adults

The measurement of cerebral ventricle size is crucial for diagnosing and differentiating early stages of abnormal ventricular dilatation. This study aimed to establish a reference database for normal cerebral ventricle sizes in adults in Erbil, considering different age groups and genders.

A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Erbil from January 2022 to December 2024. Computerized tomography (CT) scans of 173 adults (83 males and 90 females) aged 18–99 years underwent analysis. The dimensions of ventricles were measured using a Siemens CT scanner, and the Evans index (EI) was calculated. Measurements were verified by two independent radiologists.

The mean age of participants was 37.79±17.433 years. The mean measurements for the third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and EI across all individuals were 3.980±1.773 mm, 11.432±1.834 mm, and 0.247±0.022, respectively. The highest mean values for the third and fourth ventricles and EI were observed in the age group of 60–79.9 years, with measurements of 6.684±1.853 mm, 11.732±1.430 mm, and 0.249±0.024 for the third ventricle, the fourth ventricle, and the EI, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean values of the third and fourth ventricles and EI based on gender or age groups (P≥0.05).

The results indicated that the measurements of the third and fourth ventricles were higher in men than in women, and the ventricular volume increased with age up to 80 years. The EI remained within the normal range for all subjects except one, and there were no significant differences between men and women or among different age groups.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can lead to difficulties in various aspects of adult participation.

This present study aimed to investigate executive function, sensory processing, and participation in meaningful activities among adults with and without ADHD. Additionally, the study explored the relationships between executive function, sensory processing, and participation in meaningful activities in adults with ADHD.

In this cross-sectional study, 70 adults aged 18 to 40 with ADHD and 68 healthy peers were recruited from various clinics and centers across Tehran. Executive function and sensory processing were assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A) and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile Questionnaire (AASP), respectively. Participation in meaningful activities was evaluated using the engagement in meaningful activity survey (EMAS). Independent samples t -tests were used to compare adults with ADHD to healthy adults. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were utilized to explore correlations. A stepwise linear regression model was applied to assess the predictive effects of various variables.

Significant differences were observed in executive function, sensory processing, and participation in meaningful activities between adults with and without ADHD. Significant correlations were found between participation scores and all subscales of executive function and sensory processing.

The findings indicate that individuals with ADHD exhibit significant differences in executive function, sensory processing, and participation in meaningful activities compared to their non-ADHD peers. Executive function and sensory processing in adults with ADHD appear to impact their participation in meaningful activities. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Aggression is undoubtedly influenced by genetics. In this study, the primary goal was to explore how brain waves can predict aggressive behavior in adults.

The research is a correlation study that investigates aggression by analyzing biological, neurological, and behavioral markers. The study involved a sample of 100 individuals in Tehran, ranging in age from 18 to 22, who were purposefully chosen between 2022 and 2023. The method used to collect data in this study involved using A genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS), quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG), and the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Inventory (SWAS) Form 2. The data was examined through descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and regression analysis utilizing the SPSS 26 software.

The study found a strong link between genetic predisposition for anger reactions and moods. Genetic predisposition for anger reactions also showed a connection to environmental factors influencing angry moods. Angry reactions predicted 12% of changes in angry moods. However, no significant correlation was found between alpha waves in the brain and angry responses or moods. Similarly, there was no significant correlation between biomarkers, delta waves, and alpha waves in different brain regions. Lastly, a positive relationship was observed between genetic predisposition for angry reactions and beta waves in specific brain regions.

The findings suggest that biological and neurological markers can be valuable for predicting adult aggressive behaviors. Utilizing comprehensive prediction models that take these markers into account can help identify and support individuals at risk of aggression. This research can also guide the development of educational and therapeutic programs to reduce aggression and support mental well-being.

Traumatic brain injury represents a significant public health concern that can manifest at any age. It also stands as one of the primary causes of disability and mortality in the ensuing years of a patient's life. The present study aims to discern predictors of mortality stemming from traumatic brain injury among individuals aged 18 to 45 in Isfahan City.
This retrospective cross-sectional study included all TBI adult cases (18-45 years) presented to the trauma registry (Kashani and Al-Zahra Hospitals) in Esfahan City - from September 2020 to February 2023. The data was exported into SPSS (version 16) for analysis.
A total of 1942 individuals with TBI aged 18 to 45 years were enrolled in the study. The frequency of mortality from traumatic brain injury was 482 (24.8 %) of patients During the study period (30 months). 191 (39.63%) patients with severe trauma died. When these variables were tested at multivariate logistic regression, being low GCS level, having concomitant injury, patients' condition at presentation SBP, hyperthermia during hospital stay, and high ISS Score were found to be statistically significant with p-value < 0.05 at 95% CI.
Most studies, spanning all age groups, identified the GCS, followed closely by the Injury Severity Score and accompanying injuries, as principal indicators of mortality risks. Moreover, there is a pressing need to routinely monitor adults for variations in systolic blood pressure and episodes of hyperthermia during their hospital stay.

Regular physical activities, including sports, are associated with improved balance function. The objectives of our study were to conduct cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMPs) and ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) in young adult football players and to compare the test results with those who are not involved in regular physical activities as the control group.

We recruited 11 young football players (9 right-leg and two left-leg dominant) who have been playing football regularly since childhood and have participated in inter-school or college/university-level football tournaments. The age-matched control group consisted of 11 healthy participants not involved in any physical activities regularly or as a hobby. Participants in both groups underwent cVEMP and oVEMP tests in both ears.

The peak-to-peak amplitude of both cVEMP and oVEMP were higher in football players than in the control group. The amplitude for left ear stimulation was higher than the right ear for both cVEMP and oVEMP in football players and it reached statistical significance for oVEMP in left ear stimulation (p<0.05). The n10 latency of oVEMP in both right and left ear stimulations and the p13 latency of cVEMP in left ear stimulation was significantly shorter in football players compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Regular football players have stronger vestibule-collic and translational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes (t-VOR). The reflex strength, measured as the higher peak-to-peak amplitude of VEMPs, might also be influenced by factors like leg/eye dominance.

Gynecomastia  is a benign proliferation of the male mammary gland. It can be unilateral, but most often it is bilateral. It can appear either at birth, at puberty, or at an advanced age in men when it is physiological, or it can be pathological. A compl ete assessment must be carried out to find an etiology.Surgical treatment consists of removal of the gland with or without liposuction and resection of excess skin in necessary cases. An anatomopathological study is mandatory and important to detect an associated tumor. The request for surgery is most often for aesthetic purposes.

The Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale (PSPS) is a self-reported 27-item measure that assesses the interpersonal aspect of perfectionism. It indicates how individuals tend to present themselves as perfect to others.

The aim of this study was to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Perfectionistic PSPS in an adult sample.

The research sample included 332 adults aged 18 to 53 years old residing in Tehran who completed the PSPS scale. After the translation and back-translation process, the construct validity of the PSPS was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis as well as divergent and convergent validity. Internal consistency reliability was conducted to evaluate the reliability. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 22) software and LISREL (version 8.8).

The three-dimensional factor structure with all 27 items was confirmed based on the fit index results and their appropriate values. Internal consistency for the total score, perfectionistic self-promotion, non-display of imperfection, and non-disclosure of imperfection scales were 0.94, 0.90, 0.89, and 0.74, respectively.

The present study showed that the Persian version of the PSPS had appropriate validity and reliability among the Iranian adult population.

People who stutter (PWS) experience many problems in their lives in addition to speech fluency disorder. Meanwhile, stuttering reduces their quality of life (QoL). QoL depends on different social, economic, and cultural conditions of societies. Considering that there is no specific questionnaire to investigate the QoL in Iranian PWS; this study develops and evaluates the psychometric properties of a stuttering related QoL questionnaire (SRQoLQ).

First, by interviewing 11 PWS, with the help of 10 speech-language pathologists in the stuttering field, in addition to reviewing the literature, initial items were developed and a preliminary version of the SRQoLQ was designed. The content validity of the SRQoLQ was evaluated using two qualitative and quantitative methods (determining content validity ratio and content validity index) using the opinions of 12 experts. The qualitative method was also used to determine the face validity and interviews were conducted with 10 PWS. Finally, the reliability of the SRQoLQ was investigated through internal consistency and test re-test reliability with the participation of 83 and 30 PWS, respectively.

Interviews with PWS and experts in addition to literature review led to the development of a questionnaire with 40 items. After determining content and face validity, the number of items in the SRQoLQ was reduced to 32. The results of calculating the Cronbach α coefficient showed the appropriate reliability of the SRQoLQ (0.96). The intraclass correlation coefficient of the SRQoLQ items in the test re-test phase ranged from 0.6 to 0.95. Moreover, the intraclass correlation coefficient value of the SRQoLQ was 0.95.

A suitable tool was developed to evaluate the QoL of PWS, and its psychometric properties were investigated. Based on the results, the SRQoLQ for PWS is a valid and reliable tool with 32 items that can be used for clinical or research purposes in the field of stuttering.

Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disease of the small intestine, related to gluten intolerance occurring in genetically predisposed patients. This study aimed to evaluate Mediterranean diet adherence, screen eating disorders and establish the relationship between Mediterranean diet and eating disorders.

This study included 81 adults with celiac disease, and 85 without celiac disease from Rabat-Sale-Kenitra hospitals between May 2022 and Nov 2022. The Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS) questionnaire was used to determine adherence to the Mediterranean diet and SCOFF questionnaire was used to screen eating disorders.

The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in age (P=0.000), weight (P=0.041), height (P=0.000) and non-adherence to Mediterranean diet (P=0.032). Participants without celiac disease reported a significantly (P=0.032) lower adherence score to the Mediterranean diet (62.35%) than participants with celiac disease (29.62%). Additionally, the results of the Khi2 test which revealed a significant association between MDSS and SCOFF (P=0.024). In addition, based on logistic regression the Mediterranean diet Serving Score was significantly associated with eating disorders (P=0.025) in adults with celiac disease, on the other hand, weight, height, BMI and MDSS were significantly associated with eating disorders in adults without celiac disease.

Our study showed good adherence to the Mediterranean diet by celiac adults so it can be assumed that the Mediterranean diet could have a protective effect against eating disorders in celiac patients.

In recent years, fluoride concentrations in toothpaste for children and adults have increased. However, the effects of different concentrations on bacterial activity have rarely been compared. We aimed to investigate and compare the antibacterial activity of children’s and adults’ toothpaste containing 500, 1000‒1100, and 1450‒1500 ppm fluoride.

Three strains of bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Lactobacillus casei) were cultured in brain heart infusion agar. Thirty commercially available toothpaste products for children and adults containing 500, 1000‒1100, and 1450‒1500 ppm fluoride were selected and tested. Toothpaste’s ability to inhibit bacterial growth was evaluated by agar diffusion assay, in which plates were incubated for 24 hours, and then the diameter of the microbial inhibition zone was measured. Comparisons between children’s and adults’ fluoride toothpastes were made using the Mann-Whitney U test. The association between bacterial growth inhibition and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was analyzed by the chi-square test. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

No difference in the inhibition zone was observed for different fluoride concentrations. However, there were significant differences between toothpastes for children and adults, with higher inhibition zones for adults’ toothpastes. Most toothpastes for adults contained SLS, which was associated with antibacterial activity.

Fluoride concentrations ranging from 500 to 1500 ppm did not affect bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity of toothpastes for adults was significantly higher than that of toothpastes for children, which was mainly attributed to the SLS usually added to adult formulations.

It is well documented that India is an example of the unequal distribution of dental caries among different population groups, as higher prevalence and incidence have been reported among people with a low socioeconomic level. The objective of this review was to systematically map the scientific literature on the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on dental caries among adults, identify the research gaps in this area, and propose recommendations for future research.

This scoping review was conducted based on the updated framework recommended by Joanna Briggs Institute. Relevant studies undertaken in India were identified by searching Medline/PubMed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar. The search strategy was limited to journal articles published between January 2012 and October 2022. Titles and abstracts were screened, and full texts were reviewed by two reviewers independently. 

The scoping review comprised 7 cross-sectional studies and 1 cohort study. Most reviewed studies used the Kuppuswamy scale or its modifications to assess the SES. Four studies determined the caries status regarding mean values according to SES and reported higher DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) among the middle and lower-class SES. Three studies employed regression analysis to determine the association, and all found that the DMFT score was significantly associated with socioeconomic status.

The findings of this review confirm the existence of inequalities in caries experience in adults from different socioeconomic backgrounds. More high-quality and follow-up studies are needed to establish the magnitude of the scientific evidence regarding the association between socioeconomic status and dental caries among adults in India.

Lower socioeconomic groups were more affected by depressive symptoms among adults of Serbia. In this study, we tested a model that examines association between sociodemographic factors and depressive symptoms among adult population in Serbia.

The study was conducted within the National Health Survey of the Serbian population in 2019. The questionnaires used as instruments in this study were created in accordance with the questionnaires of the European Health Interview Survey –Third Wave. The Patient Health Questionnaire - 8 was used to evaluate the presence of depressive symptoms to the adult population aged 20 years and over. The relations between depression symptoms and a set of independent variables were examined with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

The prevalence of mild depressive symptoms was 6.6%, %, the prevalence of depressive episodes was 2.2%, while 91.2% of respondents had no depressive symptoms. In the univariate regression model, depressive episodes is 1.9 times more frequent in women (OR=1.909), 6.6 times more frequent in persons over 80 years of age (OR=6.610 ), 3.1 times more frequent in divorced or without a partner (OR=3.143 ), 6.6 times more frequent in persons with low education (OR=6.609), 3.3 times more frequent in persons with a poor well-being index (OR=3.373), 3.6 times more frequent in persons inactive (OR=3.649) and 1.9 times more frequent in persons from Vojvodina (OR=1.902).

Sociodemographic factors should be considered for policymaking and for the development of new interventions to lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in adults.

In Iran, ocular injuries sustained at home are a growing public health issue, and few studies have explored their prevalence and the frequencies of different causes of these injuries. We investigated the features of ocular injuries at home among children and adolescents (aged < 18 years), adults (18 – 64 years), and the elderly (greater than or equal to 65 years) in five metropolitan cities.

In this cross-sectional study, we recruited individuals with ocular injuries sustained at home who presented to 12 public/teaching hospitals in five metropolitan cities during a 5-month period. Using clinical records within the emergency department archives, we collected the following data: age, sex, frequency of injuries requiring hospital admission or surgical intervention, and causes of eye injuries, documented as 1) cleaning products, 2) chemical products, 3) kitchen items, 4) cooking activities, 5) toys, 6) falls from height, 7) sports equipment, 8) penetrating or cutting, 9) abrasions, 10) foreign bodies, and 11) direct blows by other individuals.

Of 5008 participants from the five cities, 74% (n = 3711) were male and 26% (n = 1297) were female. The most frequent causes of injury among children and adolescents, adults, and the elderly were toys, kitchen items, and cooking activities, respectively. In children and adolescents, injuries were caused by kitchen items, toys, foreign bodies, and direct blows by other individuals more frequently than in adults or the elderly, and by cleaning products and abrasions more frequently than in the elderly (all P < 0.05). In adults, injuries were caused by cleaning products, cooking activities, falls from height, sports equipment, penetrating or cutting, and abrasions more frequently than in children and adolescents or the elderly (all P < 0.05), and by kitchen items, toys, and blows by other individuals more frequently than in the elderly (all P < 0.05). In the elderly, injuries were caused by chemical products more frequently than in children and adolescents or adults, and by cooking activities, falls from height, and sports equipment more frequently than in children and adolescents (all P < 0.05). In adults, the frequency of ocular injuries was significantly higher in Tehran and lower in Mashhad when comparing each with that of the other four cities (all P < 0.05). We found a significantly higher frequency of ocular injuries by cleaning and chemical products in Tehran, by toys in Shiraz, by falls from height in Isfahan, and by direct blows by other individuals in Ahvaz when comparing each to that of the other four cities (all P < 0.05). Regarding the prevalence of severe ocular injuries among the children/adolescent and adult age groups, conditions were relatively better in Shiraz and relatively unfavorable in Mashhad.

Ocular trauma was more common in male individuals and the younger age groups. Approximately half of the causes were kitchen items, toys, and foreign bodies, which are avoidable by enhancing public eye health awareness. The prevalence of severe ocular injuries in individuals aged < 18 years was high, highlighting the necessity of nationwide preventive strategies for pediatric ocular injuries.

There are few reports evaluating different factors, including the severity of duodenal histopathological findings and serological levels of celiac disease (CD), in increasing the probability of thyroid diseases (TD) in adults and children with CD, so, we designed this research.

CD was defined as Marsh type 2 or higher in duodenal histopathology and serological levels of anti-transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTG) equal to or greater than 18 IU/ml. To assess the likelihood of TD in CD patients, logistic regression analysis was employed.

538 patients were included in this study. Of these, 354 (65.8%) were females and 184 (34.2%) were males. 370 (68.8%) patients were children. Overall, 57 (10.6%) patients had TD, of which 49 (9.1%) had hypothyroidism and 8 (1.5%) had hyperthyroidism. Adults had a significantly higher probability of developing TD than children (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1-3.4; P = 0.03). The odds of developing TD were also significantly higher in patients with family marriage in parents (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-4.7; P = 0.03). Other variables such as gastrointestinal symptoms, anti-tTG levels, and severity of Marsh classification did not exhibit a substantial rise in the likelihood of TD development.

The study findings indicated that the likelihood of developing TD in CD patients can be linked to advancing age and having family marriage in parents, while there was no significant association observed with anti-tTG levels, severity of histological damage, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Stuttering is a type of communication and fluency disorder that hurts mental and emotional health. It is also associated with a significant increase in both trait and social anxiety. Studies on stuttering in adults have indicated the nature and impact of this phenomenon. In addition, some psychological aspects of this phenomenon remain vague and need further investigation. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare emotion regulation difficulties, repetitive negative thinking, and experiential avoidance between people who stutter and healthy individuals.

In this study, 101 people who stutter (43 females and 58 males, with a mean age of 29.55 ± 187 years), as well as 110 healthy individuals (74 females and 36 males, with a mean age of 25.57 ± 489 years) as participants were chosen using the convenience sampling method among those who referred to the speech therapy clinics of Tehran, Iran. Research instruments including the repetitive negative thinking inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-I) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using multivariate ANOVA test and Multiple Regression Analysis.

The mean age of the participants was 29.55 years in the people who stutter and 25.57 years in the healthy individuals (P < 0.01). The present results indicated that the mean score of experiential avoidance was higher in the people who stutter (M ± SD: 35.74 ± 9.24) compared to the healthy individuals (M ± SD: 8.89 ± 31.11). Additionally, the mean score of emotion regulation difficulties was higher in the people who stutter (M ± SD: 88.75 ± 20.59) compared to the healthy individuals (M ± SD: 64.14 ± 94.94) (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the mean score of repetitive negative thinking between the people who stutter (M ± SD: 98.45 ± 25.85) and healthy individuals (M ± SD: 93.71 ± 25.24) groups (P > 0.05). There was a significant correlation between experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties in people who stutter (P < 0.01). Experiential avoidance and repetitive negative thinking can significantly predict emotion regulation difficulties in people who stutter (R = 0.65, P < 0.01).

People who stutter obtained higher emotion regulation difficulties and experiential avoidance scores than those without stuttering and A significant correlation between experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties was found. Future studies should consider the role of emotion regulation difficulties and experiential avoidance in people who stutter.