framework

  While anyone can lobby governments, most lobbying is driven by commercial interests. Due to limited government disclosures, it is often challenging to get a clear picture of who is lobbying whom or why. To help make lobbying more visible to the public, we set out to develop a framework of key criteria for best practice government lobbying disclosures. 

  We undertook a systematic scoping review of peer-reviewed and grey literature to identify frameworks for measuring or evaluating lobbying transparency. We screened the titles and abstracts of 1727 peer-reviewed and 184 grey literature articles, assessing 230 articles for eligibility. Following screening, we included 15 frameworks from six peerreviewed and nine grey literature articles in our review. To create our framework of lobbying disclosures, we thematically coded the 15 included frameworks and used an iterative process to synthesise categories.

The 15 frameworks covered more than only lobbying disclosures, with the most common other theme about enforcement and compliance. Most frameworks were developed to evaluate lobbying transparency in particular jurisdictions, with the United States the most common. Of the 15 frameworks analysed, those developed by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) focused mainly on improving lobbying regulations, while most peer-reviewed studies developed frameworks to measure, compare and evaluate lobbying regulations. We developed a Framework fOr Comprehensive and Accessible Lobbying (FOCAL). It comprised eight primary categories (scope, timeliness, openness, descriptors, revolving door, relationships, financials, and contact log) covering 50 total indicators.

Government transparency plays a crucial role in facilitating access to information about commercial political activities like lobbying. Our framework (FOCAL) offers a template for policy-makers to develop or strengthen regulations to improve lobbying transparency so commercial political influence strategies are more visible and subject to public scrutiny. This is an important step towards rebalancing influence toward the public interest.

The use of electronic systems supported by text-mining software applications that support the End TB strategy’ needs to be explored. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap, and synthesis of evidence.

The PubMed database was searched for structured review articles published in English since 2012 on interventions to control and manage TB. Nine hundred twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. The included articles were synthesized using the text and content analysis software Leximancer. The themes were chosen based on the hit words that emerged in the frequency and heat maps. After the themes were chosen, the concept built the themes based on likelihood.

The framework resulting in the study focuses on early detection and treatment to minimize the chance of TB transmission in the population, especially for highly susceptable populations. The main area highlighted is the appropriate screening and treatment domains. The framework generated in this study is somewhat in line with the WHO Final TB Strategy. This study highlights the importance of improving TB prevention through a patient-centered approach and protecting susceptible populations.

Our findings will be helpful in guiding TB practice, policy development and future research. Future research can elaborate the framework and elicit feedback from TB management stakeholdesr to assess its utility.

 Public participation strengthens the public presence in healthcare.

 This study aimed to determine the dimensions of attracting public participation in the Iranian health system.

 A mixed-method research was conducted from May 2019 to July 2020. A comparative study (using the documents of five countries that were selected purposefully), tool design and validation (through holding two expert panels with the participation of 26 people who were selected based on the inclusion criteria), and finalization of the participation framework (field test with the participation of 283 recruited people based on the inclusion criteria) were performed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were applied using SPSS-v26 and AMOS-v26.

 Forty-eight components on five factors, including citizenship rights and customer orientation, socioeconomic factors, communication with people and non-governmental organizations, research and technology, and managerial and organizational factors with impact factors of 0.967, 0.951, 0.957, 0.944, and 0.955 were loaded, respectively. The CFA denoted the approval of the framework with the five mentioned factors.

 In this study, a framework was developed and approved during different stages. Using this framework, healthcare policymakers can adopt the best strategies for engaging public participation and improving the effectiveness of decisions through evidence-informed policymaking.

There are a lot of apps for pregnancy care using mHealth technologies. However, it has not been studied which criteria in these apps are essential for increasing the quality of these mHealth programs in pregnant women. Thus this study aimed to review the desirable features of mobile-based pregnancy care applications and provide a model to evaluate existing applications.

Features of a mobile-based pregnancy app were designed using a qualitative approach. In this research, an open questionnaire was developed. Obstetricians and gynecologists filled out this questionnaire. After thematic analysis of the questionnaires, the obtained items are embedded into a general framework for evaluation mHealth.

Fifteen gynecology and obstetrics experts participated in this study.  Eight themes were obtained from 34 items mentioned by the experts. Finally, a specialized framework for evaluating mHealth apps for pregnancy care is proposed.

To design mobile-based pregnancy care app and evaluate the existing apps in the field of pregnancy, the provided indicators can be used. This framework and other similar specialized frameworks could be developed to improve the quality of the mHealth apps.

Problems facing the health information systems and the potential of cloud computing make the use of this technology as a priority for healthcare organizations to migrate to the cloud. The purpose of the present study is to introduce a migration framework for health information systems to the cloud.

This study is a Mix method research that was performed in the first stage to identify the relevant factors of a qualitative study until the initial design of the resu lting framework was obtained and, in the second phase using the two - stage quantitative Delphi method the framework was evaluated.

The overall component of the proposed framework, which had 149 components consists of four layers of governmental, ex ecutive, organizational and technical three major groups of stakeholders in government, the service providers (CSPs) and the service consumers (CSCs).

Cloud computing is a new issue in the health, and the cloud migration process is one of the c ost - effective solutions for managing health information systems. Due to the lack of knowledge of health executives on cloud computing, they may not be able to make appropriate decisions on doing the migration. Thus, having a comprehensive framework in addi tion to enhancing the knowledge decision makers will help them make better decisions while at the same time planning a roadmap for successful migration.

Quality Assessment Frameworks (QAFs) are essential in monitoring progress in the primary health care (PHC) system. Different QAFs are used in countries to assess PHC quality.

This study aimed to review and compare the QAFs and highlight the most frequent quality indicators and dimensions.

This state-of-the-art review was conducted on PHCQAFs. Required data were collected through search in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, World Health Organization and World Bank websites, and Ministry of Health websites up to January 2022. The main keywords were quality, “primary healthcare”, PHC, “primary care”, “primary health services”, “basic healthcare”, assessment, evaluation, monitoring, measurement, improvement, indicator, OR index, pattern, framework, and model. Comparative tables were used to compare the defined quality dimensions (QDs) and quality assessment indicators (QAIs).

Finally, 14 PHCQAFs were retrieved, containing 94 QDs and 785 QAIs. Three PHCQAFs were proposed at the international level and others at the national level. Accessibility, coordination, and safety were the most frequent QDs, and QAIs related to smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, diabetes care, vaccination, chronic heart disease care, respiratory/infectious disease care, hypertension care, population coverage, community participation, customer satisfaction, maternal and child health, adverse event, health information management, staff empowerment, referral system, and patient rights were the most frequent among PHCQAFs.

The current study illustrates the similarities and differences between PHCQAFs and highlights important QDs and QIs in PHC. Also, it provides a ready way for health policymakers to address key quality aspects that can help countries accelerate progress in the quality of PHC

Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) can be adapted to local conditions to prevent any resources from being wasted. Adaptation of CPGs implies a systematic view of developed guidelines through maintaining evidence-based principles in order to find the ones most relevant with patients' conditions and its integration with the cultural and regional requirements of the target population and health system facilities. The main purpose of the study was to describe, interpret and compare different frameworks for adaptation of clinical guidelines and proposing a comprehensive framework for Iran.  

This study was based on a review and comparative analysis of adaptation frameworks of CPGs. Initially, all adaptation frameworks were collected by systematic search in the literature. We searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Trip Database, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Then, based on the stages of the comparative study, frameworks were described, interpreted, juxtaposed, and compared. Finally, a comprehensive framework for the adaptation of clinical guidelines was proposed by consulting a panel of experts.  

Our literature search resulted in 26 frameworks, of which 18 were potentially relevant. Based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, nine frameworks were included in the study and have been described, interpreted, and compared. The proposed comprehensive framework for the adaptation of clinical guidelines consists of ten main steps.  

The proposed comprehensive framework is an appropriate tool for the adaptation of clinical guidelines in Iran that can be used in other countries. However, further validation of the framework requires case studies and expert consultation to determine its application to the adaptation of clinical guidelines.

 Lower respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, and lung cancer are among the leading 10 causes of death worldwide. The Board of Respiratory Diseases Research Network (RDRN), a sub-committee of the Iranian Non-Communicable Diseases Committee (INCDC) is particularly concerned that there should be a coordinated National strategy to address the burden caused by chronic respiratory diseases.
    

 Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) has decided to give promotion to the establishment of research networks and use them as the milestones for research management, particularly for the national health priorities.
    

 National Service Framework (NSF), which was designed for Chronic Respiratory Diseases, is one of the main outcomes of the chronic respiratory diseases sub-committee of INCDC. The main seven strategies were represented by the Steering Committee in 2010 for a period of 10 years. Successful development and implementation of our goals provide the CRDs sub-committee of INCDC with the opportunity to develop a paradigm to prevent chronic respiratory diseases.
   

 A stronger national plan for controlling chronic respiratory diseases will ensure stronger advocacy to support respiratory health at national, sub-national, and regional levels.

Governance is a social phenomenon which permeates throughout systemic, organisational and individual levels. Studies of health systems governance traditionally assessed performance of systems or organisations against principles of good governance. However, understanding key pre-conditions to embed good governance required for healthcare organisations is limited. We explore the feasibility of embedding good governance at healthcare facilities in Kenya.

Our conceptualisation of organisational readiness for embedding good governance stems from a theory of institutional analysis and frameworks for understanding organisational readiness for change. Four inter-related constructs underpin to embed good governance: (i) individual motivations, determined by (ii) mechanisms for encouraging adherence to good governance through (iii) organisation’s institutional arrangements, all within (iv) a wider context. We propose a framework, validated through qualitative methods and collected through 39 semi-structured interviews with healthcare providers, county and national-level policy-makers in Kenya. Data was analysed using framework approach, guided by the four constructs of the theoretical framework. We explored each construct in relation to three key principles of good governance: accountability, participation and transparency of information.

Embedding good governance in healthcare organisations in Kenya is influenced by political and socio-cultural contexts. Individual motivations were a critical element of self-enforcement to embed principles of good governance by healthcare providers within their facilities. Healthcare providers possess strong moral incentives to self-enforce accountability to local populations, but their participation in decision-making was limited. Health facilities lacked effective mechanisms for enforcing good governance such as combating corruption, which led to a proliferation of informal institutional arrangements.

Organisational readiness for good governance is context-specific so future work should recognise different interpretations of acceptable degrees of transparency, accountability and participation. While good governance involves collective social action, organisational readiness relies on individual choices and decisions within the context of organisational rules and cultural and historical environments.

The traditional pattern of theory assessment may not address the principles of assessment due to faulty paper-setting practices. This interventional study aimed to sensitize the faculty in designing a test blueprint template to set question papers (QPs). The set QPs were reviewed by experts to evaluate the effectiveness of blueprinting in the quality of the QPs.

Based on the validated weightage of the biochemistry syllabus, each of the 10 faculty prepared a test blueprint, and set theory QPs without and with those test blueprints. The QPs were blinded and randomly allocated to 9 experts for evaluation. The test paper review score and feedback from both faculty and subject experts were statistically analyzed.

Reliability check of faculty feedback and review checklist of test papers validated its internal consistency. In all, 95% of participants expressed their agreement with various attributes of blueprinting and its future application in assessment. Statistically significant improvement (P < 0.005) was observed in the overall quality of the QPs with blueprinting.

It was determined that blueprinting aligns objectives, content areas, and curriculum with assessment, thus improving reliability and content validity. Validated weightage of the biochemistry syllabus and blueprints for written examination were systematized.

Decision-making on matters of public health and health policy is a deeply value-laden process. The World Health Organization (WHO)-INTEGRATE framework was proposed as a new evidence-to-decision (EtD) framework to support guideline development from a complexity perspective, notably in relation to public health and health system interventions, and with a foundation in WHO norms and values. This study was conducted as part of the development of the framework to assess its comprehensiveness and usefulness for public health and health policy decision-making.

We conducted a qualitative study comprising nine key informant interviews (KIIs) with experts involved in WHO guideline development and four focus group discussions (FGDs) with a total of forty health decision-makers from Brazil, Germany, Nepal and Uganda. Transcripts were analyzed using MAXQDA12 and qualitative content analysis.

Most key informants and participants in the FGDs appreciated the framework for its relevance to real-world decision-making on four widely differing health topics. They praised its broad perspective and comprehensiveness with respect to new or expanded criteria, notably regarding societal implications, equity considerations, and acceptability. Some guideline developers questioned the value of the framework beyond current practice and were concerned with the complexity of applying such a broad range of criteria in guideline development processes. Participants made concrete suggestions for improving the wording and definitions of criteria as well as their grouping, for covering missing aspects, and for addressing overlap between criteria.

The framework was well-received by health decision-makers as well as the developers of WHO guidelines and appears to capture all relevant considerations discussed in four distinct real-world decision processes that took place on four different continents. Guidance is needed on how to apply the framework in guideline processes that are both transparent and participatory. A set of suggestions for improvement provides a valuable starting point for advancing the framework towards version 2.0.

Over the last few centuries, the overspecialization of various sciences under the pretext of benefiting from pure disciplinary knowledge led to alienation among and competition between different fields of science. Such competition has deviated knowledge from its main objective which is to understand and explain the phenomena. The remedy to this dilemma is to address a new approach, introduced to higher education in the late 1950s as “interdisciplinarity.” Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to propose the strategic instances of operationalizing interdisciplinarity as the key requirements to provide a guideline for designing interdisciplinarity activities.

The present survey was carried out through the framework synthesis method. To codify the instances of operationalizing interdisciplinarity, the main elements and structures of the model were set as the basis of the query for each element and structure; an independent query was carried out in the literature of the study. The correspondence of the discovered instances was once more compared with the conceptual boxes of the primary theoretical model. Ultimately, the taxonomy was concluded through the operational instances based on the primary framework.

A total of 152 strategies were identified as implications of operationalization of 13 layers and 38 sublayers of the multilayer interdisciplinary model.

The development of interdisciplinarity in the national higher education system requires several measures to be taken at different levels of a discipline or scientific field of study. Relying on this, which is the main basis of entering into interdisciplinarity activities, the present study suggests and presents strategic instances of interdisciplinarity operationalization

Safety has been neglected in primary health care (PHC). A review of the literature shows that a comprehensive and specific framework to assess the safety of the service recipients (SRs) in PHC has not yet been developed. Therefore, this study aimed to design and validate a framework for assessing the safety of SRs in PHC.

This study is a qualitative study with a grounded theory approach that was designed and conducted in 2020 in the Vice-Chancellor for Health of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The present study was conducted in three stages: conducting a comprehensive literature review, consulting 15 experts and officials of the country and the province, and conducting two stages of the Delphi technique with the participation of 23 experts. Content analysis was used to analyze the data.

In the literature review phase, 114 criteria were identified from 16 references. Finally, 71 criteria, in 6 main areas and 20 sub-areas, were identified for assessing the safety of SRs in PHC. The main areas include management and leadership (26 criteria), process management (8 criteria), SRs' safety audit (15 criteria), human resources (5 criteria), SRs and community participation (5 criteria), and occupational safety (12 criteria).

In this study, a comprehensive and systematic framework and criteria for measuring the safety of SRs in PHC were designed and validated, which can be used by policymakers and officials of PHC.

Psychological status is a decisive factor for regulating the lung cancer chemotherapy patients’ levels of fatigue and hope. Using the PERMA (Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment) framework. We aimed to explore the influences of the psychological intervention on the patients’ negative emotion, cancer-related fatigue, and level of hope.

A total of 100 lung cancer chemotherapy patients admitted in Wuhan No.4 Hospital, China, from Jan 2018 to Aug 2019 were enrolled as research objects divided into the control group and observation group. Positive psychological intervention using the PERMA framework was given to the observation group. The scores of Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), Cancer Fatigue Scale (CFS), and Herth Hope Index (HHI) were evaluated and compared in the two groups.

After the intervention, PTGI score in the observation group is higher than that in the control group, whereas the SAS and SDS scores are lower in the observation group than in the control group, and the differences are statistically significant (P<0.05). Score of each CFS dimension and total CFS score in the observation group are all lower than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Score of each HHI dimension and total HHI score are higher than those in the control group, and the differences are statistically significant (P<0.05).

Positive psychological intervention using the PERMA framework can improve the emotional and fatigue state of lung cancer chemotherapy patients and elevate their level of hope.

One of the challenges of multidisciplinary disciplines such as Medical Informatics, is the lack of familiarity with research fields. Due to the specializations and clinical facilities concentrated in each university, research is being done differently and with variety. Therefore, in this study, in order to identify the most researched fields and the neglected fields of research, the dissertations done in the field of medical informatics in Iranian universities were studied based on the health informatics framework.

Defended dissertations available to master and doctoral students of medical informatics during 2011 to 2019 in the universities of Tehran, Iran, Tarbiat Modares, Shahid Beheshti, Shiraz, Tabriz and Mashhad were collected. Three medical informatics expertsassigned dissertation titles to a competency and an area of skill based on health informatics competencies framework. The second stage of the study was performed by two other experts (different from the previous three experts). Each dissertation title was assigned to a specific competency anda specific area of skill by the majority opinion method.

The results showed that the most of master and doctoral dissertations were in the field of information science and methods, in which area of skill of data analysis and visualization, whichdecision support systems and informatics for participatory healthwere more than others. AmongPhD students, the area of skillof decision support system and architecture of health information systems weremore popular. PhD students at the universities of Mashhad, Tehran and Shahid Beheshti worked in the field of methods and basic principles of activities more than other areas, information and communication technology, biomedical science and health were not considered.

Results of this research could be helpful forfield researchers in terms of conducting new research in the field and can help to design useful, scientific and effective research projects.

One of the challenges of multidisciplinary disciplines such as Medical Informatics, Health Information Technology, etc., especially for those who have just begun research in this field, is the lack of familiarity with some of the key terms and applications of software concepts, including frameworks. Worksheets are widely used in the field of health care and have produced valuable results. Considering the framework advantages in health care sector among designing and estimating the systems in standard ways and comparing the systems in principle for identifying the gaps and introducing the capabilities, avoidance of reworking seem necessary. Therefore, after reviewing the  literature we will discuss about meaning, overlapping to the other meanings, components, steps, advantages, challenges, the types of frameworks and their applications in healthcare sector. This study is based on search of databases (Proquest, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scence Direct, Scopus, IranMedex, Irandoc, Magiran, ParsMedline and Scientific Information Database (SID)). This investigation has done with the websites and the specialized books with standard key words. After a careful study, 56 sources were selected and used in edition of final article. The results of this research can help the researchers to do the new research and understand the important concepts of that, thus it can be useful in designing and researching projects for researchers and health care providers as well.

The use of healthcare frameworks and, in particular, policy makers is crucial for designing and evaluating systems. Frameworks provide the ability to measure and compare health system functions in different countries in order to make better and more meaningful decisions, to make comparisons within and between countries, identifying gaps, and sharing information. Researchers also have the ability to use the dimensions of the frameworks to measure progress over time. Due to the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study is to describe the framework concepts and the introduction of framework applications in the field of health care.

This study is based on a search of the ProQuest, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, IranMedex, Irandoc, Magiran, ParsMedline and Scientific Information Database (SID) databases, as well as the study of specialized keyword web sites and the standard was done. After a thorough study, 50 sources were selected according to the study objectives and were used to formulate the final article.

The framework can be used to manage health system investments, identify important research areas in the field of health, and define new and useful research.

Given the importance of the health framework, the need to provide a framework for other critical health care sectors is essential.