.05).

It seems that the combination of resistance training with pomegranate extract supplementation increases the muscle strength and hypertrophy in young men.

Due to the importance of controlling recurrence of colorectal cancer, the effect of serum lipid profile and the fatty acid composition of cancer cell membranes on the response to treatment and survival, and the lack of clinical study on the effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation (CLA) in these patients, this study investigated the effect of CLA supplementation on serum fatty acid pattern, lipid profiles, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor marker in patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemotherapy.

In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study, 31 patients with rectal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy assigned into the CLA group (n = 15), receiving 3 g CLA/d, and placebo group (n = 16) receiving placebo capsules for 6 weeks. Before and after intervention, serum fatty acid pattern, triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and CEA were evaluated.

In placebo group, CLA supplementation increased the percentage of serum CLA (P = 0.35). CLA supplementation increased alpha linolenic acid (P = 0.01) significantly, and decreased the total omega-6 fatty acids and the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. As compare with placebo, CLA supplementation had no significant effect on lipid profiles (P > 0.05).

Considering the positive effects of CLA on omega-3 fatty acids, and to our knowledge, this is the first study that assess the effect of CLA supplementation; further studies with larger sample size are needed to generalize findings of this study.

This study aimed to compare the survival in serial autologous fat transfer between frozen and fresh fat among patients referred for face rejuvenation.

In a clinical trial study, 60 volunteer patients for fat injection in the nasolabial region were divided into two groups of 30. In the first group, fresh fat was removed from the inner thigh, and 3 cc was injected on both sides of the nasolabial fold. 3 to 4 weeks later, subsequent injections were performed in the same way. In the second group, the amount of fat required for 4 sessions of injection was removed from the inner thigh, and 3 cc was injected in the first time; the rest of the fat was frozen at -20° C and during the next times, after defrosting in place, was injected in nasolabial region. The shelf life of adipose tissue was determined and compared between the two groups 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months after injection.

Comparison of changes in facial wrinkle assessment score (MFWS) before and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months after surgery did not show any significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.37). The overall percentage of adipose tissue reduction during 15 months after injection was 0.59 ± 0.13 percent in the fresh fat injection group and 0.61 ± 0.11 percent in the frozen fat injection group with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.73).

</em>Due to the fact that survival injected fat is not differ between the two methods of injecting fresh and frozen fat, the use of frozen fat seems to be preferable for rejuvenation of the skin due to one-time fat removal and lower operating costs.

Abdominal obesity has been shown to be associated with increased impairment of glucose and insulin homeostasis and changes in blood lipid and lipoprotein levels such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). On the other hand, increasing fat activates some factors involved in the lipogenic pathway, such as the enzyme acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, which is involved in fat metabolism. In this regard, one of the cases that has long been considered by researchers to reduce the negative effects of obesity is exercise and physical activity. Regular exercise can be an adjunct in the treatment of diseases caused by inactivity and obesity such as insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. But what exercise, for how long and with what intensity has the greatest impact is a question that has always attracted the attention of researchers.On the other hand, one of the methods that has been considered in recent years along with exercise and physical activity is the use of pharmaceutical and dietary supplements such as octapamine, which has a structure similar to noradrenaline. And may modulate normal and abnormal neurophysiological processes and have stimulus-like properties that affect athletic performance.Therefore, considering the effect of obesity and visceral fat in individual and social life, the role of lipogenic pathway and its effective factors on obesity, the possible effect of octapamine on physical activity on the one hand and on lipolysis on the other and finding a way to reduce the negative effects of obesity In the present study, the researcher sought to investigate whether aerobic activity associated with octapamine use affected the effect of aerobic exercise and octapamine supplementation on ACC and ACYL gene expression and HDL / LDL ratio in visceral adipose tissue of DFO-receiving rats. No?

In the present experimental study, 30 mice weighing 320 20 20 after one week of exposure to the new environment were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy (6 mice), sick (DFO) (6 mice), Patient + octapamine (6 mice), patient + exercise (6 mice), patient + exercise + octapamine (6 mice) were divided and the exercise protocol was performed in such a way that the mice were first treated for one Week and 5 sessions per week at a speed of 10 meters, for 5 minutes and a zero degree slope of the introductory course, then the training groups, 5 sessions per week for 30 minutes of their training program. Out of a total of 30 minutes of training, 5 minutes were considered for warming up and 5 minutes for cooling. The research protocol was that on the first day of training, the speed started from 16 meters per second and increased every week until the last day and after 4 weeks, it reached 26 meters per second. It should be noted that the slope of the treadmill was zero degrees and moderate intensity training was performed in the range of 50 to 60% VO2max.Also, 81 μmol / kg octapamine (Sigma Aldrich Company) dissolved in 9% normal saline was dissolved in the homogenase apparatus and per 100 g body weight of rats was injected intraperitoneally for 4 weeks and 5 times a week. At 4 weeks, an octopamine insulin line was injected subcutaneously.On the other hand, in order to prepare oil heated several times, 8 liters of sunflower oil was heated for 190 consecutive hours at a temperature of 190 to 200 ° C for 4 consecutive days, and every 30 minutes food: chicken nuggets, potatoes, chicken and Protein products (sausages) were dipped in oil. Finally, the oil of the fourth day for use as an oral poisoning intervention (gavage) for 4 weeks every day at a rate of 10% of rat weight orally and by gavage to subjects in all groups except the group It was eaten healthy.48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (75 mg / kg body weight) and xylazine (5 mg / kg body weight) And visceral adipose tissue was removed by HLE method. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

The results of the present study showed that exercise, octapamine intake and the interaction between exercise and octapamine had a significant effect on HDL / LDL and ACYL in rat visceral adipose tissue. It was also found that HDL / LDL at the end of the period was significantly higher in the group fed with deep-training oil than the control group but the amount of ACYL was lower than the control group (Figures 1 and 3).Another finding showed that exercise had a significant effect on ACC in visceral adipose tissue of rats. But octapamine intake and exercise-octapamine interaction had no significant effect on ACC gene expression in visceral adipose tissue. Also, the level of ACC at the end of the period was significantly higher in the group fed with deep heated oil-exercise than the control group (Figure 2).

Exercise seems to increase lipolysis and decrease fatty acids in the blood and muscles. This causes a layer of excess fat (cholesterol and phospholipids) that is transferred to HDL and causes it to increase. Increased HDL due to increased production by the liver may be due to altered LPL enzyme activity and decreased hepatic lipase following physical activity. Octapamine also activates b3-ARs and stimulates lipolysis in white fat cells, causing oxygen consumption in brown adipose tissue. It has also been reported that synephrine in octapamine is able to activate lipolysis in human adipocytes.Regarding ACC, it can be said that the evidence shows that ACC is a key enzyme in regulating the biosynthesis of fatty acids in animal tissues. ACC acts as a lipid speed limiting enzyme. Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase with carboxylation of acetyl coenzyme A causes the production of malonyl coenzyme A and it seems that the activity of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase is affected by nutritional conditions. More and longer administration time will lead to a significant reduction in ACC. Regarding exercise-induced ACC regulation mechanisms, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to phosphorylate ACC in Ser79 and reduce its activity.

It seems that endurance training and Stanozolol consumption can activate fat burning. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of six weeks of endurance training and injection of stanozolol on CD36 and Beta- hydroxyl acyl coA dehydrogenases (B-HAD) levels of muscle tissue and levels of desnutrin in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in male healthy rats.

In the present study, 40 male Wistar rats, aged 12 weeks old (initial body weight, 289±16g), were randomly divided into four groups; placebo (n=10), training (n=10), training+ stanozolol (n=10), and stanozolol (n=10). Training+ stanozolol and stanozolol groups received a weekly intramuscular injection (5mg/kg of body weight) of stanozolol, while placebo and training + placebo groups received Arashiz oil as placebo. Endurance training was performed on treadmill for 6 weeks, 5 sessions per week with the intensity of 70-75% VO2max. CD36, B-HAD, and Desnutrin levels were measured using ELISA method

After six weeks of exercise training and Stanozolol consumption, the protein content of CD36 in training+Stanozolol significantly increased compared to placebo group (P=0.0003), training+placebo group (P= 0.008), and Stanozolol group (P= 0.029). Protein content of B-HAD soleus muscle in training+Stanozolol significantly increased compared to placebo group (P=0.0002), training+placebo group (P= 0.006), and Stanozolol group (P= 0.018). Also, desnutrin of subcutaneous adipose tissue in training+Stanozolol significantly increased as compared to placebo (P=0.0005) and Stanozolol groups (P= 0.021). Desnutrin of visceral fat in training+Stanozolol significantly increased compared to placebo group (P=0.0007), training+placebo (P=0.039), and Stanozolol group (P= 0.004).

It seems that stanozolol treatment improves lipolytic effects of endurance training to significant extends.