کارکنان سلامت

Social capital is defined as a set of environmental characteristics and social relations that lead to the achievement of common goals and interests within the organization. To achieve its goals, the university of medical sciences must adopt an appropriate social capital model.

This research is developmental and applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of data nature. Social capital shaping factors were classified using interpretive structural modeling (ISM), and the factors were stratified using cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis. The population of this research consisted of faculty members from  Iran University of  Medical Sciences, and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Sampling was conducted using a theoretical method, and a total of 15 professors were interviewed until data saturation.

The dimensions of social capital include identity at level 1, trust and commitments at level 2, common language, identifiers, and culture at level 3, network links at level 4, configuration of network relationships and proper organization at level 5, and norms at level 6.

The dimensions of configuration of network relations, proper organization, and norms were placed in the driver cluster, which includes variables with the lowest power of dependence and the highest power of influence. It is suggested that universities clearly define the norms; create a flexible structure; develop stronger bonds among employees; broden networking; emphasize the commonalities among employees; provide clarification; promote group learning, and foster trust and commitment among employees.

Indoor air quality is a critical factor influencing the health and well-being of individuals in society, as polluted indoor air can lead to various diseases. Consequently, this study examined the awareness, attitudes, and performance of health workers in Khorramabad City, Iran, concerning indoor air pollution, as well as the correlation of these factors with demographic variables.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 using a researcher-developed questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and performance of health workers in the health centers of Khorramabad City. A total of 149 individuals from the Khorramabad health center participated in the study, and after receiving education, 140 of them agreed to complete the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using independent t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlation coefficient via SPSS software.

Health workers' performance regarding indoor air quality had the highest score of 60.50, while the scores for attitude and knowledge were 51.85 and 17.82, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance between men and women (P > 0.05). The level of education had a significant relationship with the average scores of knowledge and performance. Consequently, the highest scores in knowledge, attitude, and performance were observed among individuals with a bachelor's degree or higher. In contrast, no significant relationship was found between the scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance with age or work experience.

Given the limited awareness among health workers regarding indoor air pollution, coupled with their significant role in disseminating health information to the community, it is essential to conduct training courses on this topic to enhance the knowledge of health workers.

In recent years, many organizations have been searching for the best method to estimate the number of required staff in their organizations. However, since the basis of these methods is forecasting, their results are likely to be challenging, especially in healthcare organizations. Recently, approaches to estimating required staff based on real workload have become very popular in many organizations. In this research, the required number of family health care providers in outskirt comprehensive health service centers has been calculated using the WISN method.

The current survey is a qualitative-quantitative study. In the first stage, effective and important factors for estimating the required personnel in organizations were obtained by reviewing related articles. In the second stage, through the holding of focus group meetings, the micro-activities of the process of providing services by health care providers were extracted. In the third stage, by using the WISN, the difference and the ratio of the available to the desired staff were obtained, and finally, the norm of health care providers required in comprehensive health service centers was calculated.

In the first stage, from the review of related articles, four implicit factors that should be taken into consideration while analyzing the results of using WISN as factors affecting the number of required personnel were obtained. In the next step, the analysis of the results of the focus group meetings led to the identification of 16 main activities, nine supporting activities, and nine additional activities of health care providers. In the third step, by using the standard of main activities, group and specific allowance, ratio, and difference of WISN were obtained. This ratio was more than one and the difference was positive, indicating the lack of staff and the pressure of work on healthcare workers working in outskirts comprehensive health service centers.

Article reviews show that much research has been conducted in the field of hospitals to estimate the required staff. Unfortunately, despite the great importance of the health sector, the distribution of personnel is still carried out using the ratio of area population. Therefore, the necessity of conducting more studies in this broad and important field is evident. The data was collected from the country's ten regions or poles of medical sciences universities. Therefore, the obtained information can be used to estimate the required number of healthcare workers countrywide, taking regional differences into account.

Alzheimer’s is a chronic disease that causes cognitive disabilities, thinking, personality changes and disruptions in daily activities. Due to these disorders, patients need long-term care. Most care for Alzheimer’s patients is done at home by family members, which makes home caregivers mentally, physically, emotionally, socially and financially vulnerable. Health personnel have a key role to play in providing information and guidance and helping the family control these conditions. The purpose of this study was to examines the level of knowledge and attitude of health workers and determines the related factors. 

This research is a cross-sectional study to evaluate the level of knowledge and attitude of health workers about Alzheimer’s disease and its related factors. All 260 health workers of Gorgan and Kordkuy districts were studied by census method to assess their knowledge and attitude about Alzheimer’s disease and its related factors. ANOVA and T-tests were used to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. Variables whose significant level of correlation with response variable was less than 0.2 in bivariate analysis were entered into the regression model and finally multiple linear regression was used to determine the factors related to level of knowledge and attitude.

The mean level of knowledge was 46.73% (95% CI, 45.46 to 48.16) and the mean level of attitude was 55.61% (95% CI, 54.63 to 56.74). The results show that those with a history of previous education, a history of caring for Alzheimer’s patients, a higher level of work experience in the health care system, and having a female gender and be married have higher levels of knowledge and those with a history of previous education and Sistani descent had a higher attitude.

In general, the mean level of knowledge was 46.73(0-100) and the mean level of attitude was 55.61(0-100). Factors such as: gender, work history in the health system, history of participating in educational workshops, history of caring for sick patients, and marital status were related to the level of knowledge and factors such as ethnicity and history of participating in the training workshop were related to the level of attitude of the health care providers.

Providing safe and high-quality care during crises such as natural disasters, conflicts, or epidemics should always be one of the fundamental goals of a health care system. In health care, in addition to patients, employees are also affected. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the state of HSE culture and its relationship with the infection of Covid-19 in health and treatment centers.

The current cross-sectional-analytical research was conducted using the standard HSE safety culture questionnaire and the PCR test to measure employees' exposure to Covid-19. The study subjects were randomly selected for investigation. In the following, SPSS version 22 software was used to analyze the data.

This study's participants were 452 employees working in the Corona Center Hospital of Borujerd city with an average age and standard deviation of 33.97 ± 5.69. The mean and standard deviation of the overall HSE culture score was 172.64 ± 23.53, 7.1% of people had a negative HSE culture, and 92.9% had a positive HSE culture. Examining the condition of covid-19 infection shows that 70.1% of people are infected with the virus. The results of multivariable linear regression showed that with increasing age, the overall score of HSE culture decreases (p-value=0.0001).

The results showed that the HSE culture in the health workers of the studied hospital is at a high level. The variables of age, history of accidents, illness, and job type affect the HSE culture score.

Gastrointestinal cancers are one of the most dangerous and common cancers in Iran. This type of cancer is more common in the esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum. The present study is aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of employed health professionals about the risk factors of gastrointestinal cancers.

In the present cross-sectional study, all 175 male and female health workers in Isfahan Health Centers No. 1 and 2, Isfahan, Iran, were studied. Data were collected using a questionnaire, measuring the knowledge, attitude, and practice of health workers. Raw data of knowledge, attitude, and practice were converted to standard scores from 0 to 100 with a linear conversion and were described with mean, standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI), median, and interquartile range. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 5% using SPSS software.

The mean scores of knowledge for all participants were 69.3%, the mean scores of attitude were 73.9%, and the mean scores of behavior were 35.3%. The difference between the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of health workers according to gender, marital status, family history, income, and enteritis was not statistically significant. However, the mean scores of individuals’ behavior with educational levels of diploma and sub-diploma were statistically significant (P = 0.046). Attitude score increased in terms of age (P = 0.007). Additionally, there was a significant linear positive correlation between work experience and attitude score (r = 0.218, P = 0.004). The relationship between gender and nutritional behavior was significant (P = 0.039). The average knowledge score of people who needed periodic testing was 76.6, which was also significantly different from people who did not need periodic testing (P = 0.026).

With increasing age and the years of employment, the attitude score increased. Moreover, the average nutritional behavior of male health workers was lower than female ones. It was also found that people who needed periodic testing had higher knowledge ones. Therefore, in addition to developing appropriate training programs, adopting other health policies is needed, so that by overcoming the barriers to preventive behaviors, not only the performance of health workers can be increased but also by providing services to the covered populations, people's participation in colorectal cancer screening programs can be improved.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, nurses were in the frontline of patient care. This study aims to determine the social well-being of Iranian nurses working in hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic and its related factors.

In this cross-sectional study, 612 nurses working in hospitals across the country participated. They completed the social well-being scale online from January to February 2021. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (Frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22 software. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The mean total score of social health well-being was 74.1±9.5 out of 140. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that age (P=0.04, β=-0.95); gender (P=0.01, β=0.1) and type of employment (P=0.03, β=-0.1) were the predictors of nurses’ social well-being. Other demographic and job-related factors were not significant.

  The social well-being status of Iranian nurses working in hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic is relatively favorable. The increase educational level and age and the specialization of available services through the promotion of organizational tasks can be helpful in improving the social well-being of nurses. Changing the employment of nurses from temporary to permanent can also increase their social well-being.

Spiritual intelligence leads to understanding between people, calmness, and management of changes. The spiritual intelligence of emergency personnel May affects the correct performance of emergency procedures. This type of intelligence exists in all people, but due to the challenging working conditions of medical staff in the emergency department and the need to do the best work at the best time, it Can be more important. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spiritual intelligence on efficacy of health personnel in the emergency department.

This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was performed on 83 medical personnel working in the emergency department of Poursina educational, research and therapeutic center, in Rasht, Iran, in 2021. The sampling method was census. The data were collected using a tool that consisted of demographic characteristics and King's questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS24 software and descriptive statistical methods (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, independent T-test, Pearson test and analysis of variance. The significance level was considered P <0.05.

The mean age of the research participants was 29.15±7.39 years and 47 (56.6%) of participants were female. The findings of the present study showed that people with higher spiritual intelligence had better occupational efficiency than others (P<0.001), but there was no statistically significant relationship between spiritual intelligence with age, sex, marital status, and education.

Medical personnel who had higher spiritual intelligence were more efficient than others. Apart from the effect of spiritual intelligence on reducing people's stress, improving the spiritual intelligence of personnel in critical departments such as emergency can increase their efficiency, especially in difficult situations that require management.

Occupational and social exposures to COVID-19 are among the significant stressors that threaten the health of Healthcare workers (HCWs) in various dimensions. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Corona disease anxiety and the general health of health care workers in the summer of 2021.

This is a descriptive correlational study. Sampling was done by the available method. Study samples included 170 HCWs. Data were collected using tools such as the Demographic Questionnaire, the Corona disease Anxiety Scale(C-19 AS) and the General Health Questionnaire. The data were collected using Porsline software (online). Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using the Kruskal-Wallis test, U Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The significance level was P<0.05.

There was a positive and significant relationship between Corona disease anxiety and general health (p<0.01), and the variables of physical anxiety (β coefficient = -0.233) and marital status (β coefficient = -0.147) had the highest regression effect on public health.

Health policymakers and managers of health care systems take preventive and curative measures such as providing psychological counseling and implementing training programs such as problem-solving skills training and resilience when necessary, especially for married healthcare workers to reduce the level of Corona disease anxiety.

 Due to the growing prevalence of COVID-19 in the world and the increasing workload of health care providers, health workers face many problems such as long working hours, being away from family, and worrying about themselves and their families, which can affect their health and consequently challenge their job performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following the COVID-19 epidemic in health workers of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

 In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 228 Shahroud University of Medical Sciences health workers were studied from July 22 to August 22, 2020. Participants included nursing, medical, radiology, and laboratory personnel. The Demographic Information Questionnaire and PTSD Checklist – Civilian version (PCL-C) was completed online. Descriptive statistics and the multivariate linear regression model were used to analyze the data.

Based on the results, 85.5% of people were experienced PTSD. The regression determination coefficient (R2) was 15.1, so that men experienced 4.88 units of lower posttraumatic stress than women. People whose relatives died of COVID-19 experienced 7/04 unit higher PTSD than others.

Given that a significant proportion of health workers experienced PTSD, senior treatment center managers must include more supportive measures to reduce PTSD in their work schedule.

One of the most important issues in maintaining and promoting community health is comprehensive waste management, especially in the COVID-19 epidemic. Failure to pay attention to waste management leaves irreparable damage. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and practice of health workers about the stages of waste management in the COVID-19 epidemic.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 428 health workers working at Jiroft University of Medical Sciences. A convenience sampling method was used. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire on waste management. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and logistic regression tests with SPSS24 software.

The mean age of employees was 32.16 7 ±7.03 years. The staff’s knowledge and practice about waste management in COVID-19 conditions were 54.2% good, 32.2% moderate, and 13.6% poor. All stages of waste management had significant positive correlations with each other (p <0.05). Logistic regression results showed that the female gender (OR = 1.8, P = 0.001), place of work (OR = 2.1, P = 0.002), higher education (OR = 2.9, P = 0.001), and good economic status (OR = 2.7, P = 0.001) increase the probability of knowledge and practice of health workers about waste management in COVID-19 conditions.

In general, the knowledge and practice of employees about waste management in the COVID-19 epidemic were good, but it is necessary to make educational interventions in accordance with the determinants of waste management to increase and maintain the knowledge and performance of employees.

Nowadays, stress and job satisfaction in the workplace are important issues in ergonomics, this is more evident in jobs such as healthcare workers that deal with human life. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the level of stress, anxiety and depression and their relationship with job satisfaction of healthcare workers.

This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 196 healthcare workers of Medical Sciences University of Fasa in 2020. participants were randomly selected. The data were collected through Depression, Anxiety, Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21), Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and chi-square to determine the frequency and relationship between variables with correlation coefficient and analysis of variance.

In this study, it was found that about 43, 42 and 37 percent of participants suffer from various levels of depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. Also, more than 50% of participants had poor to moderate job satisfaction. The results also show that with increasing each of the variables of depression, anxiety and stress the job satisfaction score decreases.

According to the results, it seems that decreasing stress, anxiety and job depression can increase the level of job satisfaction of employees which leads to increase in productivity and quality of work.

Physical and verbal and bullying  violence against nursing in psychiatric wards  are very critical problems that could influnce the quality of nuring cares. The extent and causes of violence against nurses are not fully determined in Iran, yet. So, the present study survey of violences in the training hospitals esfahan city in 2016.

In the discriptive research, 291subjects of nursing staffof psychiatric ward  who had experinced physical or verbal violences during 2016 were randomly selected from the training hospitals of esfahan city usingof a standard questionary.

About 95.5% of the studied subjects had experinced the violence, respectively. Also79.7% of the nurses had experienced physical violence,and 35.7% subjects had experinced the bullying respectively from the patient followers. Based on the results, the most common violences against male and female nurses were verbal and physical, respectively. Moreover, a meaningful relationship was found between the violences and the ward of nurses. And a meaningful relationship was found between night shift and violence.also  male nurses had had experinced the more violence.

 Discussion & Conclosion: 

The occurance of physical and verbal violence against the nursing staff is high. The situation warns to the scurity autorities of hospitals to pay more attention to the nursing staff. Also, the using of media and the training of medical personnel may be helpful to alleviate vilances against nursing staff. Keywords:  psychiatric ward-staff-violence</strong>

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and especially methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major cause of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. Health care workers (HCWs) may act as reservoirs for transmission of MRSA to patients and other HCWs. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence of SA and MRSA colonization among HCWs in Iran. The used keywords for searching were: “Iran”, “S. aureus” and “MRSA” conducted in PubMed, and Google Scholar, and two national scientific databases and proceedings of recent national conferences. The studies related to SA or MRSA prevalence in Iran published from 1993 to 2018 were included for review. Meta-analysis was performed using the Open Meta (Analyst) software. Results showed that the prevalence of SA among HCWs was 26% (95% CI=19.4-32.6%). The ratios of MRSA/total isolated SA and MRSA/total HCWs were obtained 35.4% (95% CI=29.6-41.1%) and 7.6% (95% CI= 6.4-8.8%), respectively. Older studies showed a higher prevalence compared to recent studies. The prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage among Iranian HCWs was in a range between the rates reported in the U.S/European and African countries.

Health literacy includes a set of skills in reading, listening, comprehension, analysis, and decision-making in health-related issue. This does not mean the person's ability to read and write during school days. The purpose of this study was to explain the views of health staff on health literacy and educational-communicative factors affecting it in health centers in Mashhad City, Iran. In this qualitative study, 12 health workers in health centers affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, participated in four focused group discussions. Collected data were recorded and analyzed using contractual content analysis in continuous comparison. Participant’s perspective revealed "quality of health order transferring", "quality of communication", and "quantity of educational orders transferring" as three main educational-communicative factors affecting health literacy of patients with chronic diseases. Understanding existing facts with the evolutionary approach is necessary in developing curriculums for changing behavior. Hence, health literacy, as an effective strategy for self-care in patients with chronic diseases, requires improved modulators such as education and communication skills.

Considering the importance of knowing the implications of health care workers and specially physicians’ dual practice in health policy, the aim of this study is to identify and analyze the current evidence in this field for the first time, using systematic literature review methodology.
a thorough search were performed in credible databases, search engines, specialized databases, and reference list of identified studies. The selected inclusion criteria were studies which were done using one of the rigorous and reliable known scientific methods.
the overall search found 3242 records, and none of them were considered eligible for including in the study according to the selected criteria. After showing the lack of high quality evidence in this area, the current knowledge in this field was categorized and analyzed from two perspective.
Results showed that there is not any rigorous and scientifically reliable evidence about the real implications of health care workers’ dual practice, and most of the related studies have been relied on theoretic methods, which their core assumptions were undermined in the broader literature. Furthermore, findings suggested that dual practice implications are context specific and may vary or differ from system to another system.

The agility of a hospital represents responsiveness of the hospital in the face of internal and external changes and agile hospitals are able to compete with other hospitals in providing services to patients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors affecting agility supply chain in hospitals of Iran.
This applied research study was conducted in 2014- 2015. The population of this study included all managers, administrators, faculty members and experts of health care centers. A sample of 260 hospitals was selected based on cluster sampling from 5 regions of country. A 53 item researcher- developed questionnaire of agility was distributed among the sample. The construct validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha (r=0.97). The collected data were entered in SPSS ¡lisrel software and were then analyzed with relevant tests.
The development of employee's skills (p =0.008), The use of information technology )p =0.008), The integration of processes )p =0.001), The sensitivity and responding to market )p =0.000), appropriate planning )p =0.004), the introduction of a new product )p =0.008), reduction in costs )p =0.000), customer satisfaction )p =0.005), and product quality )p =0.005) appeared to have a significant impact on agility of public hospitals in Iran. While the introduction of new products received the highest rating, developing the skills of employees received the lowest rating.
Rapid response to increasing and changing needs of customer is necessary to gaining a competitive advantage for hospitals that can increase their agility capabilities by creating the new strategies and improving their infrastructure.

Social capital refers to features of social organization that leads to quality improvement, teamworking, organizational commitment and labor productivity. Considering the importance and the role of social capital and limited studies in the field of health human resources social capital, this study aimed to determine the social capital of hospitals’ workforces.
A descriptive cross-sectional survey was employed to collect data from a sample of 555 teaching hospital staff of Isfahan city. Data was obtained by structured and valid self-administrated questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics using SPSS (version 16).
The mean score of social capital in the studied centres was 3.09 . The highest and lowest mean score was 3.37 and 2.39, respectively. Among the aspects of social capital, the highest and lowest average belonged to the networks and mutual understanding.
According to the findings of this study and in order to maintain and improve social capital of workforces, measures like orienting the staff (especially the staff of the clinical sections) with the concepts of social capital, strengthening of common sense among employees by creating a friendly environment within the hospital, increasing the capacity of acceptance of individual differences, cultural enrichment, increasing job security and matching networks and organizational goals are recommended.

Office automation has recently drawn a lot of attention in the field of IT. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of automation on the efficiency of the staff in the management area at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. The present research is a descriptive، survey study. The study population consisted of all the personnel in the management area at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. The sample included 13، who were selected using stratified random sampling method. The instruments of the study were two researcher-made questionnaires on automation efficacy and staff efficiency. The content and face validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by experts in the field and the reliability was found to be 0. 95 for the questionnaire on automation efficacy and 0. 93 for the questionnaire on staff efficiency، using Cronbach’s alpha. The data were analyzed through SPSS software، version 18، using Pearson correlation، and multi-correlation regression. The findings indicated that the correlation between office automation and staff efficiency was 0. 84، which was significant at p=0. 01. the correlation between the components of staff efficiency (relevancy، sensitivity، accuracy، being economical، and speed) and office automation were 0. 707، 0. 641، 0. 640، 0. 638، 0. 630، 0. 368، respectively. All these correlations were statistically significant at p=0. 01. The office automation is a secure، economical، and efficient system for information exchange of information inter and intra-office.

Happiness as a human basic emotion has an important role in individual and society's health, and can be a catalyzer for society's development. The aim of this study was surveying happiness in health sector personnel and some demographic and occupational related factors. In this cross -sectional study that were done in health sector personnel of Kermanshah, from journey- April 2014, from 537 distributed questionnaires (Oxford happiness questionnaire and demographic and occupational checklist), 480 completed form collected (89% response rate). Data were analyzed by SPSS (18), using Independent t, ANOVA, LSD, Regression and Pearson correlation tests. Mean age of respondents was 35.8±8.6.30.2% of respondents was male (N=144) and others were female. In concern with happiness levels most respondents had little happiness (27 People- 58.1%). Also the mean score of total happiness was 38.3±14.7. Physicians and midwives obtained the most and least mean scores of happiness (47.2and 35.4) respectively. Also in the regression model, variables such as "job loving" "health satisfaction" and "Literacy level", have explained 21.5% of happiness variance changes. (R = 0/469, R2 =0/220, Rad=0/215). Happiness in health sector personnel is lower than average. Necessary measures and programs at increasing happiness in the midwifery staff especially recommended.