heart rate

Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) can improve quality of life by undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), but they may face various complications. Early mobilization can help prevent these complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two early mobilization protocols on pain and hemodynamic outcomes in patients who had CABG surgery.

This was a randomized, blinded clinical trial with a three-arm parallel design, conducted on 105 patients who underwent CABG at Shahid Madani hospital in Tabriz. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups: control, first intervention, and second intervention. The control group received standard care, while two intervention groups received early mobilization based on passive and active range of motion (ROM) activities and early mobilization based on deep breathing exercises respectively. Data were collected using a questionnaire that measured pain intensity using a facial pain scale and hemodynamic indicators using a monitor device. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24 software and descriptive and inferential statistics methods.

According to the study, the second intervention group is more effective than the first intervention group. The results indicated that in both morning and evening shifts, the mean of systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased significantly in three groups. Also, the mean of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased significantly in both shifts in intervention group 1 and control. The mean of DBP decreased (MD=-26.0, 95% CI: -5.6 to -1.2; P=0.003) significantly among intervention group 2 compared to control group in the evening. The results also indicated that the mean of heart rate (HR) raised significantly in both shifts in all three groups. In the morning, there was a significant difference between intervention group 2 and 1 compared to control. The mean of arterial oxygen saturation was a significant difference between intervention group 2 and intervention group 1 and control group in the both shifts. The mean of pain decreased significantly in the morning in two intervention groups. Similarly, in the evening, the mean of pain decreased significantly in intervention group 1, and intervention group 2. Both in the morning and evening, there was a significant difference between intervention group 2 and intervention group 1 (P<0.001).

This study provides valuable insights into the effects of early mobilization interventions on patients after CABG, but more research is needed to determine the optimal timing and intensity of mobilization protocols for patients after CABG and to explore the long-term effects and cost-effectiveness of these interventions.

The cardiovascular effect of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), a mesencephalic area, has been evaluated. Due to the presence of the GABAB receptor of GABAergic system in the PPT, this study has investigated the possible cardiovascular effect of this receptor in the PPT and has compared it with GABAA. 

Rats randomly were divided into control, two doses of 0.5 and 1 nmol of Baclofen (GABAB receptor agonist), 0.5 and 1 nmol, of Phaclofen (GABAB receptor antagonist) and two doses of 0.1 and 0.2 nmol of Bicuculline (BMI, GABAA receptor antagonist) and co-injection of Phaclofen (1nmol)+ Bicuculline (0.2 nmol) groups. After anesthesia, a heparinized polyethylene catheter was placed in the femoral artery and was connected to a pressure transducer cardiovascular response was recorded by a Power lab device. Then the systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded. The injection of drugs into the PPT was done stereotaxically. Cardiovascular changes (Δ,difference between pre and post-injection) induced by drug were calculated and analyzed. 

Injection of both doses of Baclofen and Phaclofen did not induce significant changes in MAP, SBP, and HR. Injection of both doses of BMI significantly increased ΔMAP, ΔSBP, and ΔHR than control group. Injection of Phaclofen (1nmol) and BMI (0.2 nmol) could increase ΔMAP, ΔSBP, and ΔHR that was non-significant than Phaclofen alone. 

We found that GABAB receptors of the PPT were not involved in cardiovascular activity and this effect was mainly mediated through GABAA receptors.

The use of herbal teas can affect some physiological parameters of the body. Valerian has been used as a valuable medicinal plant. There are reports about sedative and sleep-inducing effects of Valeriana officinalis L. (VOT) on the nervous system. But in relation to its possible effect on the autonomic nervous system, the available information is limited. This study aimed to determine the effect of VOT on sympathovagal tone based on heart rate variability indices.

In this semi-experimental study, 12 healthy volunteers were enrolled. At first, the participants received 50 ml of water as the control group, and then after the clearance time, they received VOT with a dilution of 50% with the same temperature and volume and were considered the intervention group. Assessment of sympathovagal tone was performed in terms of heart rate variability indices. There were 5 recording steps: baseline, after drinking water, and 5, 20, and 30 minutes after drinking VOT.

The mean±SD of the average heart rate per minute at the five recording steps after VOT was 65.4±15.5, 63.5 ±14.6, 62.7±15.6, 61.8±16.09, and 60.9 15.2, respectively (p <0.05). The average arterial systolic pressure at the five recording steps after VOT was 119.4±7.4, 117.9± 9, 114.3±7.9, 113.8±8.6, and 114±6.5 mmHg, respectively.

A single cup of VOT significantly decreased the heart rate. This effect may be associated with a decrease in sympathetic activity and an increase in parasympathetic activity.

Cortisol and heart rate variability (HRV) represent the activity of physiological stress axes. The depression and anxiety stress survey (DASS-42) is widely used to assess stress. This study examines the correlations between the DASS-42 questionnaire and stress markers, salivary cortisol levels and HRV.

A total of 195 healthy volunteers (145 males and 50 females) participated in this study. At first, the DASS-42 survey form was completed. The salivary cortisol samples were collected, and the electrocardiograms were recorded. Differences in cortisol levels between baseline and post-trier social stress tests were recorded as changes in cortisol after stress (CCAS). Measurements were made to establish whether the overall DASS and its subscales (stress, anxiety and depression) were correlated with baseline cortisol, CCAS, and HRV indices.

The anxiety-DASS subscale score correlated negatively with the CCAS score in women (r=-0.429, P=0.002). The DASS score was significantly correlated with heart rate (r=0.25, P=0.007) and SD2 of the Poincare plot (r=-0.272, P=0.004) in men. In contrast, women showed significant correlations between total DASS scores with very low-frequency power (r=-0.40, P=0.005) and detrended fluctuation analysis (r=-0.30, P=0.034). The anxiety-DASS subscale correlated with HRV in both genders.

The anxiety-DASS subscale represents the sympathetic-adrenal medulla (SAM) activity. Clinicians can estimate the activity of this stress axis by using the anxiety subscale of the DASS questionnaire. Meanwhile, gender differences should be noted when assessing stress.

Individuals suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently have abnormal heart rate variability (HRV) patterns. They have decreased HRV, which implies that there is less variance between subsequent heartbeats. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity (the "fight or flight" reaction) and decreased parasympathetic nervous system activity (the "rest and digest" response) are related to reduced HRV. This study investigates short-term HRV patterns in individuals with major depressive disorder.

This observational study was conducted at RUHS College of Medical Sciences and Associated Hospitals, Jaipur, from July 2022 to January 2023, on a major depressive disorder population of either sex in the age group of 20-40 years. Cognitive functions were assessed using a questionnaire, and AD instruments recorded heart rate variability variables (time & frequency domain) using a digital physiograph (MLT004/ST). Data analyses were conducted using Microsoft Excel 2019. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the correlation, and a significance level of p<0.05 was utilized.

A positive association was detected between the Hamilton D (HAM D) score and high frequency and root mean square of the successive difference between normal heartbeats, which was significant (p < .05). In contrast, a significant negative correlation was seen between the Hamilton D score, heart rate, and mini-mental status (p < .05).

This short-term investigation indicated different HRV patterns in MDD, defining a role in the diagnosis of depression. The detected relationships between HRV and depression severity imply that HRV monitoring could benefit the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. Further investigation is required to explore the long-term stability and clinical value of these HRV patterns.

The establishment of pneumoperitoneum has impacts on patient’s cardiovascular function. In this study, the  respiratory variation of inferior vena cava (IVC), stroke volume (SV) index, and other parameters was monitored to determine how the pneumoperitoneum affects the patient’s hemodynamic and acknowledge how to resolve it.

Fifty?five patients were randomly divided into Group A (8 mmHg), Group B (10 mmHg), Group C (12 mmHg), Group D (14 mmHg), andGroup E (12 mmHg, infusion with 7 mL/kg crystalloid solution). The parameters including IVC variability, SV index, mean artery pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output index (CI), and airway pressure were measured, to compare the changes before and after pneumoperitoneum.

Among Group A, Group B, Group C, and Group D, there were no significant differences in patients’ prepneumoperitoneum information. Compare with prepneumoperitoneum, the difference in IVC variability, SV index, MAP, HR, CI, and airway pressure was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After the establishment of pneumoperitoneum, the difference in IVC variability, SV index, and airway pressure among Group A, Group B, Group C, and Group D was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compare with Group C, the change rates of IVC variability, SV index, MAP, HR, and CI were smaller in Group E (P < 0.05).

The establishment of pneumoperitoneum could increase the patient’s IVC variability and reduce SV index, and with the increase of pressure, IVC variability had an increasing trend, SV index had a decreasing trend. Fluid transfusion could reduce the relative influence of the pneumoperitoneum.

High-tempo music is commonly used during exercise to enhance physical activity. Post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation, responsible for cardiac recovery, is crucial for predicting cardiac arrhythmia and overall heart health. Previous studies have demonstrated positive effects of music on exercise performance in healthy individuals. However, little is known about its impact on diabetic (Type II) females and young adults. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of listening to high-tempo music during exercise on workout performance and parasympathetic reactivation in these populations.

We evaluated a total of 70 females, including healthy individuals (n=36) and diabetic (Type II) females (n=34). Prior to the experiment, lipid profile and cardiac risk ratio were measured in blood samples taken one week before the active sessions. Each participant underwent two separate active sessions: one session involved running without music, and the other involved running while listening to music for a duration of 6 minutes. Heart rate was measured before running and at zero, five, and ten minutes after exercise. Running distance was also recorded.

In healthy adults, running distance significantly increased when listening to music during exercise compared to the non-music session (P<0.0001). Additionally, heart rate was significantly higher at time zero during running with music compared to the non-music session (P<0.0001). However, heart rate recovery was superior 10 minutes after exercise in the music group compared to the non-music group in diabetic females (P<0.0001).

 Listening to high-tempo music during exercise may increase sympathetic activity and enhance exercise performance, particularly in healthy young adults. Interestingly, listening to music during exercise may accelerate parasympathetic reactivation to a greater extent in diabetic females, potentially reducing the risk of arrhythmias during the resting period without enhancing exercise performance

Background &  The presence of anesthetic drugs in the serum with possible negative effects on FSH and LH hormone concentration and vital signs has been shown in a number of experimental and human research.To measure the effects on blood hormone concentration and the effect on the vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate) of two different medications (remifentanil vs. fentanyl) used for general anesthesia during oocyte retrieval.Materials &  The present prospective comparative study was carried out at Iraq's "High Institute of Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies/Reproductive Physiology/Al-Nahrain University/Baghdad/Iraq" infertility center with the approval of the Faculty of Science's ethical committee. Mansoura University approved the study's validity. Ninety infertile women who are undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSI) for a variety of infertility-related reasons. The women ranged in age from 25 to 45. The study's original December 2022 deadline was pushed out to December 2023. Patients were split into two groups based on the general anesthesia technique for oocyte retrieval. Group one (45 patients) received midazolam, propofol, and fentanyl; group two (45 patients) received remifentanil, midazolam, and propofol. We compared the FSH and LH hormone levels before and after anesthesia and also compared the effect of anesthesia on vital signs between two groups of patients before and after anesthesia; accordingly, there was significantly higher systolic blood pressure in remifentanil group (p=0.30); however, there were no significant differences in diastolic blood pressure (p=0.767) and heart rates (p=0.512). The associations of LH and FSH with anesthesia are different depending on the type of anesthetic drugs.

Previous studies on heart response rate (HRR) were conducted in diabetic patients. This study aims to evaluate HRR in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and its correlation with myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) findings and patients’ prognosis.

The present study was conducted on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who visited Shahid Hasheminejad Hospital between October 1, 2011, and September 30, 2019. Before the stress test, the patient was asked to rest in a supine position for 3 minutes while an electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded. Dipyridamole was then administered as an infusion with a dose of approximately 0.56 mg/kg of the patient’s monitoring of the electrocardiogram. The patient’s heart rate was recorded at 2-minute intervals after the start of the dipyridamole injection. Three minutes after the completion of the dipyridamole injection, radiopharmaceutical was injected. Finally, the findings of the myocardial perfusion scan were analyzed.

The summed stress score (SSS), and summed rest score (SRS) had a significant relationship with the female gender and ejection fraction (EF) with the male gender (P<0.05). These results were not significantly related to patients’ age and disease history (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of blunted HRR in patients with cardiac events by age, gender, and renal disease condition (P>0.05).

The frequency of blunted HRR in patients with CKD based on various variables was determined for the first time in the country in the present study, which can be an introduction for future research.

In this article, a patient monitoring system is proposed that is able to obtain heart rate and oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels of patients, identify abnormal conditions, and inform emergency status to the nurses. The proposed monitoring system consists of smart patient wristbands, smart nurse wristbands, central monitoring user interface (UI) software, and a wireless communication network. In the proposed monitoring system, a unique smart wristband is dedicated to each of the patients and nurses. To measure heart rate and SpO2 level, a pulse oximeter sensor is used in the patient wristbands. The output of this sensor is transferred to the wristband’s microcontroller where heart rate and SpO2 are calculated through advanced signal processing algorithms. Then, the calculated values are transmitted to central UI software through a wireless network. In the UI software, received values are compared with their normal values and a predefined message is sent to the nurses’ wristband if an abnormal condition is identified. Whenever this message is received by a nurse’s wristband, an acoustic alarm with vibration is generated to inform an emergency status to the nurse. By doing so, health services are delivered to the patients more quickly and as a result, the probability of the patient recovery is increased effectively.

Most of the people with Down syndrome have short stature compared to general population. There is also a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, mainly in the adolescence and in the adult life. The aim of this study was to compare some anthropometric parameters, heart rate and blood pressure of children with Down syndrome and those with normal development. Down syndrome is among the most commonly classified categories of mental sub normality, with the incidence at birth being around 1: 700 and 1: 750 in live births in most countries worldwide, with the risk of increasing with mother’s age.

The sample consisted of 82 children, 32 with Down syndrome and 50 healthy children, male, aged 14-15 yr from the population of Kosovo in 2022. There were no health problems present in the healthy children.

About 53% of children with Down syndrome have normal body mass, 15.62% are overweight, and 21.8 are obese. In terms of blood pressure, Down syndrome children have higher systolic pressure (121.94mm/hg), sd ±21.69 than healthy children (111.18mm/hg, sd ±10.88).

Children with Down syndrome had significantly higher body mass index, heart rate, and systolic pressure at rest compared to healthy children. However, after short physical activity, healthy children exhibited greater diastolic pressure than children with Down syndrome.

The flexibility of the heart is important for cardiovascular health. The heart rate variation (HRV) is a metric of heart flexibility. Muslims perform praying (Namaz) which has some significant effects on general health regularity. The study aimed to assess the impact of real Namaz on HRV.

Eighty-two participants who performed Namaz daily were categorized into three groups, including more minor, more than, and equal to the normal cortisol level range based on salivary cortisol. The electrocardiography was recorded before, during (divided into standing, bowing, prostration, and sitting positions), and after a four-cycle Namaz around noon. The linear and non-linear features of HRV were extracted.

The two-way analysis of variance showed that the standard deviation (SD)1 and SD2 of the Poincare plots of all groups increased after Namaz (P<0.0001). During Namaz, the indexes of sympathetic tone decreased in the prostration and bowing compared to the sitting and standing positions (P<0.00001). The SD of the mean of the R peaks interval, SD1, and SD2 of the Poincare plot also increased in those comparisons (P<0.00001). In addition, the spectral entropy was decreased in the bowing and prostration compared with standing and sitting positions (P<0.001).

Namaz significantly increased the performance of the cardiovascular system and decreased the effect of daily stress on it.

High levels of resistin are associated with metabolic diseases and their complications, including hypertension. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is also involved in metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. Therefore, this study aimed to study cardiovascular (CV) responses evoked by the injection of resistin into the lateral ventricle (LV) and PVN and determine the mechanism of these responses in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized male rats (1.4 g/kg intraperitoneally) before and after all injections. This study was carried out in two stages. Resistin was injected into LV at the first stage, and AP and HR were evaluated. After that, the paraventricular, supraoptic, and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus were chosen to evaluate the gene expression of c-Fos. Afterward, resistin was injected into PVN, and cardiovascular responses were monitored. Then to detect possible neural mechanisms of resistin action, agonists or antagonists of glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, and aminergic transmissions were injected into RVLM. 

Resistin injection into LV or PVN could increase AP and HR compared to the control group and before injection. Resistin injection into LV also increases the activity of RVLM, paraventricular, supraoptic, and dorsomedial areas. Moreover, the CV reflex created by the administration of resistin in PVN is probably mediated by glutamatergic transmission within RVLM. 

It can be concluded that hypothalamic nuclei, including paraventricular, are important central areas for resistin actions, and glutamatergic transmission in RVLM may be one of the therapeutic targets for high AP in obese people or with metabolic syndrome.

A resting heart rate may be correlated with an increased risk of stroke. Therefore, we explored the independent and joint influences of heart rate and body mass index on the incidence of stroke and its sub-types in a Chinese rural population.

Cox proportional hazard models were adopted for measuring the influence exerted by heart rate on stroke in the Tongxiang China Kadoorie Biobank prospective cohort analyses, in which 23,132 men and 32,872 women were included. Incident stroke refers to ‘24-hour acute focal disorder, considered to result from ische-mia or intracranial hemorrhage’.

Over a 6.9 year mean follow up period, 986 men and 925 women developed stroke, representing an incidence of 6.35 and 4.00 per 1,000 person-years. In contrast to men with heart rate < 69 beats/minute, men at heart rate ≥ 90 beats/minute could more probably develop stroke and ischemic stroke with representing hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.29 (1.05 – 1.58), and 1.35 (1.06 – 1.71). An adjusted hazard ratio of 1.37 (95% CI = 1.06 - 1.74) and 1.46 (95% CI = 1.08 – 1.96) were respectively identified for stroke and is-chemic stroke in non-overweight/obese male patients with heart rate ≥ 90 beats/minute. Joint analyses also favored the results. Unfortunately, non-significant results were found in women.

Higher resting heart rate acts as an independent predictor of any stroke and ischemic stroke risk in adult Chinese male but not in female. This relationship was particularly evident among non-overweight/obese male participants.