extract
در نشریات گروه پزشکی-
Background
Combination of various medical schools with modern medicine is one of the appropriate methods for diagnosing and treating diseases. Considering the expanded use of herbal remedies, this study aimed to investigate herbal remedies for hypothyroidism.
MethodsKeywords related to medicinal plants and hypothyroidism were searched among titles and abstracts of papers published on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to find relevant papers published until the end of 2022. The quality of the extracted papers was assessed using JADAD scale. The data collected from the papers included general information, demographic characteristics of the participants, sample size in each group, type and duration of the intervention, doses of the herbs or extracts, side effects, and the effects of the intervention on thyroid function tests. The I2 index was used to measure the heterogeneity of the papers; if I2 statistic was above 50% or under 50%, the results of the papers were combined using random effect or fixed effect methods, respectively.
ResultsFive of the 301 papers extracted from the abovementioned databases were selected for systematic review and 4 for meta-analysis. Three of the papers were about the properties of Nigella sativa. The meta-analysis results showed that herbal medicines used in these papers significantly changed level of T4 (SMD=0.86 CI95%: 0.47-1.24), T3 (SMD=0.50 CI95%: 0.13-0.87), and TSH (SMD=-1.19 CI95%: -1.82-0.56) compared to placebo.
ConclusionsHerbal medicines improved the results of thyroid function tests; their effects on TSH, T3, and T4 were strong, moderate, and mild, respectively.
Keywords: Herbal Remedy, Extract, Hypothyroidism -
Background
The excessive use of antibiotics to treat bacterial diseases in aquaculture has led to drug resistance in bacterial strains, reduced the effectiveness of drugs, and caused the accumulation of antibiotics in the bodies of fish and fish consumers.
ObjectivesThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit of Nannorrhops ritchiana on the pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, and Streptococcus iniae in rainbow trout.
MethodsBacterial strains were prepared as standard. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous and ethanolic extracts, the standard microdilution method was used, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts was obtained based on their MIC values.
ResultsThe results of this study showed that the MIC of the ethanolic extract against A. hydrophila, Y. ruckeri, and S. iniae was 1.56, 6.25, and 0.78 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, the MIC of the aqueous extract of N. ritchiana against these bacteria was 1.25, 25, and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively.
ConclusionsThe results of the study demonstrated that the extract of the N. ritchiana plant has a very high inhibitory effect against fish pathogenic bacteria, suggesting that this plant can be used to treat and reduce infections.
Keywords: Nannorrhops Ritchiana, Aeromonas Hydrophila, Yersinia Rockeri, Streptococcus Iniae, Extract -
Background
Streptococcus mutans is the microorganism associated with dental caries, a process involving the demineralization of teeth. Apium graveolens Linn. (celery), belonging to the family Apiaceae, is recognized as a medicinal plant. Some secondary metabolites produced by celery act as bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial effects.
ObjectivesThe present study investigates the antibacterial activity of A. graveolens against S. mutans and compares the antibacterial effects of celery extract and essence against S. mutans in vitro, aiming to provide herbal prophylactic agents.
MethodsIn this in-vitro study, the antibacterial activity of celery (essence) was assessed after preparing celery seed essence and celery ethanolic extract with six different concentrations. The antibacterial effects against S. mutans were evaluated using three methods The agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Mean comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test and Dunn’s post-hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS version 22.
ResultsThe hydroalcoholic extract exhibited almost similar antibacterial activity across all evaluated concentrations, while the essence of celery seeds inhibited S. mutans proliferation only at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, with an inhibition zone of 21 mm. The MIC and MBC of the three evaluated groups (hydroalcoholic extract of celery leaves and stems, essence of celery seeds, and penicillin) showed significant differences (P-value = 0.005). The MIC and MBC of the second group were lower than those of the first group but higher than penicillin. The MIC and MBC values of celery extract and celery seed essence against S. mutans were 3.9 ± 1.56 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, respectively.
ConclusionsThe ethanolic extract and essence of celery exhibited notable antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans .
Keywords: Streptococcus Mutans, Antibacterial, Apium Gravelens, Extract, Essential Oil -
BackgroundLeishmania major is one of the main causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in many world regions, including Iran. Common treatments for this disease include pentavalent antimonial compounds, amphotericin B, and paromomycin-based formulations. However, these treatments face challenges such as drug resistance, high toxicity, and high costs. Consequently, there is a growing need for alternative therapeutic approaches.ObjectivesThe present study evaluates the inhibitory effect of nano-chitosan loaded with Allium ursinum (A. ursinum) extract against L. major under in vitro conditions.MethodsInitially, chitosan/extract nanoparticles (NChi/Ex) were synthesized by loading A. ursinum extract onto chitosan, and their physicochemical properties were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Subsequently, Leishmania major parasites were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium, and the effect of NChi/Ex on the parasites was assessed using the MTT assay.ResultsThe results showed that the average size of the synthesized nanoparticles was 145.3 nm, with a polydispersity index (PI) of 0.277, indicating a relatively uniform particle distribution. The FTIR spectrum confirmed the successful loading of A. ursinum extract onto chitosan, as characteristic peaks corresponding to the functional groups of both components were observed. The NChi/Ex nanoparticles exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect, with the highest inhibition occurring at a concentration of 50 µg/ml after 48 hours, achieving 100% inhibition of Leishmania major.ConclusionThe results demonstrated that NChi/Ex exhibited greater efficacy than chitosan or A. ursinum extract alone. This study underscores the potential of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with A. ursinum extract as a promising therapeutic strategy against Leishmania major, with potential applications in laboratory research and possibly in animal models.Keywords: Nanostructure, Extract, Leishmaniasis, Protozoa
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زمینه و هدف
امروزه استفاده از گیاهان دارویی بدون توجه به عوارض جانبی و اثرات توکسیسیته آن ها به ویژه بر اندام هایی مانند کبد و کلیه رو به افزایش است، در این میان استفاده از عصاره هندوانه ابوجهل در درمان دیابت، آسم و سرطان به شدت در حال افزایش است؛ بنابراین، هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثرات توکسیک عصاره هندوانه ابوجهل برآنزیم های کبد و فاکتورهای بیوشیمیایی کلیه در موش صحرایی است.
روش بررسیدر این مطالعه از 40 سر موش صحرایی نر بالغ در محدوده وزنی 250 تا 300 گرم در 4 گروه کنترل، دز100 عصاره، دز200 عصاره و دز400 عصاره استفاده شد. به گروه های دریافت کننده عصاره به مدت 28 روز از طریق گاواژ عصاره هندوانه ابوجهل داده شد و پس از پایان آزمایش سطح سرمی آنزیم های کبدی و چندین فاکتور کلیوی اندازه گیری شدند.
یافته هانتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که هر سه دز این عصاره سبب افزایش آلکالین فسفاتاز، و گاماگلوتامین ترانسفراز می شود که این افزایش در مقایسه با گروه کنترل کاملا معنادار بود (p < .05)، همچنین دزهای مختلف عصاره سبب افزایش در سطح سرمی اوره، کراتینین و اوریک اسید شدند؛ ولی این افزایش با گروه کنترل از لحاظ آماری معنادار نبود (p > .05).
نتیجه گیریعصاره گیاهان دارویی مانند هندوانه ابوجهل اگرچه در درمان دیابت، اسم و آلرژی، سرطان و سرماخوردگی کمک کننده است اما سمیت آن برای اندام هایی مانند کبد و کلیه که ارگان های حیاتی بدن هستند باید مطالعه همه جانبه تری انجام بگیرد.
کلید واژگان: اثرات توکسیک، عصاره، هندوانه ابوجهل، آنزیم های کبدی، فاکتورهای کلیویBackground and ObjectivesDespite the growing popularity of medicinal plants, concerns remain regarding their potential side effects and toxicity, particularly on organs like the liver and kidneys. This study aims to evaluate the toxic effects of Citrulus colocynthis on liver enzymes and kidney biochemical markers in rats.
Subjects and MethodsIn this study, 40 adult male rats weighing between 250-300 grams were randomly assigned to four groups: a control group and three experimental groups receiving Citrulus colocynthis extract at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Citrulus colocynthis extract was given through gavage, and after the completion of the test, the serum levels of liver enzymes and several renal factors were measured.
ResultsThe results of this study indicated that all three doses of the extract caused a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, different doses of the extract led to an increase in serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid; however, this increase was not statistically significant compared to the control group (p > 0.05).
ConclusionAlthough the extract of medicinal plants such as Citrulus colocynthis helps in the treatment of diabetes, asthma, allergies, cancer and colds, its toxicity on organs such as liver and kidney, which are vital organs of the body, should be studied more comprehensively.
Keywords: Toxic Effects, Extract, Citrulus Colocynthis, Liver Enzymes, Renal Factors -
مقدمه
با توجه به افزایش روزافزون مقاومت باکتری ها نسبت به آنتی بیوتیک ها و عوارض جانبی آنها، استفاده از گیاهان دارویی و عصاره های گیاهی مورد توجه زیادی قرار گرفته اند. در این پژوهش اثرات آنتی باکتریال عصاره هیدروالکلی Rosa Foetida Herm بر روی برخی باکتری های گرم مثبت و گرم منفی استاندارد مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است.
مواد و روش هادر این مطالعه، پس از تهیه عصاره رزا فویتیدا، خواص آنتی باکتریال آن به وسیله روش های آنتی بیوگرام، حداقل غلظت مهارکنندگی (MIC) و حداقل غلظت کشندگی (MBC)، تعیین گردید. همچنین از آنتی بیوتیک های سیپروفلوکساسین، جنتامایسین و پنی سیلین برای تعیین حساسیت باکتری ها جهت مقایسه با عصاره مورد مطالعه استفاده شد.
نتایجنتایج نشان داد که عصاره هیدروالکلی رزافویتیدا قادر به مهار رشد و کشندگی باکتری ها بوده است به طوری که باکتری های گرم مثبت اثر آنتی باکتریال قوی تری نسبت به باکتری های گرم منفی داشته است. در روش MIC عصاره با میانگین100- 5/12 میلی گرم در میلی لیتر قادر به مهار رشد باکتری ها بود. نتایج مطالعه در مقایسه با CLSI (2018) نشان داد که تنها باکتری اشرشیاکلی و کلبسیلاپنومونیه در برابر آنتی بیوتیک سیپروفلوکساسین حساس و همه باکتری ها در برابر آنتی بیوتیک های جنتامایسین و پنی سیلین مقاوم بودند. نتایج آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه نشان داد که بین تاثیر عصاره یا آنتی بیوتیک ها در برابر باکتری ها تفاوت معنی داری وجود داشت (01/0P<).
نتیجه گیریعصاره هیدروالکلی گل نسترن زرد می تواند منبع خوبی برای اثرات آنتی باکتریال بر روی برخی از باکتری های گرم مثبت و گرم منفی باشد. این عصاره در برابر سویه های استاندارد و بیماری زا موثر بوده و می تواند منبع بالقوه ترکیبات ضدباکتری طبیعی موثر برای استفاده در مطالعات فیتوشیمیایی و بیولوژیکی باشد.
کلید واژگان: عصاره، گل، رزا فویتیدا، MIC، MBCIntroductionThe rise in bacterial resistance to antibiotics and their negative side effects has led to a growing interest in the use of medicinal plants and plant extracts. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Yellow Nasturtium on some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
MethodsIn this research, after the preparation of Rosa Foetida extract, its antibacterial properties were evaluated using antibiogram, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and penicillin were used to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to the extract studied.
ResultsThe results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa Foetida effectively inhibited bacterial growth and viability, with a more pronounced antibacterial effect on gram-positive bacteria than on gram-negative bacteria. Using the MIC method, the extract was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria with an average of 12.5-100 mg/ml. The results of the study compared to CLSI 2018 showed that only Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and all bacteria were resistant to gentamicin and penicillin antibiotics. The results of the one-way analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference between the effect of extract or antibiotics against bacteria (P<0.01).
ConclusionCollectively, hydroalcoholic extract of Yellow Nasturtium could be a valuable source of antibacterial activity against certain gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Natural antibacterial compounds are efficient for utilization in in vitro phytochemical and biological investigations.
Keywords: Extract, Flower, Rosa Foetida, MIC, MBC -
BackgroundThe alarming rise of resistant microorganisms is becoming a serious health threat today. Consequently, there is a pressing need to obtain novel compounds with antimicrobial properties. In this regard, lichens are promising substances with antimicrobial potential to control different microbial strains, including fungi, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and viruses.ObjectivesThis study explores the efficacy of Dermatocarpon miniatum in treating burn wound infections. We examined twenty-four Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from patients admitted to Imam Moussa Kazem Hospital of Isfahan, Iran.MethodsWe assessed the antibacterial activity of D. miniatum against MRSA using the microdilution broth method. Biofilm inhibitory was evaluated through microtiter plate technique. Additionally, the effect of D. miniatum on the icaA gene expression was analyzed via real-time PCR.ResultsThe methanolic extract of D. miniatum exhibited significant antibacterial activity against MRSA strains. Additionally, at a concentration of ½ MIC, the extract demonstrated a 65% inhibition of biofilm formation. Moreover, a sub-MIC concentration (1/4) of D. miniatum was effective in reducing the expression of the icaA gene.ConclusionThe results of the present study reveal that D. miniatum extract can be used as a promising antibacterial agent against MRSA strains commonly found in wound biofilms.Keywords: Dermatocarpon Miniatum, Biofilm, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Extract, Antimicrobial
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In this research chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (E. angustifolia L.) whole fruit ethanolic extract was investigated on common pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans). The phytochemical composition of E. angustifolia was screened by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined using the broth dilution technique. According to the results, 13 major compounds such as flavonoid, aldehyde, alcoholic and fatty acids were identified by GC/MS. In addition, the extract could inhibit the growth of all examined pathogenic strains. The MIC was 3.75 to 1.87 mg ml-1 while maximum activity was found against Staphylococcus aureus. Besides, the MBC was ranging from 7.5 to 3.75 mg ml-1. Since E. angustifolia whole fruit ethanolic extract contains phytochemical compounds and has antimicrobial potential it can be recommended as a natural active agent for application in the food industry.
Keywords: Elaeagnus angustifolia, Antimicrobial, Phytochemical, Extract -
سابقه و هدف
کاربرد پزشکی نانوامولسیون روغن در آب به دلیل خواص ویژه گسترش یافته است. نانوامولسیون ها بر پایه گیاهان دارویی به دلیل روش تهیه ساده و سریع، کارایی بالا، و صرفه اقتصادی مهم هستند.
روش بررسیدر این پژوهش نانوامولسیون روغن در آب حاوی اسانس پونه به عنوان فاز روغنی، عصاره پونه به عنوان فاز آبی، و سورفکتانت اسپن 80 به مدت 30 دقیقه توسط هموژنایزر تهیه شد. خواص نمونه ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. کیتوزان به دلیل زیست سازگاری، زیست تخریب پذیری، و خواص ضدباکتری به عنوان ماده زیستی طبیعی جهت اصلاح نانوامولسیون بهینه استفاده شد. نمونه ها با روش های پراکندگی نور دینامیکی (DLS) جهت بررسی اندازه و توزیع اندازه، میکروسکوپ الکترونی عبوری (TEM) برای سنجش اندازه و شکل، و پتانسیل زتا برای تعیین پایداری ارزیابی شدند. فعالیت ضدباکتری، فعالیت ضداکسیدانی، و سمیت سلولی نمونه ها بررسی شد.
یافته هانتایج فعالیت ضدباکتری اسانس، عصاره، و نانوامولسیون ها علیه باکتری گرم منفی اشرشیاکلی (E.Coli) و باکتری گرم مثبت استافیلوکوکوس اوریوس (S.Aureus) نشان داد که این مواد کاندید مناسب بجای داروهای شیمیایی جهت مقابله با سویه ها هستند. فعالیت ضداکسیدانی نمونه ها بر اساس سنجش ترکیبات فنولی تام و مهار ادیکال آزاد مشاهده شد. همچنین نمونه ها سمیت سلولی روی سلول های سالم ندارند.
نتیجه گیریبر اساس نتایج، نانوامولسیون روغن در آب حاوی اسانس به عنوان فاز روغنی و عصاره به عنوان فاز آبی می تواند کاندید مناسبی برای کاربردهای دارویی و پزشکی باشد.
کلید واژگان: نانوفناوری، نانوامولسیون، پونه، عصاره، اسانسMedical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity Tehran Medical Branch, Volume:33 Issue: 4, 2023, PP 355 -364BackgroundThe medical application of oil-in-water nanoemulsion has been expanded due to its special properties. Nanoemulsions based on medicinal plants are important because of the simple and fast preparation method, high efficiency, and economic efficiency.
Materials and methodsIn this study, the oil-in-water nanoemulsion was prepared containing Mentha pulegium essential oil as the oil phase, Mentha pulegium extract as the aqueous phase, and span 80 surfactant for 30 minutes using homogenizer. The properties of samples were investigated. Chitosan was used as the natural biological material to modify the optimal nanoemulsion due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial properties. The samples were evaluated by methods of dynamic light scattering (DLS) to investigate size and size distribution, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to measure size and shape, and zeta potential to determine stability. Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of the samples were investigated.
ResultsThe results of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil, its extract, and nanoemulsions against gram-negative bacteria escherichia coli (E.Coli) and gram-positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus (S.Aureus) showed that these materials are suitable candidates instead of chemical drugs to deal with strains. The antioxidant activity of the samples was observed based on the measurement of total phenolic compounds and free radical inhibition. Also, the samples are not cytotoxic on healthy cells.
ConclusionBased on the results, oil-in-water nanoemulsion containing essential oil as the oily phase and extract as the aqueous phase can be suitable candidates for pharmaceutical and medical applications.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanoemulsion, Mentha pulegium, Extract, Essential oil -
Background
This study investigated the antibacterial properties of four types of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) extracts against two caries contributing bacteria, namely, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.
MethodsThe extracts of A. dracunculus were prepared using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water solvents. In addition, the diameter of inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined, and finally, MTT (tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay) was used to analyze the cytotoxic effects of the extracts.
ResultsThe well-diffusion method showed the antibacterial property of four tested extracts against bacteria. Methanol and water extracts made the highest inhibition zone diameters (P<0.001). This was true for both tested bacteria. The mIC of the methanol, water, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts were 0.78, 1.5, 3.1, and 1.5 mg/mL, as well as 0.78, 0.78, 1.5, and 1.5 mg/mL against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were 0.78, 0.78, 1.56, and 3.12 mg/mL, respectively.
ConclusionsThe results provided a rational reason for the traditional use of A. dracunculus extracts against anti-caries-related bacteria. The methanolic extract demonstrated better activity, thus methanol can probably extract a wider range of plant compounds with antibacterial effects.
Keywords: S. mutans, S. sobrinus, A. dracunculus, Extract, Methanol -
Background
Breast cancer is a common human neoplasia in women. Species of the Lamiaceae plant have been found to exert in vitro anti-proliferative activity on breast cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the extracts of ten species from the Lamiaceae family on a breast cancer cell line. We also examined the selective indices of the fractions and essential oil of the most effective extract.
MethodsThe plant species were harvested, dried and authenticated. The hydro-alcoholic extract of each plant was examined for its cytotoxicity on the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) using MTT assay. The n-Hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were prepared from Nepeta crispa extract. Hydro-distillation method was used to isolate the Nepeta crispa’s essential oil. The essential oil and the fractions were examined in vitro for the cytotoxic effects against both HEK293 and MCF-7 cell lines.
ResultsThe Nepeta crispa extract exhibited significant cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 (IC50 = 59 ±3.4μg/mL) compared to other extracts. The n-hexane fraction of Nepeta crispa demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 = 65.47 ±4.3μg/mL) among other fractions. The essential oil exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition against the growth of cancer cells, and showed the most inhibitory effect against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 18.15 ±2.7μg/mL) with a selectivity index of 9.69.
ConclusionsBased on the results, the n-hexane fraction and essential oil of Nepeta crispa may be the potential sources of biologically active components to develop novel drugs for breast cancer treatment.
Keywords: Cancer, MTT assay, Nepeta crispa, Essential oil, Extract, Fraction -
BackgroundTrichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis protozoan, is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Although metronidazole and tinidazole are the only approved drugs for treatment, drug-resistant cases of infection are on the rise. The aim of the study was the evaluation of antitrichomonal potential of Piper nigrum and limonene. The phytochemical profile of P. nigrum oil was also investigated.MethodsThe parasites were treated in vitro with essential oil and different extracts of P. nigrum seed and limonene using microtiter plate method. The oil analysis of P. nigrum was also evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assay of P. nigrum oil and limonene were screened on Vero cell line by MTT method.ResultsThe tested P. nigrum fractions were able to kill 100% of Trichomonas trophozoites at MLC concentration and reduce the trophozoite viability at sub-MLC and lower concentrations. After 48 hours exposure, the most potent fraction was the n-hexane extract with MLC of 78 µg/ml and followed by the essential oil and methanol extract with MLC of 156 µg/ml, limonene (MLC=1250 µg/ml), and then, aqueous extract with MLC value of 25 mg/ml. Also according to cytotoxicity assay, P. nigrum oil was less toxic to Vero cell than limonene, with a selectivity index of 13.2 and 2.04, respectively.ConclusionThis study clearly demonstrated the trichomonacidal potential of P. nigrum. Thus, P. nigrum fractions can be considered promising antiprotozoal agents and the basis for further development to discover new phytochemicals compounds.Keywords: Essential oil, Extract, Limonene, Piper nigrum, Trichomonas vaginalis
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Leptadenia hastata leaf extracts are used in the folkloric treatment of hypertension and its attendant complications. Sub-chronic toxicological study of the methanol and n-hexane leaf extracts of L. hastata was carried out orally on Swiss albino rats for 28 days. Doses of 100, 300, and 600 mg kg-1 bodyweights of both extracts were administered through the oral route once daily to the rats in respectively labeled test groups while the control group with normal saline (0.5 ml). L. hastata methanol extract showed a moderate presence of alkaloids (0.92±0.14) and cardiac glycosides. The LD50 of both extracts is >5000 mg kg-1 bodyweight. ALT, AST, ALP, and total protein were all significantly high in 600 mg kg-1 bodyweight of the extract (n-hexane)-treated group by a 2% reduction in bodyweight on the 12th day. Lipids in both extract-treated groups were reduced with a concomitant increase in HDL of the methanol extract-treated groups and a decrease in the extract (n-hexane)-treated groups. PCV and RBC significantly increased (p<0.05) and decreased (p>0.05) in the methanol and n-hexane extract-treated groups respectively, while the WBC significantly increased in the extract (n-hexane)-treated groups. Only 600 mg kg-1 bodyweight of the extract (n-hexane)-treated group showed a decrease in liver and kidney weights with an increase in the weight of the heart. Electrolytes were significantly reduced in 600 mg kg-1 bodyweight of the extract (n-hexane)-treated group while urea, creatinine, direct, and total bilirubin increased in the extract (n-hexane)-treated groups. L. hastata extracts at 600 mg kg-1 bodyweight may be toxic.Keywords: Toxicity, Extract, Phytochemical
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Background
Studies have reported certain side effects that occur with the use of conventional antidepressants limit their clinical use. Plant derivatives such as Rhus coriaria L extract can be used as alternatives for depression.
ObjectivesThis study was designed to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of R. coriaria in a mouse model and the role of the monoaminergic system in its mechanism of action.
MethodsA total of 174 male NMRI mice were used. Thirty minutes after treating animals with common antidepressants and R. coriaria extract (25 - 200 mg/kg), the tail suspension test (TST) was performed. One hour after treating mice with serotonergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic antagonists, 100 mg/kg of the extract was administered, and TST was performed after 30 minutes. Potential synergistic interactions between the extract and the sub-doses of fluoxetine (Flx) and imipramine (Imp) were also investigated. Injections were all administered intraperitoneally.
ResultsRhus coriaria extract (50 - 200 mg/kg) induced antidepressant-like effects (P < 0.001) without altering animal locomotion in the open field test (OFT; P > 0.05). The tail suspension test showed that the antidepressant-like activity of the extract was blocked by pretreating with the above-mentioned antagonists (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The sub-dose of the extract also increased the efficiency of the sub-doses of common antidepressants (P < 0.001).
ConclusionsThe extract showed antidepressant-like activity via the monoaminergic system and increased the efficiency of common antidepressants. We suggest adding dried R. coriaria extract powder to the formulation of common antidepressant agents following thorough clinical studies on the substance.
Keywords: Antidepressive Agents, Extract, Monoaminergic System, Rhus coriaria L, Tail Suspension Test L -
One of the major concerns of the health system of countries is resistance to common fungicides by pathogenic strains. The World Health Organization places special emphasis on finding natural compounds with antifungal properties. Therefore, in the present study, the antifungal and antitumor effects of ethanol extract of propolis were studied. For this purpose, at first, M. furfur MF7 strain was prepared and cultivated. Then, propolis ethanol extract was prepared. The microbioassay method was used to study the effects of different concentrations of propolis extract on the growth of M. furfur, and the broth microdilution method was used to determine the MIC and MFC. Also, the effect of this extract on ergosterol biosynthesis was studied. The results of the study showed that the MIC of propolis ethanol extract on this pathogenic fungus is 10 mg/ml and its MFC is 20 mg/ml. The decrease in fungus growth was seen with the increase in the concentration of propolis ethanol extract, so that there was no growth in the concentration of 20 mg/ml ethanol extract of propolis. Also, with the increase in the concentration of the extract, the biosynthesis of ergosterol decreased, and at the concentrations of 15 and 20 mg/ml, a severe decrease in the biosynthesis of this compound was seen. Propolis reduced HT-29 cell line viability at 2000µg/mL. In general, it was concluded that propolis ethanol extract is a suitable option for treating diseases caused by M. furfur. Studies in clinical conditions are needed.
Keywords: Propolis, Extract, Malassezia, MIC -
زمینه و هدف
گیاه خارخاسک از گیاهان با خواص دارویی است. هدف مطالعه حاضر تعیین میزان فنول، فلاونویید کل و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی مراحل مختلف رشدی اندام های هوایی دو جمعیت گیاه خارخاسک بود.
مواد و روش هامطالعه آزمایشگاهی حاضر، در سال 1400 در دو رویشگاه سردسیر و گرمسیر استان ایلام انجام شد. مقدار فنول کل، محتوای فلاونوییدی کل و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره بخش های هوایی گیاه اندازه گیری و به صورت IC50 بیان گردید. داده ها با استفاده از آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه تجزیه و تحلیل شد.
یافته هابیشترین و کمترین محتوای فنول و فلاونویید کل در مرحله گلدهی رویشگاه گرمسیر و مرحله ظهور ساقه منطقه سردسیر به دست آمد. بیشترین و کمترین فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی، به ترتیب مربوط به مرحله گلدهی رویشگاه مهران و مرحله ظهور ساقه رویشگاه آسمان آباد بود.
نتیجه گیریمرحله گلدهی رویشگاه گرمسیری مهران دارای بالاترین محتوای فنول کل، فلاونویید کل و میزان فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی بود.
کلید واژگان: خارخاسک، ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی، عصاره، ترکیبات فنولی، استان ایلامBackground and ObjectivesTribulus terrestris is one of the medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of total phenol and flavonoid, and antioxidant activity in different developmental stages of the aerial parts of two populations of T. terrestris.
Materials and MethodsThe present laboratory study was conducted in 2021 in two habitats, warm and cold climate, in Ilam Province. The amount of total phenol, the total flavonoid content, and the antioxidant activity of the metanolic extract of the aerial parts of the plants were measured and expressed as IC50 (The half-maximal inhibitory concentration). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.
ResultsThe highest and the lowest total phenol and flavonoid contents were obtained respectively in the flowering stage of warmer climate and the stem emergence stage of colder region. The highest and the lowest antioxidant activity were respectively related to the flowering and the stem emergence stages of Mehran and Asmanabad habitats.
ConclusionThe flowering stage of Mehran tropical habitat had the highest content of total phenol, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Tribulus terrestris, Antioxidant capacity, Extract, Phenolic compounds, Ilam province -
Background
Purwoceng, a native Indonesian plant, has been traditionally used for its aphrodisiac, diuretic, and tonic effects. Despite its long history, the chronic effects of Purwoceng have not been fully understood. This study analyzed the chronic toxicity effects of the ethanol extracts of Purwoceng roots on the liver and kidneys in white male rats.
MethodsWe conducted post-tests for liver histopathology and pre- & post-tests for SGOT, SGPT and urea-creatinine levels. The treatments were administered over 90 days on 32 rats, which were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of a control group (A), and three treatment groups receiving doses of 21 mg/kg/day (B), 42 mg/kg /day (C), and 84 mg/kg/day (D).
ResultsThe chronic administration of Purwoceng root extracts at various doses did not significantly increase the SGOT and SGPT levels, but increased the levels of urea and creatinine at 21 and 42 mg/kg/day, respectively. The histopathological analyses revealed that the extracts caused some cellular damages in the liver at 42 mg/kg/day. The minimal toxic dose for the chronic administration of the extract was 21 mg/kg/day. However, determining a safe dose for the chronic administration of the extract was not possible, as even the control group showed increases in SGOT, SGPT and urea-creatinine levels. However, at 21 mg/kg/day, the extract did not cause liver histological damages.
ConclusionThe chronic administration of Purwoceng extract did not affect the liver function but caused histological damages in the liver cells and affected the kidneys function.
Keywords: Biochemical, Chronic Toxicity, Extract, Histopathological Effects, Purwoceng Roots -
Background
Today, individuals tend to use natural products instead of synthetic additives in many areas. The hazelnut tree produces many by-products and fruit. Nuts and their by-products are rich in bioactive compounds.
ObjectivesThis study investigated the biological activities of water and ethanol extracts obtained from hazelnut and its waste products to determine their potential usage in the cosmetic industry.
MethodsIn this experimental study, disc diffusion test, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), or minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were applied to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the extracts. The sun protection factor (SPF) of the extracts and commercial cream + extract mixtures was determined in vitro. In addition, antimicrobial cream formulations containing hazelnut extracts and Limosilactobacillus fermentum MA-7 probiotic candidate lactic acid bacteria from human milk were developed for the pharmaceutical industry to prevent infections. The good diffusion test was applied against test microorganisms to evaluate antimicrobial activity.
ResultsThe hazelnut husk methanol extract had the highest inhibition zone diameter (19.41 mm) against Yersinia ruckeri. The MIC, MBC, or MFC of the extracts ranged from 1.25 to > 40 g/L. The SPF values of the extracts (range: 6.85-27.64) and commercial cream + extract (range: 11.92-26.28) mixtures were determined in vitro to obtain their potential use in sunscreens. The cream groups containing hazelnut extracts and probiotics showed a high antimicrobial effect on the tested microorganisms. The results of statistical analysis indicated that the cream + extract + probiotic pellet + probiotic supernatant group was statistically significant (P < 0.05) compared to other test groups.
ConclusionsThe results showed that hazelnuts and their by-products have the potential to be used as a natural source of antimicrobials. Hazelnut and its by-products can be an alternative to synthetic antimicrobials and sunscreens in the cosmetic industry as a natural bioactive substance. In addition, it might contribute to the country’s economy by evaluating hazelnuts and their waste and by-products resulting from their processing in the cosmetic industry.
Keywords: Antimicrobial, Cream Formulation, Extract, Probiotic, Solar Protection -
Background
One of the environmental factors leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is traumatic brain injury (TBI). Meanwhile, tau protein hyperphosphorylation is known as one of the mechanisms of AD development. In the present study, the effect of Rosa damascena and Ginkgo biloba aqueous extracts on tau hyperphosphorylation was studied on SH-SY5Y cell lines and mouse TBI models.
MethodsTau protein hyperphosphorylation was induced in SH-SY5Y cells using 10 μM retinoic acid (RA). Then, cells were treated with 500 and 1000 μg/ml aqueous extracts of Rosa damascena and Ginkgo biloba. Cell viability was studied by MTT test and tau protein hyperphosphorylation was studied by western blot and immunostaining techniques. Also, after the induction of TBI by pneumatic cylinder, mice were treated with 500 and 1000 μg/ml aqueous extracts of Rosa damascena and Ginkgo biloba, and the animals were tested for beam balance and walk tests to measure balance and muscle stiffness. Finally, tau protein hyperphosphorylation in the brain was investigated using an immunostaining technique.
ResultsBoth aqueous extracts of Rosa damascena and Ginkgo biloba were able to improve SH-SY5Y viability. Also, a decrease in phosphorylated tau protein was observed in cells treated with aqueous extracts of Rosa damascena and Ginkgo biloba. Performance improvements in beam balance and walk tests in TBI mice treated with 1000 μg/ml Rosa damascena and Ginkgo biloba aqueous extracts were seen. Also, tau protein phosphorylation was significantly decreased in the brain of TBI rats treated with those aqueous extracts.
Conclusionaqueous extracts of Rosa damascena and Ginkgo biloba have neuroprotective effects and are beneficial in reducing TBI-induced tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and they can prevent tau pathology.
Keywords: Extract, Hyperphosphorylation, Mouse, Tau. Alphabetical order -
مقدمه
وجود ترکیبات فنولی و فلاوونوییدی در عصاره بخش های مختلف انار، می تواند نوید بخش اثرات ضدتوموری و آنتی اکسیدانی برای این میوه نواحی گرمسیری باشد. بنابراین هدف از این پژوهش بررسی و مقایسه ی سمیت عصاره پوست و گل انار بر رده ی MCF-7 سرطان پستان و مقایسه فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره پوست و گل انار است.
مواد و روش هادر این مطالعه عصاره ی هیدورالکلی گل و پوست انار به روش سوسکسوله به صورت مجزا استخراج شد. سپس سلول های سرطانی MCF-7 کشت و تکثیر داده شد و سمیت سلولی هر دو عصاره در غلظت های مختلف به مدت 48 ساعت براساس آزمون رنگ سنجی (MTT) سنجیده شد. همچنین میزان فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره ی گل و پوست انار با استفاده از آزمون به دام اندازی رادیکال آزاد (DPPH) مقایسه گردید.
نتایجنتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که عصاره های هیدورالکلی گل و پوست انار در غلظت های مختلف به طور معنی داری (05/0P<) رشد سلول های سرطانی MCF-7 را نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش داده و IC50 عصاره ی گل انار و پوست انار به ترتیب 471/16 μg/m و 186/6 μg/ml تعیین گردید. همچنین مشخص گردید که فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره پوست انار نسبت به گل بیشتر می باشد. بالاترین میزان فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره ی گل انار و پوست انار به ترتیب در غلظت های μg/ml250 و μg/ml62/5 تعیین گردید.
نتیجه گیریبا توجه به اینکه هر دو عصاره از ویژگی های آنتی اکسیدانی و ضدتوموری برخوردار می باشند، می توان عصاره انار را به منظور انجام تحقیقات ضدتوموری و آنتی اکسیدنی به پژوهشگران حوزه سرطان و صنایع غذایی پیشنهاد نمود.
کلید واژگان: انار، ضد تومور، عصاره، آنتی اکسیدان، سرطان پستانIntroductionThe presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extract of different parts of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum) makes this tropical fruit potentially an antitumor and antioxidant. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity effect of pomegranate peel and flower extract on MCF-7 breast cancer and to compare the antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel and flower extract.
MethodsThe hydroalcoholic extract of pomegranate flowers and peel was extracted separately by the Soxhlet method. Then, MCF-7 cancer cells were cultured and proliferated, and the cytotoxicity of both extracts at different concentrations was measured by MTT assay for 48 hours. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of pomegranate flower and peel extract was compared by using a free radical scavenging assay (DPPH).
ResultsThe results indicated that hydroalcoholic extracts of pomegranate flowers and peel significantly reduced the growth of MCF-7 cancer cells compared to the control group (P<0.05). IC50s of pomegranate flower and pomegranate peel extract were determined 417.6 μg/ml and 186.6 μg/ml, respectively. Besides, the antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel extract was higher than that of flowers. The highest antioxidant activity of pomegranate flower extract and pomegranate peel was determined at concentrations of 250 μg/ml and 62.5 μg/ml, respectively .
ConclusionBased on our findings, extracts of pomegranate flowers and peel indicated antioxidant and anti-tumor properties.
Keywords: Punica granatum, Anti-tumor, Extract, Antioxidant, Breast cancer
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