corpus luteum

Investigating effects of stress in animal models may suggest clinical treatments or prevention protocols for effects of stress in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the histological effects of chronic multiple stress on rat ovary. This experimental study was conducted in 18 adult female Wistar rats that were randomly divided into two equal groups in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences during 2014. The mice were exposed to different stress including food deprivation, water deprivation, immobility at 4 º c, forced swimming, and isolation for 10 days in the under stress group while the mice in the control group were kept in their cages without any intervention. After the intervention period, the mice were anesthesized, the ovary of the animals were removed and weighed, and the ovary samples were prepared for light microscopic study. The number and diameter of corpus luteum, and the number of antral and preantral follicles were determined using Image Tool software. Data were analyzed using T-test. The mean number and diameter of corpus luteum significantly reduced in the under stress group compared to the control group. The mean number of antral and preantral follicles significantly reduced in the under stress group compared to the control group. With regards to the results, it seems that chronic multiple stress can have negative effects on rat ovary by reducing the diameter and number of corpus luteum and the number of antral and preantral follicles.

Lithium is an element that is used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Lithium via glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK3β) has a negative effect on the ovulation and corpus luteum formation. GSK3β has an important role in several signaling pathway. Recent evidence has shown that this signaling pathway is involved in follicle development, ovulation and corpus luteum formation. Lithium works as a GSK3β inhibitor. Thus, in this study we investigated the effect of LiCl on the ovulation, angiogenesis and corpus luteum formation in Wistar rat. Immature 23-day old female rats were injected with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (15 IU) to induce follicular development followed 48h later by hCG (15 IU) to induce ovulation. 250 mg/kg LiCl were administrated at the time of hCG injection to the experimental group (N=15). Also, physiological serum instead LiCl were injected to control group (N=15) at the same time. The ovaries were removed at 24 h after LiCl treatment and fixed by Bowen and prepared for histological studies. The results were analyzed by t-test. Our results show that there are no significant different between ovulation in LiCl treatment rats compared with control group. The numbers of corpus luteum blood vessel were decreased (p<0.05) in experimental group (10.5±5.5) in comparison with control group (37.5±22.5). These finding shows that LiCl does not inhibit ovulation but it disrupts blood vessel formation in the corpus luteum.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that occurs with chronic lack of ovulation, systemic inflammation and hyperandrogenism is manifested most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Ziziphora tenuior L. due to possess its Pulegone, flavenoid and anthocyanin has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. This study investigates the modulating effects of Ziziphora tenuior L. extract by its anti-inflammatory properties on hormonal profile and the improvement of tissue symptoms of estradiol valerate- induced PCOS. In this experimental study that established in Laboratory,s Animal Center and Cellular And Molecular Research Laboratory, Kharazmi University, Karaj, from October 2012 to November 2013, 144 female adult Wistar rats divided into three groups of control (without injection), estradiol valerate- induced polycystic ovarian syndrome (2 mg/rat estradiol valerate, subcutaneously) and Ziziphora tenuior L. extract-treated groups. After induction of the syndrome within 60 days, experimental groups were injected 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg bw Ziziphora tenuior L. extract for 10 consecutive days intraperitoneally. The animals were anesthetized by chloroform. Their ovaries and blood serum was harvested to hormonal analysis and histomorphometric studies. Data using of one-way ANOVA test and P< 0.05 was considered significant level. The ovarian sections in PCOS group exhibited a significant reduction in thickness granulosa layer (82%), number of corpus luteums (54%), appearance of some cysts (79%) and increased CRP serum level (68%) compared with the control group, while the histological changes in Ziziphora tenuior L. extract-treated ovaries did not have significant difference compared with control (P= 142). The decrease of LH, estradiol, and testosteron was significant in Ziziphora tenuior L. extract-treated groups compared with the estradiol valerate- induced PCOS. It seems that Ziziphora tenuior L. extract may improve functional and endocrine disturbances of estradiol valerate- induced PCOS and modulate the hormone level by anti-inflammatory effects. Ziziphora tenuior L. extract also starts the ovulation process again in polycystic ovary syndrome group.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of infertility and endocrinopathy in women due to lack of ovulation. Silymarin has anti-inflammatory properties and is a modulator of the immune system. In this experimental study, the effect of silymarinon PCOS-induced rats was studied. In this experimental study, 144 adult Wistar rats were divided into groups of control, sham, PCOS (S.C. injection of 2mg estradiol valerate/ rat, once) and treated with silymarin. After induction of PCOS during 60 days, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW silymarin was injected intraperitoneally for 10 days. Sham and control groups received DMSO and no injection, respectively. All groups were anesthetized and the serum and ovary of groups were collected in order to investigate the histological and serologic changes. Data were tested using ANOVA in Instat software and P <0.05 was considered significant. PCOs induction resulted in elevation of follicular cyst formation, abnormal follicular development and increasing of androgen compared with control rats. Silymarin attenuated ovarian cysts and thickness of theca layer and improved hormonal balance and follicle development in PCOS rats. Silymarin can reduce the histological and hormonal symptoms of PCOS, and has a protective effect on ovary. It seems that this potency is due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of silymarin, which can reduce cyst counts and improve the development of ovarian follicles.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a syndrome with complex endocrine and metabolic disorders, which is characterized by chronic anovulation, polycystic ovary and hyperandrogenism. Curcumin is a substance with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effect of curcumin on polycystic ovary syndrome in adult rats. In this experimental study, PCOS was induced in adult female Wistar rats (170 g) by subcutaneous injection of estradiol valerate (2 mg/kg). The control group received no injection. At the end of 60th day, the rats were divided into control, PCOS and curcumin-treated PCOS (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg) groups. After 14 days of intraperitoneal curcumin treatment, blood and ovary samples of all groups were taken for histological and serological studies. The thickness of the theca layer, primordial follicles and number of cysts were significantly decreased in high-dose curcumin treated ovaries compared to the PCOS group. Moreover, the appearance of corpus luteums as the main sign of recurrent ovulation was established. The serological analyses showed an increase in FSH and progesterone and a decrease in LH, estradiol and testosterone compared to the PCOS. The results indicate that curcumin may be a useful agent for improving the PCOS and initiation of ovulation through its various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

In patients with infertility, to obtain multiple oocytes in a cycle, ovulation-stimulating drugs areused to increase the chance of pregnancy. This study was conducted with the purpose of determining the effect ofovarian induction on the growth of ovarian follicles and corpus luteum in NMRI mice. In this study, 40 6-week-old female mice of NMRI strain were selected and divided into four groups of 10.The control group received normal saline, 7 IU of PMSG was injected to thesecond group, 10 IU to the third group, and 12 IU to the fourth group. Fourty-eight hours later, hCGwas injected with the same dose of PMSG. Twenty-four hours after injection of hCG, the mice were killed by cervical dislocation and their ovaries were removed. Then, after staining and slide preparation, the size of ovaries, number and size of corpus luteum and ovarian follicles was analyzed using statistical tests, such as Kolmogorov–Smirnov, analysis of variance, and, Kruskal-Wallisat the significance level of less than 0.05. In this study,ovulation induction with PMSG and hCG hormonescaused changes insize and number ofovarianfollicles, ovary, and corpus luteum. The results of the presentstudy revealed that ovulation hormones with PMSG and hCG hormones can increasethe number of primary multilayer follicles, but decrease the size of graafian follicles and corpus luteum.

Considering nitric oxide (NO) as one of important molecular regulators in genital organs, we examined its effects on histo-morphologic changes in the rat ovary. 40 rats were divided in 5 groups of 8 upon observing vaginal plaque that has been considered as day zero of pregnancy. Control group, normal saline, L-NAME, L Arginine and L-NAME + L-Arginine groups. Except the control group the remaining groups received normal saline (2 ml / kg / ip), L-NAME (20mg / kg / ip), LArginine (200 mg / kg / ip) and a mixture of the same doses of L NAME + L- Arginine, respectively on the 3rd, 4th and 5th days of pregnancy. On the 18th day of pregnancy the rats were anesthetized by diethyl ether and then paralyzed by cutting the spinal cord. After laparotomy the ovaries were fixed in 10% formalin and after tissue sample preparation, general (H + E) and specific (PAS) staining was performed. The histo-morphological changes were observed by optical microscopy and the necessary photographs were taken. Degenerative changes and dissemination were observed in most parts of ovaries of L- Arginine group as well as reduction in growth and weight of the rats. Ovarian volume and number of corpus Luteum were also reduced in this group. It seems that NO induces inhibition of cell growth in the pregnancy period and can interfere with normal functions of the ovary.