کودکان استثنایی

Avulsion is one of the most serious dental traumas. Since children spend most of their time at school after home, teacher’s knowledge of dental trauma will affect prognosis of traumatized teeth. The aim of this study was evaluation of Special elementary school teachers’ knowledge, regarding emergency management of avulsion in Esfahan.

Methods  and material:

 In this cross-sectional analytical study, a standard questionnaire was given to all primary education teachers in Isfahan who were selected by census method and information was collected. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test, and t-test.

3.3% of teachers had very low knowledge, 60% low knowledge, 32.3% moderate knowledge, 3.3% high knowledge and 1.1% very high knowledge of avulsion management. Between teachers' knowledge and age (P = 0.034), history of attending first aid course (p = 0.038), dental emergency’ courses (P = 0.010) and experience of dealing with avulsion trauma (p = 0/007) was a direct connection. But no relationship was found between knowledge and gender (p = 0.139), level of education (P = 0.302), teaching experience (P = 0975) and the school type where they work (P = 0.587).

More than half of Special elementary school teachers had less than average knowledge of avulsion emergency management and most of them did not participate in a training course for avulsion management. Therefore, it is necessary to make plans to increase the knowledge of special school teachers.

The family serves as the fundamental unit for the preservation and maintenance of human emotions, relationships, intellectual standards, and high values. It also functions as a suitable stable kinship and community, a place for cultivating thoughts and morality. In addition to caring for and educating their children, the duty of parents, especially mothers, stands out to create a calm environment with healthy relationships between family members and to grow independence in their children, even those with disabilities such as mental retardation, blindness, deafness, and so on. Many researchers believe mothers of exceptional children are more depressed than mothers of typical children, unable to control their anger towards their children. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of therapy based on the quality of life (QoL) in improving the psychological wellbeing and happiness of mothers with exceptional children.

This quasi–experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of mothers with exceptional children living in Tehran City, Iran, in 2020. The statistical sample consisted of 31 mothers who volunteered and qualified to enter the research. They were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=16) and the control group (n=15). The inclusion criteria were as follows: not using other psychological and psychotherapy services simultaneously with the research, lacking psychiatric disorders, not taking psychiatric drugs, and not receiving other group counseling during the research period. The exclusion criteria were as follows: not being satisfied with continuing to participate in the research, absenting more than two sessions in training sessions, and being unable to carry out the training session plans. The study data were collected by Ryff's Psychological Well–Being Scale (RPWBS) (Ryff, 1989) and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Argyl et al., 1989). Only the participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions of treatment based on improving their quality of life (Frisch, 2006). The research data were analyzed in descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate covariance analysis) using SPSS version 22. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that after removing the effect of the pretest, the therapy based on the QoL was effective in improving psychological wellbeing (p<0.001) and happiness (p<0.001) in mothers of exceptional children in the experimental group. According to the Eta squared, the average increase of each of the variables of psychological wellbeing and happiness was 71% and 74%, respectively, due to the intervention of this therapy.

Based on the present study, therapy based on the QoL effectively improves mothers' psychological wellbeing and happiness with exceptional children. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use this therapeutic intervention to improve the psychological wellbeing and happiness of mothers with exceptional children.

 The birth of a child with a disability causes mothers to face various psychological, emotional and social injuries. according to this the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on hoping for constructive relationships of mothers with exceptional children.

 The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group design. The statistical population of the research included mothers with exceptional children whose children were studying in one of the exceptional schools of Rafsanjan city in the academic year of 2019-2019, and their number was 320 in total. 37 mothers with exceptional children were selected through voluntary sampling method and were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received self-compassion training during twelve sessions. The applied questionnaires included Hope Questionnaire (Snyder et al, 1991). The data from the study were analyzed through Covariance using SPSS statistical software version 23.

 The results showed that self-compassion training has significant effect on the hoping for constructive relationships (F=47.57; Eta=0.58; P<0001) in mothers with exceptional children.

 According to the findings of the present study, self-compassion training can be used as an efficient method to improve hoping for constructive relationships of mothers with exceptional children through focusing on the method of Visualizing compassion for self and others, using creative helplessness, articulating worthwhile goals, fostering compassionate behaviors, and developing intelligent behaviors.

In a family with one or more exceptional children, the parents endure severe physical and psychological stress, in addition to the burden of care and socio-economic pressures. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between socio-economic status and personality traits with mental health of parents of more than one exceptional child and compared their rates between mothers and fathers in Yazd.

This study was analytical and crosssectional. The population of the study included all parents with more than one exceptional child in Yazd in 2019-2020. For example, 160 parents with more than one exceptional child were selected by random cluster sampling. The demographic form, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and the NEO–Five Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1980) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software and correlation coefficient, independent ttest and stepwise regression with a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that there were significant negative relationships between socio-economic status and personality traits of extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness with the mental health of parents of exceptional children. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between neuroticism with the mental health of the parents of exceptional children (p<0.01). However, neuroticism (β = 0.28) and extraversion (β = -0.13) were able to predict mental health. Also, mothers of exceptional children had lower mental health and more neuroticism than fathers.

According to the results, if the parents of more than one exceptional child have a higher socio-economic status and more appropriate personality traits, their mental health will be better. So, the components of neuroticism and extroversion personality are able to predict the level of mental health in these parents.

Having a disabled child, in addition to financial pressure and high care burden, imposes extensive biopsychological stress on parents, especially mothers. Few studies in Iran have examined biopsychological and personality traits in the mothers of exceptional children before the child was born. The duty of parents, especially mothers in the family besides caring and educating their children, is to create a peaceful environment by establishing healthy relationships between family members, also help improve children’s independence; even if the child has exceptional conditions, such as intellectual disabilities, vision and hearing impairments, physical disabilities, and so on. Therefore, this study aimed to compare biopsychological and personality components between mothers with and without exceptional children.

This was a descriptive–analytical and causal–comparative research study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers with exceptional children covered by the Welfare Organization of Yazd City, Iran, in 2020–2021 (N=534 families). In total, 164 mothers with exceptional children and 164 mothers with Typically–Developing (TD) children were selected by random multistage cluster sampling method. The inclusion criteria for the mothers of exceptional children were the age range of 17–60 years and having more than 2 exceptional children, aged 7–17 years. The exclusion criteria for this group included having a motor or perceptual disability that interfered with the interviews and completing the questionnaire, dissatisfaction to participate in the research, and failure to answer the researcher's questions. The inclusion criteria for the mothers of TD children consisted of the age range of 17–60 years, having a child aged 7–17 years, providing informed consent forms to participate in the research, and completing the research questionnaires. To collect the necessary data, the Biological, Psychosocial Characteristics Questionnaires (Afrooz, 2004), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ–28; Goldberg & Hillier, 1979), and the NEO–Five Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1980) were used. The study tools were provided to the explored mothers in two phases; the first one was distributed and collected before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID–19) outbreak by attending homes and schools; the second one was distributed and collected after the COVID–19 outbreak through cyberspace or by sending it to the door of the house. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, & percentage) and inferential statistics (Chi–squared test & Independent Samples t–test) in SPSS at a significance level of 0.05.

The present research results indicated significant differences in marriage age, the type of marriage, educational level, occupational status, pregnancy age, physical illness, substance use disorders, psycho–emotional status during pregnancy, blood type, and the history of abortion or stillbirth between the evaluated mothers with exceptional and TD children (p<0.001). Additionally, the mothers of exceptional children presented higher levels of physical symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, social dysfunction, and depression, compared to the mothers of TD children (p<0.001). In addition, neuroticism personality trait was more frequent in the mothers of exceptional children, compared to the mothers of TD children (p<0.001). The mothers of TD children reported more personality traits of extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, compared to their counterparts with exceptional children (p<0.001).

According to the current research findings, the mothers of exceptional children performed worse biologically, emotionally, and socially, compared to the mothers of TD children before the birth of the child. Moreover, their mental health and personality status were worse than their counterparts with TD children.

Expanding opportunities and enhancing the quality of life of children and young adults with disabilities and their families is a challenging task. An increasing number of parents are refusing to enroll their children at special schools. Due to the necessity of personal and marital life and the importance of improving the lives, families with children with special needs, this study examines the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on caregiver burden and marital stress of mothers of children with special needs. The study employed a two group pre-test post quasi-experimental design. The study population consisted of all married women in Zahedan with a least one child with special needs. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 30 participants. The participants were randomly assigned to experiment and control groups in equal numbers. The research instruments were Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS) and Marital Stress Scale (MSS). The experiment group received Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in ten sessions each lasing 45 minutes. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that a significant impact of acceptance and commitment therapy training (P<0.05) on marital stress and caregiver burden.  Also, the effect size and power strength were 0.68 and 0.95 for caregiver stress scores and 0.77 and 0.93 for marital stress scores, respectively, which show that the effect of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on the amount maternal stress and marital stress have been remarkable and strong. Marital stress and psychological stress can result from the lack of acceptance, consciousness or non- commitment and avoidance of conflict and insincerity. So group training therapy based on acceptance and commitment may improve the lives of families with special needs.

Aim and Among the professions, teacher's job can be described as experiencing excessive stress and exhaustion. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between social problem solving styles and quality of work life among the teachers of exceptional children schools.
Methods and Materials: In this descriptive correlational study, the statistical population included all teachers of exceptional children schools in Guilan Province, Iran, during the first semester of the educational year of 2016-2017. 250 teachers were selected via convenience sampling method. The study tools included Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised (SPSI-R), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Quality of Work Life Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.
Findings: Positive significant indirect effect of efficient problem solving dimension on quality of work life was approved (β = 0.297, P

Pervasive Education as an efficient method has been drawing increasing attention in the recent years. To provide equal educational facilities for all children in the society is of the basic principles of the educational system in Iran.After family, educational system exerts the highest influence on an individual's development, based onwhich there are two general approaches where the one dealing with providing service for all individuals in such a manner that no one is isolated from the ordinary background of the society is considered the appropriate one .As the population of the country declines and the required work force in future needs to increases, the children with special needs and capabilities can be benefitted in society. Based on this, they have to be particularly focused.
The method applied in this study is analytical. A comprehensive review has been done with all the words onexceptional children, coed schools, pervasive education in the databases - Iran medex, Since directGoogle scholar, SID- stressing domestic researches. The findings indicate thatthe negative attitude of the teachers toward attracting and covering the children with special needsimpedes the implementation ofmaking the pervasiveprojectto be realized. Crowded classrooms, lack of suitable space,lack of rehabilitation services andinadequately monitoring the peer's negative relationships is of other barriers. Of course, the studies suffer from some drawbacks like being done on a certain group and that most of them were done in the initial stages of the project. Generally speaking, we need to implement the project in all centers and then to follow up its challenges. It is imperative to train the average teachers and the liaison ones and solve their problems, help them to modify their attitude and invite their parents to cooperate.

Nutritional assessment is the first component of nutrition care and it is necessary for prevention of malnutrition and promoting health. The aim of this study was to assess nutritional status and physical activity level in exceptional children.
This survey was a cross sectional study conducted on 470 exceptional students aged 5-15 years in 1391 in Tehran. Height and weight were measured using standard tools. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to determine physical activity levels. The T-test, chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data.
According to body mass index (BMI) cut off points defined by WHO, 12.6%, 38.1% and 49.3% of children were wasting/severe wasting, overweight/obese and normal, respectively. The prevalence rates of low height for age (stunting) were 71.7% for mentally retarded, 36.3% for deaf and 17.7% for blind children. Time spent in intense activity was significantly higher in deaf children compared to children with mental retardation (p Due to high prevalence of malnutrition among exceptional students, incorporating a proper nutritional intervention into the comprehensive program will likely be successful.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of frankl’s logo therapy on mental health of mothers with exceptional children.
This research is a quasi-experimental including pre-test and post–test designs with dissimilar groups. The study population of this study was mothers with exceptional children of Tehran. Sampling was performed voluntarily, then, the 23 sampled mothers were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Experimental group received 10 sessions for logo therapy training (each session was 90 min) while the control group did not receive it. The instrument of this study was the structured interview and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ).
The results showed that the mental health of mothers before and after the intervention had significant difference (p The logo therapy could increase the mental health of mother in experimental group, although this results was not obtained for control group.

This research aimed to study the mental disorders and resiliency in parents of normal and exceptional children. In this cross-sectional study is that، among all couples in which the first child 7 to 12 years old of normal and exceptional in Faruj studying in primary schools were selected by random sample of 426 subjects (213 couples) parents of normal and exceptional students after attending school، SCL-90 questionnaire and resiliency scale (CD-RISC) were performed. Data Analyze use by mean، standard deviation، Kruskal-Wallis، t-test and correlation. There are significant differences (P<0/05) in levels of subscales of mental disorders between two group of parents. There is a significant difference (P<0/05) between parents'' mental disorders and resiliency with variables (age، socioeconomic status، number of children، education، age differences، addiction، mental disorders in family and a history of separation from his wife). There is a significant difference (P<0/05) between GSI in parents of normally and exceptional students. There is a significant difference (P<0/05) between resiliency among scores of parents (both normal and exceptional children). There is a significant correlation (P<0/01) between GSI and resiliency in the total subjects (r = 0/61). 20 percent of the sample group had a mental disorder. Because the parents of exceptional children and women have higher scores in GSI and have lower scores in resiliency than men، more serious attention and is planned by the authorities.

Studies have shown that parents of exceptional children have less happiness and life satisfaction. Coping styles are one of the most important psychosocial factors that go between stress and mental disorders. On the other hand, there is a meaningful relation between happiness and religious beliefs. Therefore, this study was carried out with the purpose of examining the effect of teaching Islamic coping styles on happiness of parents with exceptional children in the city of Khatam (Harat&Marvast). This is an exprimental research. The sample size was 24 persons chosen from among parents of exceptional children in Khatam city. They were then randomly assigned into two groups of trial and control. Islamic coping style was taught to the trial group. After one month of teaching, the data gathered from the research were analyzed through descriptive and analytic statistics. Teaching Islamic coping styles, increased happiness of the parents with exceptinal children in such a way that the score of their happiness elevated from 26.41 before the study to 56.04 after study and then to 55 after one month of follow-up. Considering the effectivness of Islamic coping styles on increasing happiness, teaching of these styles for decreasing and coping with stress is recommended.

Cousin marriage appeared to have a significant role in the birth of disabled children. This is a comparative study on the frequency of cousin and non-cousin marriage among the parents of disabled children and parents of normal children in Kermanshah. In this Ex Post Facto research, employing simple random sampling, 250 parents of disabled children were selected, and the same sample size for parents of normal children was selected, applying simple cluster sampling. A checklist made by Afrouz in 2008 was utilized for collecting data. Chi-square was applied for data analyzing in SPSS-11.5 program. The findings showed that frequency of cousin marriage was higher among the parents of disabled children (64%) compared to the parents of normal children (26%). There was also significant difference between disabled child’s birth and type of parent’s marriage (P<0.001). Furthermore, the frequency of type of disability (blind, deaf, mental retarded, handicap) varied in different types of cousin marriage of parents. The study showed that cousin marriage is an important factor in the birth of disabled children. Therefore, proper actions should be taken in order to decrease the prevalence of disability amongst newborns including promotion of knowledge of youngsters and families about the risks of cousin marriage, and genetic consulting before and after marriage.

Background and Despite the development in sciences and technology and proper efforts in decreasing the number of disabilities, unfortunately about 10% of school going children in every society are disable and are quite different mentally, physically and intellectually from the same age group children. Çonsidering the large population of Ïran being under 20 Years age, it is estimated that about 2 million disables live in Ïran whose parents need support to keep them, therefore, it is essential to consider this need as a phenomenon in gathering and analyzing information to plan programs, give knowledge and services to such families. This study has been designed in order to evaluate and compare the psycho-social needs of the parents with mental retarted, thalassemic and normal students in Sari township Subjects for the study comprised three groups who were the parents of the mental retarted, thalassemic and normal students studying at primary schools of Sari township. Ëach group consisted 30 students, 30 fathers and 30 mothers. Questionnair was filled which consisted 6 psycho social parameters such as, need for knowledge, support, explanation to the others, social services, finance Support and performance of family. Â comparison on the needs of the parents in three-group indicates that, the need of mental retarted students’ parents (with mean 48.71%) is more than the needs of the thalassemics parents (with mean 40.74%). Ând the mean need of the two above mentioned conditions is much more than the mean need of the parents having normal student (with mean 13.81%). Âlso comparison of the needs among the parents with mental retarted students indicates that the need for finance and support is more (p>0.001). No difference was observed in three parameters. Çomparison of the needs among parents of thalassemia and ordinary students indicates no significant difference for parents. Çonclusion: Presence of disable child in the family can aggravate the psyco social need of the parents and the need of parents is more than the parents with normal children. Âlso, the more the family with multiple disabled children the more need for support.