bioscaffold

Since bone defects can result in different disabilities, many efforts have been made to bone tissue engineering. In this case, scaffolds play an important role as a key element of tissue engineering in providing three-dimensional structure for cell growth in vitro The aim of the present study was to provide the three-dimensional biological bioscaffold from the bovine femur dense bone and investigate the possibility of its potential for application in tissue engineering as biological 3D ECM bioscaffold via mesenchymal stem cells seeding and differentiation toward bone tissue. For the preparation of bioscaffolds, after cutting bovine femur bone into small pieces, demineralization and decellularization were done. Bioscaffolds biocompatibility was evaluated using an MTT assay. The morphological and cell adhesion characteristics of Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the bioscaffolds were evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique. Finally, the cells were treated with an osteogenic differentiation medium and then evaluated for differentiation. Histological studies showed that the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (2.5%) for 8 h eliminated the cells. Radiography and calcium oxalate test confirmed demineralization. MTT assay and SEM studies showed that the obtained bioscaffolds are biocompatible and could provide an optimum three-dimensional environment for cell adhesion and movement. Moreover, the Alizarin red staining showed a higher differentiation rate for BMSCs. In the present study, bone-derived 3D bioscaffold showed an important role in the growth and differentiation of BMSCs, due to the natural characteristics, cell adhesion properties, and potential to enhance differentiation toward bone tissue. It may have the potential for use as bioscaffold as supporting metrics for maintenance, growth in bone tissue engineering.

Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are frequently used for clinical purposes of tissue regeneration. Different methods have been developed for this purpose. All methods of decellularization including chemical and physical approaches leave some damage on the ECM; however, the effects of these methods are different which make some of these procedures more proper to maintain ECM structure than other methods. This review is aimed to introduce and compare new physical methods for the decellularization of different tissues and organs in tissue engineering. All recent reports and research that have used at least one physical method in the procedure of decellularization, were included and evaluated in this paper. The advantages and drawbacks of each method were examined and compared considering the effectiveness. This review tried to highlight the prospective potentials and benefits of applying physical methods for decellularization protocols in tissue engineering instead of the current chemical methods. These chemical methods are harsh in nature and were shown to be destructive and harmful to essential substances of ECM and scaffold structure. Therefore, using physical methods as a partial or even a whole protocol could save time, costs, and quality of the final acellular tissue in complicated decellularization procedures. Moreover, regarding the control factor that could be achieved easily with physical methods, optimization of different decellularization protocols would be quite satisfactory. Combined methods take advantage of both chemical and physical approaches.