differentiation

In the article published in Cell J, Vol 15, No 4, 2015, pages 364-371, the reference for Table 1 and Figures 1B-D, 2,and 5A, B was inadvertently omitted. The missing reference (24), originally written in Persian by the authors, has nowbeen added to the relevant Table and Figures' legends with the permission of the original publisher, Journal of ArdabilUniversity of Medical Sciences.The authors would like to apologies for any inconvenience caused.

Ameloblastoma is the second most frequenttype of odontogenic tumors. They are thought to be formed by epithelium of ectodermal origin, Histopathologically, ameloblastoma has plexiform, follicular, acanthomatous, desmoplastic, granular cell, and basal cell subtypes. Adenoid ameloblastoma, also called dentinal adenoid ameloblastoma,is a rare odontogenic tumor. About 40 cases have been reported, with the highest incidence in the fourteenth year of life (age range:25-52 years), indicating a small female population and a similar population for ameloblastoma. The differential diagnosis includes odontogenic lesions such as calcifying odontogenic cyst, calcified epithelial odontogenic tumor, ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT). Histopathological results show that odontogenic epithelial tumors consist of nests, islands, cords, anastomotic chains and large areas of epithelium, ameloblast-like cells in the periphery, stellate reticulum-like cells in the space and cystic/microcystic patterns, acanthomatous changes and ductal patterns similar to AOT.

Case:

The aim of this report was to present a unique case of adenoid ameloblastoma affectingthe right side of mandible ina 47y.o womanwhich had a previous pathology diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma for this lesion in her medical history.

Such rare casesof adenoid ameloblastomacan pose challenges in the initial diagnosisand treatment

Curcumin, found in the rhizome of Curcuma longa, demonstrates anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.

This study aims to assess its effects on the proliferation and differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs).

Female rats (n = 36) became pregnant, resulting in the formation of embryos (n = 176). Neural stem cells from female embryos (n = 50, embryonic day 15.5, E15.5) were cultured in a serum-free medium with growth factors (FGF-2 and EGF). Curcumin was then added at doses of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 µM. The proliferation of NSCs was assessed using the MTT colorimetric assay, nestin immunofluorescence labeling, and RT-PCR. NSC differentiation was compared using immunocytochemistry (ICC) and RT-PCR for nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and class III β-tubulin (Tuj-1).

Curcumin at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 µM increased the proliferation of NSCs, as indicated by an increase in neurosphere diameter. Similarly, the MTT assay showed that curcumin at doses of 0.1 and 0.5 µM enhanced the viability of NSCs. In the differentiation condition, no significant difference was observed. However, RT-PCR analysis showed that nestin and GFAP expressions reached their highest levels in cells treated with curcumin at a dose of 0.5 µM, while Tuj-1 expression significantly increased in cells treated with curcumin at a dose of 1 µM.

Curcumin at lower doses may regulate the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. Treating NSCs with curcumin could provide a promising option for pre-differentiation before cell therapy.

One of the challenges of married life is divorce, whose rising rate has prompted family researchers to investigate its causes and contributors. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of dysfunctional beliefs in the relationships between thinking styles and differentiation with emotional divorce in divorcing couples.

This study employed a descriptive correlational research design. The statistical population comprised all divorcing persons visiting clinics and family counseling centers in the city of Isfahan in 2021. A convenient sample of 226 men and women were recruited. They completed the Emotional Divorce Questionnaire, Differentiation of Self Inventory, Thinking Styles Questionnaire, and Dysfunctional Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire. The data analysis involved using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and structural equation modeling.

According to the results, the direct paths from judicial thinking, executive thinking, and dysfunctional beliefs to emotional divorce were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Additionally, the paths from legislative thinking, executive thinking, and differentiation to dysfunctional beliefs were significant (P < 0.001). The indirect effects of legislative thinking (P = 0.006), executive thinking (P = 0.035), and differentiation (P = 0.002) on emotional divorce were statistically significant.

Based on the fit indices results, it can be concluded that the assumed model was acceptable. It is important to address the problems caused by emotional divorce and focus on thinking styles, differentiation, and dysfunctional beliefs to improve couples' relationships.

We aimed to evaluate the differential expression of nanos and ago genes in the protoscoleces, germinal layer, the neck, and the sucker regions of adult Echinococcus granulosus.

The study was conducted in 2018 at the Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. In the present study E. granulosus protoscoleces were cultured in a di-phasic medium to obtain strobilated worms. The strobilated worms were harvested and using a sterile razor blade, the neck region was separated. In the molecular study the neck sections were compared with the tissues derived from the suckers from the same worm. The primers were specifically designed for RT-qPCR on nanos and ago. The germinative cells were isolated from the cyst germinal layer and cultured in DMEM for further molecular studies. The Immunohistochemical profile was designed to explore the nature of nanos protein in the strobilated worms. Differences between and within groups were statistically assessed relative to the protoscoleces.

An increasing nanos gene expressions were found in sucker, neck, cells and germinal layer in comparison to the protoscoleces. The expression of ago gene was decreased in sucker, cell and germinal layer, and increased in the neck region in comparison to the protoscoleces. The results showed that both genes were expressed in all developmental stages of E. granulosus.

nanos and ago genes were differentially expressed at different developmental stages of E. granulosus and may contribute to differentiation of the parasite.

There are ethical and technical challenges in studying human germ cell development. Therefore, the aim ofthe study is in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), as pluripotent cells, to the germ cells whichis a valuable tool for studying molecular and cellular aspects of gametogenesis and understanding causes of infertility. In this experimental study, two different complete media [Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium(DMEM)+20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and embryoid bodies (EBs) medium; KOSR/HES without basic fibroblastgrowth factor (bFGF)] were used in the both of test groups using testicular cells derived conditioned medium (TCCM)and control groups spontaneously differentiated (SD). Thereby, EBs from hESCs (Yazd2; 46XY) were cultured indifferent conditions EB medium; EB medium and conditioned EB medium; EB medium, DMEM, and FBS withoutconditioning; EB medium, conditioned DMEM, and FBS medium. EBs were collected after 4, 7, and 14 days and theirgene expression profiles were assessed and compared to hESCs, as day 0, using IF and relative reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). An increase in the gametogenesis gene expression level in TCCM groups was showed in comparison withSD groups. Additionally, immunostaining of differentiated cells in all groups showed in vitro gametogenesis (IVG). Our findings showed that human TCCM could be used as a natural niche for in vitro male and femalegerm cell development. However, further studies are needed to define the factors and metabolites within the humanTCCM.

Nervous and brain cells injury is a complex, life-threatening condition that causes mortality and disability worldwide. Noeffective treatment has been clinically verified to date. Achieving effective drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) presents a major challenge to therapeutic drug development for nervous and brain cells injury. Furthermore, the field of nerve damage biomarkers is rapidly developing to cope with the many aspects of pathology and enhance clinical management of this type of damage. Exosomes appear to be effective inter-cellular communicators delivering several types of molecules, such as proteins and RNAs, suggesting that they could influence types of stem cells differentiation. Exosomes are endogenous extracellular vehicles (EVs) containing various biological materials, including lipids, proteins, microRNAs, and other nucleic acids. Compelling evidence exists that Exos, such as stem cell-derived Exos and even neuron or glial cell-derived Exos, are promising treatment strategies for Nervous cells injury because they pass through the BBB and have the potential to deliver molecules to target lesions. Meanwhile, Exos have Fewer safety risks compared to intravenous injection or orthotopic transplantation of viable cells, such as microvascular occlusion or imbalanced growth of transplanted cells. These unique characteristics also make Exos contents, especially Exos-derived microRNAs, as appealing biomarkers in nervous and brain cells injury. In this review, we explore the potential impact of cell-derived Exos and exosome-derived contents on the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis prediction of nerve damage. The associated challenges and opportunities are also discussed.

In this article published in Cell J, Vol 18, No 2, Jul-Sep (Summer) 2016, on pages 179-188, the authors found that Figure 2A was the same as the one that has already been published and it was confusing. The following figure’s legend is corrected in reference 9.
The authors would like to apologies for any inconvenience caused.

 Children, like adults, experience anxiety when faced with new experiences and different situations. The present study aimed to model the relationships between differentiation and cognitive emotion regulation in mothers with children's anxiety, with the mediating role of maternal mental health.

 The research belonged to the category of correlation designs. The target population of the study consisted of all mothers residing in Shiraz in 2019. The sample in the present study consisted of 200 mothers residing in Shiraz. The sample individuals were selected using the cluster sampling method for the research. The instruments used in the present study included the Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Garnefski’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the General Health Questionnaire. The obtained results were analyzed using the Amos test.

 Findings indicated that the differentiation of mothers does not directly impact children's anxiety significantly (P-value=0.311, β=0.052). However, this factor does have a positive influence on mental health (P-value=0.000, β=0.411). Similarly, the cognitive regulation of mothers can be used to predict children's anxiety. The results from the table demonstrate that mental health has a direct negative effect on children's anxiety (β=-0.298, P-value<0.001). Negative strategies also contribute negatively to mental health (P-value=0.030, β=-0.169) and positively to child anxiety (P-value<0.001, β=0.847). On the other hand, positive strategies do not directly impact child anxiety significantly (P-value=0.916, β=0.01), but they do have a positive and significant effect on mental health (P-value<0.001, β=0.624).

 The results indicated that differentiation in mothers and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies lead to improved maternal mental health and reduced anxiety in children. Additionally, differentiation and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies result in increased anxiety in children and reduced maternal mental health.

 Epigenetics is crucial in differentiating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into adipocytes. Specifically, DNA methylation, an epigenetic modification, regulates the expression of genes involved in this process. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) gene is a critical player in adipocyte differentiation, with epigenetic changes affecting its expression.

We isolated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the human bone marrow. The isolated MSCs were expanded and cultured in a differentiation medium for two weeks. DNA extraction was performed on undifferentiated and differentiated adipocytes after the culturing process. The methylation status of the promoter region of the PPARγ gene was assessed using methylation-specific primers (M for methylated and U for unmethylated) in a methylation-specific PCR (MSP) assay. This analysis involved the treatment of DNA samples with sodium bisulfite to convert unmethylated cytosine to uracil, thereby enabling the differentiation between methylated and unmethylated regions of the gene.

 The successful differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes was confirmed by the accumulation of lipid droplets within the differentiated cells, as visualized by the oil Red O dye staining. This observation provides strong evidence of the commitment of MSCs towards the adipogenic lineage and their ability to undergo adipocyte differentiation. Surprisingly, the MSP analysis revealed no significant changes in the methylation pattern of this gene following differentiation. The PPARγ gene promoter region exhibited an unmethylated status in both undifferentiated and differentiated states.

Our study revealed that additional genetic or epigenetic mechanisms control the expression of PPARγ during the adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. These findings highlight the regulatory role of PPARγ in the differentiation pathway from mesenchymal stem cells to adipocytes.

Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, is widely used for recreational purposes. It has stimulatory effect on appetite, so cannabinoid receptor antagonists have been used to decrease food intake and to act peripherally by rising thermogenesis and energy expenditure to control obesity. This in vitro study determined morphological, growth, apoptosis and differential potential of changes in dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) when marijuana wasadded to nutrients of cell culture medium. Wisdom teeth extracted were used to obtain DPSCs, while characterized morphologically, by osteo- and adipo-inductions and flowcytometry for mesenchymal properties. MTT assay identified optimal concentration of cannabis extract. Cells were treated with 120 and 1000 ng/mL of cannabis during seven days period, while proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of DPSCs were assessed. DPSCs were spindle shape and showed mesenchymal characteristics. MTT assay illustrated an increase in cell number until day 5th when DPSCs were treated with 120 and 1000 ng/mL of cannabis, while there was a decreasing trend on day 6th. There was an upregulation of the expression of Bax and COL1A1genes on day 6th when 120 and 1000 ng/mL of cannabis were added to the media in comparison to the control group. The increase in DPSC proliferation and viability when treated with cannabis denotes to its positive impact on cell proliferation during short term period, while a long term exposure to cannabis resulted in apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation. These findings reveal an issue of public health concern and alarm for health authorities.

Regarding the importance of emotional well-being in marriage sustainability, the present study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of imago therapy and object relations therapy on self-differentiation and self-regulation in women with multiple divorces. 

The statistical population of this clinical trial included women who had multiple divorces and were referred to counseling centers in Tehran, Iran, in 2021. Thirty-six women were selected through the convenient sampling method, and they were assigned through a simple random method in the groups of imago therapy (12 participants), object relations therapy (12 participants), and control (12 participants). The experimental groups participated in therapy sessions, and during this period, the control group did not receive any intervention. The participants fulfilled the Differentiation of Self Inventory and Self-Regulation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance with repeated measures. 

The findings revealed significant effects of object relations therapy and imago therapy on self-regulation and self-differentiation (P< 0.05). Also, regarding the effect sizes, it seems that object relations therapy had greater effects than imago therapy on self-differentiation (0.24 vs. 0.23) and self-regulation (0.82 vs. 0.72) in women with multiple divorces. 

Based on the results, object relations therapy and imago therapy are effective in increasing self-differentiation and self-regulation in women with multiple divorces. However, it seems that object relations therapy is more effective.

Breast carcinomas with metastasis to lungs and primary lung adenocarcinomas have significant overlap. This study aimed to investigate the differential expression of a panel of IHC markers in primary lung adenocarcinomas and invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast.

In this cross sectional study, total of 50 specimens including 25 primary lung adenocarcinomas and 25 invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast were collected from Masih Daneshvari and Shohada-e-Tajrish hospitals.After all of the cases were stained with hematoxylin-and-eosin, the histologic diagnosis and grading of the slides were reviewed and reported by experienced pathologists based on standard classifications. The patients’ medical records were reviewed for demographic data, clinical information and histopathologic reports.

The median age of the patients with lung adenocarcinoma and IDC was 59 (32-78) and 50 (35-74) years, respectively. In this study, regarding lung adenocarcinomas, the most common type was acinar (56%), followed by solid (20%), mucinous (16%), lepidic (4%), and colloid (4%).Immunohistochemical expression for Napsin-A, TTF-1, ER, GCDFP-15, and GATA-3 in primary lung adenocarcinomas and invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast were different.

Napsin-A, TTF-1, ER, GCDFP-15, GATA-3 and GATA-3 Markers can differentiate the breast cancer from lung adenocarcinoma. Napsin-A and TTF1 only present in lung adenocarcinoma.

Context: 

Stem cells play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration due to their self-renewal properties. In recent years, the use of stem cells as an important and valuable treatment method has created a new hope for the treatment of diseases and disorders that were previously difficult to treat. In this review article, the introduction of stem cells and their capabilities for treatment, as well as the sources of stem cells and the use of these sources for the treatment of diseases, including the treatment of leukemia, have been discussed.

Evidence Acquisition: 

Extensive search in Google Scholar and PubMed using keywords related to the article and review of various articles published between 1957 and 2022 about stem cells and the use of these cells to treat diseases.

Recently, it has been proven that hematopoietic stem cells can be produced from pluripotent embryonic stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells can make different blood cells. These findings help medical science in the treatment of various types of blood cancer. Also, during the conducted research, it has been determined that induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs) can be used in the treatment of various diseases, including leukemia.NOTCH, Wnt, TGF-B1 signaling pathways play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Evidence shows that cancer stem cells have a high ability to create tumors. The presence of cancer stem cells has been reported in some patients, including those with acute myeloid leukemia.Also, the results of research conducted in recent years show that the SALL4 gene can be used in the treatment of leukemia.

The results of various researches show that treatment with stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, can be a suitable method for treating patients with leukemia.

Developing cell-based therapeutic methods for differentiating various stem cells into dental tissues could be a revolutionary step toward using cell therapy for dental diseases. In the present study, we systematically reviewed the literature to determine the efficiency of stem cells in treating various dental diseases.

Using the search words “stem cell” and “dental disease” as well as all their equivalents and similar terms, we performed a literature search in September 2020 in the electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid, and Google Scholar. The investigation was limited to clinical trials written in the English language.

Overall, 22 articles with 400 study patients were found and used for qualitative data synthesis. Findings showed that various stem cells with different origins can be used for cell therapy of various dental diseases such as pulp necrosis, traumatic dental injuries, maxillofacial bony defects, impacted third molars, etc.

Stem cell therapy is an efficient method for treating dental diseases. It can regenerate whole dental pulp and may be useful for treating tooth injuries due to trauma.

Multipotent cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) possess the ability to differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts. This study aims to simulate the growth induction and osteogenic differentiation of SHED cells using probiotics and their resultant biomaterials.

This experimental study proceeded in two stages. Initially, we evaluated the effect of autoclaved nutrient agar (NA) grown probiotic Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) on the SHED and MG-63 cell lines. Subsequently, probiotics grown on the Pikovskaya plus urea (PVKU) medium and their synthesised hydroxyapatite (HA) were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and then used to stimulate growth and osteogenic differentiation of the SHED cell line. Osteoblast cell differentiation was assessed by morphological changes, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, and alizarin red staining.

There was a substantial increase in SHED cell growth of about 14 and 33% due to probiotics grown on NA and PVKU medium, respectively. The PVKU grown probiotics enhanced growth and induced stem cell differentiation due to HA content. Evidence of this differentiation was seen in the morphological shift from spindle to osteocyte-shaped cells after five days of incubation, an increase in ALP level over 21 days, and detection of intracellular calcium deposits through alizarin red staining-all indicative of osteoblast cell development.

The osteogenic differentiation process in stem cells, improved by the nano-HA-containing byproducts of probiotic bacteria in the PVKU medium, represents a promising pathway for leveraging beneficial bacteria and their synthesised biomaterials in tissue engineering.

Differentiation is a self-differentiation that means balancing emotional and intellectual issues. Differentiation has affected personality dimensions in different dimensions, considering that self-esteem is the most definite factor in a person's psychological development and one of the most important factors affecting students' academic success. This study aimed to determine the relationship between differentiation and self-esteem in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences students in 2021.

This cross-sectional study was performed by available sampling with the participation of 170 medical, nursing, operating room, anesthesia, public health, and laboratory students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences in 2021-2022. Data collection tools were the Skorn and Friedlander differentiation and Eysenck's self-esteem questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software by Spearman correlation test.

The mean of differentiation was 181.97±37.94. A moderate level of differentiation was observed in 131 subjects (77.1%). A low level of differentiation was observed in 31 subjects (18.2%), and eight subjects (4.7%) showed a high level of differentiation. The mean of the self-esteem was 18.34±5.73. 157 students (92.4%) had a high level, and 13 subjects (7.6%) had a moderate level of self-esteem. There was a positive significant correlation between the differentiation and self-esteem of the subjects (p=0.001; r=0.398).

Differentiation and self-esteem have a positive significant relationship among Jahrom University of Medical Sciences students.