character

Major depression is a recurrent and chronic disorder, with many individuals experiencing relapse episodes throughout their lives. Despite extensive research, the factors contributing to recurrence remain unclear. This study explores the relationship between temperament (biological factors), character (social factors), and risk of relapse in depression.

This descriptive study included 100 patients in remission from major depressive disorder recruited from multiple clinical centers in Tehran, Iran. The patients were selected using a purposive sampling method. Eligibility was determined through a structured clinical interview. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). We analyzed the data using independent-sample t-tests to explore the relationship between personality components and relapse risk in depression and factor analysis to assess the reliability of the Persian version of the TCI in this clinical sample.

Temperament components were not found to be associated with depression relapse. However, self-directedness, a character trait, was significantly linked to relapse. Remitted patients who had experienced a single episode of depression scored higher in self-directedness compared to those with multiple episodes, suggesting that self-directedness may play a crucial role in promoting favorable outcomes.

Biological components of personality do not seem to affect outcomes in patients with depression adversely. Conversely, the development of social components of personality, particularly self-directedness, may facilitate improvements in depressive states. These findings have significant implications for both research and clinical practice.

Many attempts have been made to determine the nature of crime based on psychological, sociological, and cultural variables. This study seeks to answer whether dark personality traits and dimensions of temperament and character affect criminal behaviors through self-control.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method is descriptive-correlational modeling of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study was all adolescents aged 13 to 17 years in Khorramabad city in 2023. The sample consisted of 350 adolescents who were selected by cluster sampling method and responded to the Dark Personality Questionnaire (Paulus & Jones, 2011), the Temperament and Character Inventory of Adan et al. (2009), the Self-Control Questionnaire of Tangney et al. (2004), and Adapted Self-Report Delinquency Scale Pechorro and et al (2019). Using AMOS 24 and SPSS 26 software, structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the proposed model.

The correlation coefficient results showed a positive and significant relationship between the dark personality triad and the behaviors of juvenile offenders (P<0.001). The results also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between novelty and harm avoidance with criminal behaviors (P<0.001) and there is a negative and significant relationship between the rewards of dependence, perseverance, self-direction, cooperation, and self-transcendence with criminal behaviors (P<0.001). The results of structural equation modeling showed that dark personality traits and temperament and character dimensions explain 30% of the variance of self-control. Finally, 43% of the variance in criminal behaviors is explained by dark personality traits, temperament and character dimensions, and self-control.

According to the results, it can be concluded that dark personality traits and dimensions of temperament and character have an indirect effect on the behaviors of juvenile offenders through weak self-control skills.  Therefore, it is suggested that social harm prevention programs focus on self-control and self-control skills

In addition to physical fitness, the achievement of sports success for athletes depends on other items such as favorable mental and emotional conditions; hence the purpose of this research was to test the causal model of sports success based on brain-behavioral systems with the mediation of dimensions of the nature and character of the athletes of Ahvaz City.

The present study was a descriptive study using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research included all the athletes of Ahvaz City in 2023, out of which 254 people were purposefully selected as a sample group from among the athletes present in the sports clubs of Ahvaz City. The measurement tools of the present study were the Sports Success Scale (Mousavi and Vaezmousavi, 2015), the Brain/Behavioral Systems Questionnaire (Carver and White, 1994), and the Nature and Character Questionnaire (Cloninger et al., 1994). The data was analyzed using structural equation analysis method.

The results showed that the final model fits the data. The relationship between the behavioral activation system and personality dimensions with sports success was positive (p<0.05) and the relationship between the behavioral inhibition system and sports success was negative and significant (p<0.05). Also, the indirect relationship between the behavioral inhibition system and sports success with the mediation of temperament dimensions was not significant (p>0.05). On the other hand, the indirect relationship between behavioral activation system and sports success with the mediation of personality dimension was significant (p<0.05).

Behavioral activator and inhibitory system and dimensions of character and personality can be effective in sports growth and success of athletes, and sports psychologists can pay attention to this.

Background & Aims :

One of the areas that need attention in the nursing profession, which can affect various fields of work, professional, care, etc., are temperament and character. Various factors can affect the temperament and character. One of these factors is the circadian rhythms in which most nurses experience disturbances. Considering the importance of examining and evaluating temperament and character in nurses and the effects of circadian rhythm disturbances on them, and given that less attention has been paid to it, this study aims to determine the relationship between circadian rhythm and temperament/character of nurses working in selected teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran.

Materials & Methods :

This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The study population consists of all nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. The study samples were 200 eligible nurses who were selected randomly (by lottery method) from different departments of four hospitals. A demographic form, the morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ), and Cloninger’s temperament and character inventory (TCI) were used to collect data. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 16.

Results:

 Most of the participants (64%) were neither-type nurses in terms of circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm in overall had a negative significant correlation with persistence (P=0.039) and self-transcendence (P=0.047). Also, circadian rhythm had a significant relationship with age (P<0.001), sex (P=0.044), employment status (P=0.003), and work experience P<0.001). The dimensions of TCI, including novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, had a statistically significant relationship with the demographic characteristics of nurses.

Conclusion :

The circadian rhythm of nurses has a significant negative correlation with some components of TCI. Considering the impact of circadian rhythm on the quality of nursing care, the officials and hospital managers should gain sufficient knowledge of circadian rhythms, identify evening-type nurses, provide training, facilities, and special privileges to nurses, and determine their work shifts according to their circadian rhythms, so that they can improve the quality of patient care and increase patient satisfaction.

The development of Environmental Ethics, Character and Etiquette in human societies is necessary to improve the behavior of humans with the environment. Environmental education in formal and informal forms plays an important role in its protection. In order to effective education to be achieved in accordance with the philosophy, foundations and local culture of the society, it is necessary to use appropriate models. The purpose of this research is to identify the components of the model of Environmental Etiquette Education from the perspective of the Iranian Islamic model of progress.

This research was conducted qualitatively and by the method of theme analysis and identifying the network of themes related to the research subject among various related texts. By in-depth study of 43 sources, related sentences were identified and 1057 codes were extracted. Then, the related codes were categorized based on thematic and conceptual relationship and were revised several times to ensure the acceptability and objectivity of the data. In this way, the organizing categories were identified and by repeatedly examining the categories with an inductive approach, the components of the model were concluded. Finally, 1057 codes were organized in 49 categories and 8 components.

Ethical Considerations:

Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the report and reference to the texts.

The constituent components of the environmental education model from the perspective of the Iranian Islamic model of progress were: basics, principles, message of the model, goals, teaching and learning components, the role of the learner, the role of the instructive, the environment and context of learning and evaluation. Alsoindicators such as "attention to the concept of guidance", "management of genetic infrastructures of education and learning", "attention to three-dimensionality existence of environment", "environmental etiquette", "Islamic view of the motherhood of the environment for humans", "attention to the rational capacity of the audience in communication and education" and "measurement and evaluation without grade criteria" were very important variables from the islamic point of veiw in environmental etiquette education.

It is necessary to extract and design the foundations, principles, patterns, objectives and educational methods of educating environmental etiquette, appropriate to the biosphere and the characteristics of Iranian people, through the teachings of Islam. The need to differentiate between the widely used concepts of environmental ethics, environmental behavior and environmental etiquette is emphasized. In the environmental etiquette education, the teacher has a reference role and is not just a facilitator. The initial assessment is necessary for each audience to recognize the rational capacity of the learner, in order to personalize the programs and methods of teaching and environmental etiquette education by the teacher. The final assessment in environmental etiquette education is based on the level of effort and responsibility of the learner and without the grade criterion

The purpose of this research is to investigate the type, speech and behavioral characteristics of the characters in Elahi Nameh with a look at the archetypal theory of Bullen women. Its character and evolution is one of the important topics of Attar Nishaburi's attention, and mystical works, like many other literary works, are symbolic reflections of archetypes. The method of conducting the present research is analytical-descriptive and seeks to find an answer to the question, what is the behavioral and moral style of the characters in the Elahinamah system? In this way, the audience can achieve moral and behavioral health by following the great literary works and applying the recommendations presented in these works. The results show that Attar Nishabouri has used different tools to process characters. He has introduced the characters in two ways, direct and indirect. In Elahi Nameh, there is a lot of variety of characters and it is not only specific to one group, and many stories of this masnavi have behavioral and moral functions.

Emotional divorce is the first stage in the formal divorce process and indicates a deteriorating relationship in which a feeling of alienation prevails between the couple. If in the past less attention was paid to emotional divorce and its consequences, perhaps one of the reasons is that the number of cases of emotional divorce has not been as much as today. Lack of intimacy with the spouse has the greatest impact on emotional divorce, and the coldness of relationships and the decrease in relationships between couples is mostly due to the unfulfilled expectations between couples. Among the factors that can affect emotional boredom and eventually emotional divorce are personality traits in different dimensions of nature and secretary. The aim of this study was to model the structural relationships between nature and character through the mediation of psychological vulnerability on emotional divorce of women referring to counseling centers in Babol.

In terms of purpose, this research was applied and in terms of method, descriptive correlation along with structural equations. The statistical population of this study was all women aged 20 to 40 years who referred to 5 counseling centers in cooperation with the Department of Justice in Babol in 2019 to receive divorce–related services. Based on the variables in the conceptual model (24 observed variables) in the present study, 432 people were selected. Accordingly, in this study, 432 people were selected as the sample size in a purposeful manner (according to the criteria of referring to divorce counseling centers of the Office of Justice). Criteria for entering the research are complete satisfaction for cooperating in the research and completing the questionnaire, at least one year of married life and the criterion for leaving the research was not completing the questionnaire. To collect information, the Emotional Divorce Questionnaires (Mohammadi et al., 2017), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) (Cloninger et al., 1994) and Symptom Checklist (SCL–25) (Najarian & Davoodi, 2001) were used as research tools. In the present study, descriptive statistics were used to categorize the subjects' individual characteristics in order to calculate the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Also, inferential statistics were used in this research including Pearson correlation coefficient and model of structural equations in SPSS.22 and AMOS.22 software were used. Significance level in this study was considered 0.05.

The findings showed that the direct path coefficient between nature and emotional divorce (p<0.001, β=–0.371), and the direct path coefficients between character and emotional divorce (p<0.001, β=–0.324) was negative and significant and the direct path coefficient between psychological vulnerability and emotional divorce (p<0.001, β=0.336) were positive and significant. Also, good fit indicators showed psychological vulnerability in the relationship between Temperament and emotional divorce played a mediating role (AGFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.045, GFI=0.95, CFI=0.96).

Based on the findings of this study is concluded that temperament and character have an effect on emotional divorce through the mediation of psychological vulnerability. The results of this study can be useful for specialists in the field of psychology and justice centers.

Human minds confront choices ،Always faced with doubts and complaints and in this choice is real and contrary to the fact that the character appears pondering. Skeptics In their opinion, they think that what they have chosen is true and eventually , relying on this, they develop personality traits the author refers to this as "personality typology". Although the Qur'an and hadiths have not completely rejected suspicion and suspicion as a judge, and seek to place this thinking in a specific framework and manage it, Analysis of the ideas of this group and their behavior seems necessary to introduce a model based on cognition and behavior to the audience. The present study presents a model as "personality typology of the thinksts" by examining the teachings of Islam And under each of these features, some of these features are introduced as examples.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare personality dimensions of temperament and character in patients with borderline personality and bipolar II disorders in order to evaluate the hypothesis of “belonging of borderline personality disorder in moods disturbance spectrum.”

43 patients with borderline personality disorder, 47 patients with bipolar II who were referred to Nekuei-Forghani Hospital in Qom, were selected by convenience sampling. These two groups were evaluated and compared with each other and a total of 45 healthy subjects by a questionnaire of 240 items of temperament and character dimensions (TCI). Data were analyzed by independent sample t-test, Chi-square, ANOVA and Tukeychr('39')s post hoc test.

There were significant differences between two groups of clinical samples in terms of novelty, harm avoidance and self-direction in TCI with normal group (p<0/05). Also, the results of the study showed that the two groups of patients with borderline personality disorder and bipolar II were similar in novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, reward-dependency, cooperation and self-directedness (p>0/05).

Although the relationship between intimate partner violence and the psychotic experiences of abused women has been investigated, less attention has been paid to the mediating factors of this relationship. So, the present study was carried out to develop and propose a model for psychotic experiences related with intimate partner violence among abused women, while considering the mediating role of character and temperament dimensions.

This study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included all abused women who referred to Alborz Province Forensic Medicine General Office in 2020. The sample included 331 women who referred to mental health centers, who claimed to have been abused by their husbands. Also, forensic physicians also confirmed the injuries after a medical examination. Participants were selected by convenience sampling method. They answered the modified version of national intimate partner and sexual violence survey scale, 16-item version of the prodromal questionnaire and the temperament and character inventory-short form. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SPSS22 and LISREL8.8 software.

The results showed that the direct path of intimate partner violence to temperament (p<0.01), character (p<0.01) and psychotic experiences (p<0.05) was significant. The direct path of temperament to psychotic experiences (p<0.01) and also the direct path of character to psychotic experiences (p<0.01) are significant. In addition, indicated that the indirect path intimate partner violence to psychotic experiences through temperament-character dimensions was significant (p<0.01).

The findings of this study support the mediating role of temperament and character in the relationship between intimate partner violence and psychotic experiences. These results indicate the need to pay attention to the personality traits and psychotic experiences of abused women, as well as the use of appropriate training and treatment by specialists and therapists.

In conceptualizing addiction, the role of personality elements in the emergence and continuation of dependence to substances has attracted the attention of researchers. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of personality disorders and temperament-character traits of personality in substance-dependent individuals.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 150 patients referred to Nekooe-Forghani Hospital in Qom and 145 healthy people working in this hospital were selected by convenience sampling. The two groups were evaluated and compared by Multidimensional Clinical Questionnaire (III). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test).

The results showed that the prevalence of personality disorders was 56% in substance dependent individuals. Borderline personality disorder with 16%, antisocial personality with 14%, and avoidance personality with 6.67% had the highest frequency in the case group, respectively. Also, generally, subjects with substance dependence had higher scores in novelty-seeking and lower scores in self-directed dimensions compared with normal group. Moreover, sedative drugs users had more scores in harm avoidance, stimulant users in self-transcendence and normal subjects in persistence than other groups.

The results of the research indicated that there was a high prevalence of personality disorders among drug-dependent individuals. In addition, study showed that there was a significant difference between personality dimensions of temperament-character in substance dependent individuals and normal people.

There is little evidence about the relationship between temperamental and characterological dimensions of personality and emotion regulation (ER), and the nature of these relationships is not exactly clear. In other words, it is still unclear whether ER strategies have essentially biological basis or are influenced by learning. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperament and character of personality with ER, and also to determine the predicting role of those in ER.

This cross-sectional study was carried out from October 2016 to June 2017 in Tehran. The sample was conveniently selected from patients with emotional disorders who were recruited to psychological and psychiatricic clinics of Iran, Tehran and Shahid Beheshti medical sciences universities (n=262, male=52.9 %). The data were gathered by TCI-R and ERQ questionnaires, and analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. All calculation done via R version 3.4.0.

Among the temperamental and characterological dimensions of personality, persistence had significant correlation (P< 0.05) with ER strategies, i.e. reappraisal (r =.14) and suppression (r = -.20). According to regression analysis, it was found that persistence had a significant role in predicting ER.

There is a relationship between the temperamental traits of personality - the traits that have genetic and biological basis - and ER strategies. This finding confirmed the biological foundations of ER and indicates the need to pay attention to biological aspects of emotional disorders in the treatment, especially chronic emotional disorders.

Depression, causes problems in social and individual aspects of life, so is the major disease burden in modern societies. There is complex relationship between personality and depression, so some special forms of personality may predispose the person to the depression, and depression and its symptoms may manifest different as a result of the various personalities.

This research case control study consisted of 128 patients with major depressive disorder and 131 normal people. Data have been collected through TCI questionnaire and Hamilton scale for depression.

In patients with major depression the Harm-avoidance, Reward-dependence and persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness have significant differences with normal people. Patients with major depressive disorder experience high levels of Harm-avoidance and Reward-dependence and Persistence, with low levels of Self-directedness and Cooperativeness than normal people.

The depressed patients and normal people are different with temperament and character, and these differences can influence severity of depression.