cognitive beliefs

With attention to considered various cognitive beliefs in psychopathology of disorders, the purpose of this study was comparison of cognitive beliefs include; thought action fusion (TAF), responsibility and the overestimation of threat (RT), and overimportance and control thoughts (ICT), perfectionism and the intolerance of uncertainty (PC) in obsessive –compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depression disorder (MDD) and normal group for more clarification psychopathology of these disorders.

This study is causal-comparative research. The clinical samples include patients with OCD, GAD and MDD that referred to Sari Shahid Zareh hospital in 2015. From each of these clinical groups and normal people, 30 persons were selected available sampling method and accomplish obsessive beliefs questionnaire and thought action fusion scale. Data were analyzed by MANOVA.

The result of MANOVA and Tukey posthoc test showed that OCD group were significantly higher than other groups in TAF, RT and ICT (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on divorced women’s emotional regulation and meta-cognitive beliefs and rumination.
The study population of this clinical trial includes all divorced women referred Sanjesh-e Danesh o Aramesh counseling center in Mashhad in the 2nd quarter of 2015. The sample size includes 30 divorced women who were selected through convenience sampling and then attributed randomly in two groups, 15 as control group and 15 as experimental group. The experimental group was treated with 12 sessions of cognitive-behavioral group therapy. There was no intervention for control group. Garnovski's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ 36), Meta-Cognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (MCBQ 30), and Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-22) were used to evaluate pretest and posttest status. Data analysis was performed through MANCOVA and univariate covariance analysis by SPSS software version 21.
The results of MANCOVA test showed a significant difference between the study groups in dependent variables. In order to determine which dependent variable shows significant difference among groups, univariate covariance analysis was used, which showed a significant difference in all dependent variables among groups (P Based on the results, we can conclude that cognitive-behavioral group therapy influences emotional regulation, meta-cognitive beliefs, and rumination. Hence, this method is effective and useful in alleviating symptoms affecting women after divorce and to sustain and improve their mental health.

Worrying is one of the anxiety disorders that influences a person's functioning in different areas of education, employment and society. The purpose of this study was to predict the level of worrying based on rumination and meta-cognitive beliefs in students of Kurdistan University.
In this research, which was done with the correlation method, 143 students were selected and subjected to the study by means of random cluster sampling. Three questionnaires regarding rumination, meta-cognitive beliefs and worrying were used as means of data collection. In this research, rumination and meta-cognitive beliefs were considered as predictors and worrying was considered a dependent variable. The data were analyzed by R Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions analyzes.
The results of the study revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between rumination and worrying (P Rumination and metacognitive beliefs are correlative with student's level of worrying, therefore therapists and counselors should concentrate on reducing people’s level of worrying, reducing rumination and metacognitive beliefs.

Aging is unavoidable period of everybody's life that cognition and property response to it, can improve the life quality. Good life quality is associated with Happiness. The aim of the present study was to predict HappinessÇãå based on Five Factor model of Personality and Meta-Cognitive Beliefs in elderly people. That study was Descriptive-Correlation. The study includes a sample of 200 elderly who were resident at Tehran Nursing House at 2015 and participants were selected by Cluster Random Sampling method. Measuring tools included Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, NEO Personality Inventory (short form) and Meta-Cognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ-30) that filled by participants. In order to analyze obtained data Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression method were employed. Statistical results indicated a negative significant Correlation between Neuroticism with Happiness and positive significant Correlation between Extroversion with Happiness. Also about subscales of Meta-Cognitive Beliefs, Positive Beliefs about Worry showed a negative significant relationship with Happiness. Results indicated that Neuroticism, Extroversion and Positive Beliefs about Worry were strong predictors of Happiness. Neuroticism and Extroversion explained 30.9% and Positive Beliefs about Worry 6.4% of the variance of Happiness.

Obsessive-compulsive disorders are common in the society and have negative effects on individual’s function. Prevailing theories indicate that these disorders are influenced by biological factors. However, cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder have emphasis on cognitive factors. This study was carried out to investigate the cognitive predictors of obsessive- compulsive symptoms in students.
In this correlational study 300 students (243 female and 57 male) in the fields of psychology, education, agricultural engineering, computer science, management and law from Lorestan Pyam-e-Noor University, Iran were selected by multistage cluster sampling in the second semester of academic year 2014-15. The students completed Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), Meta Cognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous multiple regression analysis by SPSS-16.
Findings indicated that worry, meta-cognitive beliefs and maladaptive schemas significantly correlated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p According to effective role of study variables with obsessive-compulsive, holding the periodic training coping skills with obsessive-compulsive disorder for students and providing solutions promoting mental health during academic period should be considered by health custodians in universities.

Aims: The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of neurofeedback training in decreasing the signs and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in military staff.
This research was a randomized controlled clinical trial study. They were initially screened according to the results of the general anxiety inventory, and then 30 participants who met the exclusion-inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned to two groups of neurofeedback training and control group (15 in each group). The population of the study was comprised of pretest, posttest by a month follow up design and a control group by GAD scale and meta-cognitive questionnaire. The experimental groups received 12 sessions of neurofeedback training while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed by the SPSS Ver. 18, repeated measurement, paired t-test, and the independent t-test.
A significant efficacy was observed in reducing GAD (time after treatment and follow up respectively P=0.001 and P=0.001) and meta-cognitive scale (time after treatment and follow up respectively P=0.001 and P=0.001) and also significant effect size (ES) observed in among neurofeedback training. Also the level of effectiveness in neurofeedback training was significant. The effect size of the recovery for GAD and metacognitive questionnaire was (ES=1.56) and (ES=1.71) respectively.
Neurofeedback training has been considered to be one of the treatments for generalized anxiety disorder in comparison to control group due to its significant efficacy.

The present study aims to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive intervention, along with Meichenbaum’s self-instructional approach, in the reduction of meta-cognitive beliefs of students suffering from test anxiety.
This was a quasiexperimental study with pre-test and posttest scheme and control group. The statistical population consists of all female students with test anxiety from public highschools in the city of Ilam and in the academic year 2014-2015. First, one of the girl's high schools in the city of Ilam was randomly chosen and the anxiety test was performed for 500 students. Then, 45 students who were diagnosed with test anxiety, were randomly distributed in two test and one control group. 8 sessions of therapeutic interventions was performed on the test groups, while the control group didn’t receive any intervention. Spielberger’s anxiety test and Wels’s meta- cognitive belief test was performed in order to identify people with test anxiety and to
assess meta-cognitive beliefs, respectively. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.
Findings: The obtained results indicate that meta-cognitive therapy has been more effective compared to self-instructional and the control group in terms of the following components: “positive beliefs about worry”, “need for control”, and “negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of worry”, and no significant difference was observed between the self-instructional and control groups.Also,meta-cognitive therapy and self-instructional groups were more effective than the control group in terms of “cognitive self-consciousness”.
Discussion & Meta-cognitive therapy can be used to reduce metacognitive beliefs in people with test anxiety.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder Is a debilitating anxiety disorder Characterized by The obsessive and compulsive actions. Metacognition is a multi-faceted concept Which includes knowledge, processes, and strategies The recognition of appraisal, monitoring or control. Initial schema As a template Used for the processing of experiences And around Life Spread And behaviors Thoughts and feelings And relationships with other people Determines theThe aim of this study was to comparison the relationship between meta-cognitive beliefs and components of primary maladaptive schemas with signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Azad University of Ahvaz students.
This study was correlative. Of this population, 384 students (192 girls and 192 boys) have been selected randomly. Measurement tools included: Meta cognition Questionnaire (MCQ), Schema Questionnaire- short form (SQ-SF), Maudzley Obsessive – Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). The results showed that there was a positive significantrelationship between primary maladaptive schemas and OCD in general (r=0/532, P=0/001). Multivariate linear correlation coefficient was equal MR=0/944, RS=0/891 for combining elements of primary maladaptive schemas and meta-cognitive beliefs in OCD girl and boy students which was significant in 0/05 level.
The resultsThe increaseInitial schemaObsessive-Compulsive DisorderStudentsIncrease ,Increasing Beliefs Obsessive-compulsive disorder they increased.

Public health has always been a very important issue in societies and the Quran memorizing can help to improve general health of people through affecting endogenous factors. The aim of this study was to compare role of meta-cognitive beliefs in predicting general health between Quran memorizers and nonmemorizers. In a causal-comperative study, 80 subjects have been selected from Quran memorizers and 80 from nonmemorizers in Ardabil province by available random sampling method. Data were collected using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ-30). Data were analyzed by chi-square (χ2), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate regression analysis using SPSS-16 software. Results showed significant differences between Quran memorizers and nonmemorizers with respect to physiological symptoms, social dysfunction, depression, and general health (p<0.001). Comparison of meta-cognitive beliefs in these groups showed that nonmemorizers’ negative beliefs are higher than Quran memorizers (p<0.01). No differences were observed in other components of two groups. The model for prediction of general health based on meta-cognitive beliefs were significant for Quran memorizers and 15% of the total variance of general health was explained by meta-cognitive beliefs. This study indicated that Quran memorizers’ general health is higher than nonmemorizers and meta-cognitive beliefs have an important role in predicting Quran memorizers’ general health. Thus, promoting Quran activities and training of meta-cognitive skills can play important roles in people’s general health promotion.

We aimed to study the role of basic psychological needs and cognitive beliefs on the intrinsic motivation of E-learning students using a causal model. In this path analysis study we tested the pattern of causal relations through correlation coefficients. The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergraduate students’ (n=218) of the Virtual College of Hadith Sciences in Mashhad during the academic year 2010-2011. The students studied hadith sciences، Quranic teachings and principles of medical ethics. The participants were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data were analyzed using Pearson''s correlation coefficient، multiple regression، and path analysis model. SPSS software، version 20 and LSREL (v 8. 50) were used for assessing the relationship between the variables. The result of path analysis showed that the model of needs determination (perceived autonomy، perceived competence، perceived relatedness) and intrinsic motivation by cognitive beliefs fits very well (GFI= 0. 98، RSMEA=0. 05). Paying attention to basic psychological needs increases the students'' intrinsic motivation to try and trend towards E-learning. Furthermore، student''s cognitive beliefs، such as the quality and applicability of E-learning courses is undeniable in student''s motivation and interest.

People who exhibit field dependence tend to rely on information provided by the outerworld, the field or frame of a situation and their cognitions based on this overall field. Hence, the research purpose is to investigate the relationship between field independence and dependence, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs in a nonclinical sample of students. Therefore, a sample of 300 university students was randomly selected from among the Islamic Azad University located in the west ofMazandaran and tested in terms of field independence and dependence, obsessivecompulsive symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs. Data that were analyzed usingcorrelation coefficient and multivariate regression indicated that there is significant negative relationship between filed dependence-independence and obsessive-compulsivesymptoms. However, significant and positive relationship was observed between the metacognitive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The subscales of positive beliefs about worry, uncontrollability of danger and cognitive self-awareness were the strongest predictors of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the nonclinical sample. Moreover, it seems that recognition and change of meta-cognitive beliefs in relation to the uncontrollability of danger, cognitive self-awareness and positive beliefs about worryshould be taken into consideration in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Meta-cognitive therapy is based on the principle that meta-cognitive is very important for understanding the way of cognition function and the way of producing our conscious experience about ourselves and the world around us. In This research it has been tried to study the effectiveness of this kind of treatment in improving depression patients.

This clinical-experimental study was carried out on 3 patients referring to Tabriz University Consulting Centers, Iran, in the framework of single case by using multiple-baselines in 8 sessions with follow-up at 1 and 3 months. Instruments were included BDI, MCQ, PBRS and NBRS.

Treatment created considerable changes in depression symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs of depressed patients and improved the symptoms of all three patients and the results of treatment continued up to follow-up period.

Result of this research showed, meta-cognitive therapy that focuses on controlling of cognitive process instead of cognitive content of cognitive processes can be effective in treatment of patient with major depression (reduction in rumination and worry).