impulsivity

Islam, as the most comprehensive school of life, presents the most holistic and aesthetically pleasing lifestyle. The Islamic lifestyle serves as a moderating force characterized by a divine worldview and values centered on well-being. The present study aims to investigate the moderating role of the Islamic lifestyle in the relationship between impulsivity and substance use tendencies among adolescents.
This research is applied in nature and employs a correlational methodology alongside structural equation modeling. The statistical population consists of all male high school students in Malayer County during the academic year 2022-2023, from which 350 participants were selected using a cluster random sampling method. Data collection was conducted using Baratt's Impulsivity Scale, a substance use tendency questionnaire, and Kaviani's Islamic Lifestyle Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the statistical software LISREL 21 and structural equation modeling techniques.
The impact of the Islamic lifestyle on substance use tendencies is significant (β = -0.56, p < 0.01). Consequently, both lifestyle and religious beliefs play a moderating role in the relationship between impulsivity and substance misuse tendencies among students, leading to a reduction in the severity of impulsivity and substance use tendencies. The analysis of variable relationships through direct coefficients indicates that the effect of impulsivity on the Islamic lifestyle is negative and significant (β = -0.43, p < 0.01), while its effect on substance use tendencies is positive and significant (β = 0.35, p < 0.01).
Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that school counselors and parents enhance and promote the Islamic lifestyle among students—who are the future builders of society—to mitigate impulsivity and reduce tendencies toward substance abuse, thereby facilitating the advancement and development of adolescents.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with diet therapy and analytical psychotherapy (AP) combined with diet therapy on weight loss and impulsivity in obese people.

Methods and Materials:

 The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design, with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The research population included all people suffering from obesity who referred to the psychological and diet therapy centers of the 3rd and 7th districts of Tehran between the first of July and the second half of August 2023; 52 eligible people were included in the study and were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Deta Were collected using the of impulsivity inventory (Dickman,1990) and analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni test.

The effect of time, the effect of group and the interaction effect of time and group on weight loss and impulsivity variables were significant(P<0.0001). In the two intervention groups cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with diet therapy and analytical psychotherapy (AP) combined with diet therapy, there was a significant difference in the average scores of weight loss and impulsivity in the pre-test-follow-up(P<0.0001) stages; However, no significant difference was observed in the average scores of weight loss and impulsivity in the post-test-follow-up stages.

Based on the findings, the cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with diet therapy and analytical psychotherapy combined with diet therapy has a significant effect on the weight loss and impulsivity in obese people.

self-injury or self-poisoning among adolescents, irrespective of the reasons behind it, is viewed as self-harm. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on impulsivity and resilience in adolescents demonstrating self-harm behaviors in Iranshahr City. Being aware of self-harming actions during adolescence can aid in avoiding enduring or irreversible effects related to them.

This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test-post-test framework alongside a control group. The statistical population comprised secondary school students in the second term in Iranshahr city in 2024. Thirty students were chosen non-randomly and subsequently assigned at random to intervention and control groups (15 students per group). The intervention group underwent acceptance and commitment therapy, administered in 8 sessions lasting 90 minutes each, in accordance with Hayes et al.'s protocol. The questionnaires utilized in this research comprised Klonsky and Glenn's (2003) Self-Injurious Behaviors Questionnaire, Barrett's Impulsivity Scale (2004), and Connor and Davidson's (2003) Resilience Questionnaire. The analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS26 software and a multivariate analysis of covariance test.

The findings from the covariance analysis of the data indicated that the acceptance and commitment group therapy intervention diminished impulsivity (F=5.49, P≤.002) and enhanced resilience (F=95.0089, P≤.001) in adolescents when compared to the control group.

The findings suggest that acceptance and commitment therapy effectively reduced impulsivity and enhanced resilience in adolescents who exhibit self-harm behaviors, thus recommending this method for students engaging in self-harm.

Childhood trauma can lead to extensive psychological problems in adulthood due to various structures, so exploration and intervention in these structures can be of vital importance in treating the problems of people with childhood trauma. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of mentalization-based treatment on epistemic trust, emotional dysregulation, and impulsivity in adults with childhood trauma.

The current study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Among the people who experienced childhood trauma and referred to clinics and counseling centers in Tehran, 30 people were selected using convenience sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental groups and a control group (15 people). The experimental group received 20 sessions of mentalization-based therapy, but the control group received no specific intervention. The research tools were: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance test.

The results of the research showed that the treatment based on mentalization is effective in optimally increasing epistemic trust and reducing emotional dysregulation and impulsivity in adults with childhood trauma (P<0.05).

Considering the confirmation of the effectiveness of mentalization-based therapy on the treatment of adults with childhood trauma, it is suggested that therapists consider this therapy to optimally increase epistemic trust and reduce emotional dysregulation and impulsivity in adults with childhood trauma.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is associated with a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Mentalization-based therapy (MBT) is a therapeutic approach that can possibly target the mechanisms involved in NSSI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mentalization-based therapy on dissociative experiences, alexithymia and impulsivity in people with non-suicidal self-injury.

The current research was a semi-experimental type of research with a pre-test-post-test design. Among the people who referred to the clinics and counseling centers of Tehran in 2023, 30 people who had obtained the highest score in the non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) questionnaire were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental groups and The control group (15 people) was replaced. The experimental group received 20 sessions of mentalization-based therapy, but the control group did not receive any specific intervention. The research tools were: non-suicidal self-injury questionnaire, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance test.

The results showed that there is a difference between the average scores of dissociative experiences, alexithymia and impulsivity in the experimental and control groups, so that the mentalization-based treatment reduces dissociative experiences, alexithymia and impulsivity in people with non-suicidal self-injury (P<0.05).

Mentalization-based therapy is an appropriate treatment method for improving dissociative experiences, alexithymia, and impulsivity in people with non-suicidal self-injury, and it can be used as an effective intervention method in the treatment of non-suicidal self-injury.

 Problematic internet use is one of the emerging issues in modern societies, and psychological factors play a prominent role in its etiology. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits with problematic internet use due to the feeling of loneliness.

 The multi-stage cluster method was adopted to select 450 students from the middle schools in Tabriz in the 2022-2023 academic year. Subjects were assessed by the questionnaires of Achenbach's behavioral signs, Barth's impulsivity, Gratz's and Roemer's emotion regulation deficits, Russell's feeling of loneliness and the problematic Internet use by Lopez-Fernandez et al.

 The data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that the effects of attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits on the problematic internet use were mediated by the feeling of loneliness. In addition, the findings revealed that attention deficit, impulsivity, emotion regulation deficit, and loneliness had a positive significant relationship with problematic internet use (P<0.05). The effects of attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotion regulation deficit on loneliness were also significant (P<0.05).

 In sum, the attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits may have predicted the problematic internet use caused by feeling of loneliness.

 Adolescence is considered as a critical period for early diagnosis and intervention to prevent suicidal behavior, so the etiology of effective factors for suicide is essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of impulsivity, dark personality traits, perceived social support and anxiety sensitivity in predicting students' suicidal thoughts.

The type of study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study was all the male students of the second secondary level in the first district of Ardabil city in 2022-2023 (350 people), who were selected as a sample through the Karjesi and Morgan table and by multi-stage cluster random sampling. The research tools included the Impulsivity Scale by Barratt & et al (1995), Johnson and Webster's Dark Personality Traits Scale (2010), Zimet & et al's Perceived Social Support Scale (1988), Reiss and Peterson's Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire (1986), and Beck's Suicidal Ideation Scale (1991). Collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis simultaneously in SPSS version 18 software.

According to the results, there is a relationship between impulsivity 0.69, dark personality traits (Machiavellianism 0.55, narcissism 0.57 and psychopathy 0.50), perceived social support -0.36 and anxiety sensitivity 0.69 with suicidal thoughts in male students. Statistical significance was observed. Also, using 0.64 multiple regression, suicidal thoughts of male students were explained by variables of impulsivity, dark personality traits, perceived social support and anxiety sensitivity.

Considering the impact of impulsivity, dark personality traits, perceived social support, and anxiety sensitivity in students' suicidal thoughts, it is suggested that psychologists and specialists pay more attention to the role of these variables to reduce students' suicidal thoughts

 Adolescents, especially girls, in most cases, pay special attention to their body weight and shape, and often adopt wrong attitudes towards themselves, their feelings, and emotions in an effort to face the pressures associated with the changes of the critical and challenging period of puberty. They say that this exposure may cause eating behavior problems. Therefore, the present study aims to model the structure of binge eating based on self-compassion and impulsivity with the mediation of emotion regulation in female students with obesity.

The research method was correlation using structural equation modeling. The research sample consisted of 300 teenage girls suffering from binge eating in District One of Tehran city in 2024, who were selected through convenience sampling. The research tools included the Persian version of the Binge Eating Scale (BES; Gormally et al, 1982), The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003), The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) (Barat, 2009) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ, Gross & John, 2003). Data analysis was done with Pearson correlation tests and structural equations using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software.

Based on the results of the fit indices, the structural model of binge eating based on self-compassion and impulsivity with the mediation of emotion regulation had a good fit in female students with obesity. Also, reappraisal and suppression components had a negative and significant effect on self-compassion and a positive and significant effect on impulsivity, self-compassion had a negative and significant effect on binge eating, and impulsivity had a positive and significant effect on binge eating (P<0.001).

Emotion regulation is the reservoir of adolescents' response when faced with stressful factors, and binge eating disorder behaviors are a performance adjustment for adolescents who experience a high level of annoying emotions due to a lack of self-compassion and impulsive behaviors.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive play therapy and computer-based working memory training on the impulsivity of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

This research was applied in terms of purpose and was conducted using a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest design with follow-up and a control group. The research community consisted of all children aged 7 to 12 years with ADHD in Farsan City in 2023, among whom 30 people were selected as samples. The tools of this research included the Child Symptom Inventory-4 and the Continuous Performance Test. The analysis method of this research was an analysis of variance with a mixed design and Bonferroni post hoc test, which was used to examine the relationships of research variables.

The findings showed that cognitive play therapy and computer-based training of working memory had an effect on the impulsivity of children with ADHD (F=1263, Eta=0.493, P<0.01). However, there was no difference between the effectiveness of cognitive play therapy and computer-based working memory training, and the effect of the course of play therapy and computer-based working memory training is permanent.

Therefore, both interventions can be used to reduce the impulsivity of children with ADHD.

Impulsivity, as one of the early diagnostic indicators of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, appears in childhood through movement. Decreasing impulsive behavior and increasing emotional-motor control over this disorder have been the focus of researchers and clinical experts. Inhibition deficiency is considered the root cause of impulsivity, leading to a deficit of impulsivity control and response control disorder. 

Based on the hypothesis of an inhibition deficiency, leading to disruptions in three areas of executive functioning, namely behavioral control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, impulsivity control, and response control disorder are at the center of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. This study designs a specific exercise package, including physical exercises in the form of rhythmic movements in the dual-task paradigm along with cognitive exercises in a step-by-step and difficulty level, considering the child’s interests, capabilities, and freedom of choice. The type of exercise at each level and its effect on improving impulsivity control in these individuals have been investigated.

The results indicated the possibility of performing the exercises in dual tasks and the high acceptance of gradual difficulty in performing the exercises of this package. The preliminary analysis of the study shows the relative improvement of the indices of attention, caution and response control in each of the individual participants separately. 

The combination of exercises in the protocol, including rhythmic and providing optional settings adding companionship therapists in the form of therapeutic relation led to feasibility. The results in the field of improving the infrastructure of impulsivity control can be promising and worthy of consideration; however, conducting research with a larger number of participants and examining the results compared to the control group can be the basis for extensive research in this field.

Addiction as a psychological and social harm endangers the health of the individual and society. Various psychological factors play a role in explaining addiction. One of the characteristics of addiction is its high recurrence rate, and one of the related factors is failure in the prevention and treatment of addiction. The sense of cohesion and impulsivity are two important psychological factors that can explain psychological health. In addition, they can also play a role in explaining factors related to vulnerability to addiction, such as increasing the tendency to addiction. Considering the importance of drug craving in addiction prevention and the continuation of the recovery and addiction treatment process, in the present study, the role of impulsivity as a mediator in the relationship between a sense of coherence and craving in drug addicts who are quitting has been investigated.

The current research method used a correlational type, and structural equation modeling was used. The statistical population of the current study consisted of drug addicts who are quitting in Rasht City, Iran, in 2023. A total of 370 volunteer addicts were selected using convenience sampling. The method of conducting the research was that the researcher was allowed to enter addiction treatment centers with an introduction letter from the university. In four months, the research questionnaires were distributed among the drug addicts who were quitting. The inclusion criteria included having at least elementary literacy, being 18 to 50 years old, and lacking chronic physical diseases (such as diabetes). In this study, detailed explanations were given to the participants about the nature of the research, the research tools, and the confidentiality of information so they could participate with informed consent and ethical considerations were observed. Participants responded to the Craving Questionnaire (Somoza et al., 1995), the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (Antonovsky, 1993), and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (Patton, 1995). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 and Amos version 23 software at a significance level < 0.05.

Examining the goodness of fit indices of the model revealed that the proposed model had a good fit (χ2/df=3.46, RMSEA=0.08, GFI=0.98, AGFI=0.94, NFI=0.90, IFI=0.93, CFI=0.92). Also, the results showed that sense of coherence had a direct and significant effect on impulsivity (p<0.001, β=–0.38) and drug craving (p<0.001, β=–0.16). Impulsivity had a direct and significant effect on drug craving (p<0.001, β=0.34). Impulsivity plays a mediating role in the relationship between a sense of coherence and drug craving (p<0.001, β=–0.12).

The findings of the research indicate the mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between the sense of coherence and drug craving. Therefore, by increasing the sense of coherence and reducing impulsivity, the drug cravings in drug addicts who are quitting can be reduced.

non-suicidal self-injury is one of the problems of today's world and in addition to physical injuries, it is also related to mental disorders and suicide. In this regard, the present study was also conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between impulsivity and dissociative experiences with non-suicidal self- injury with the mediation of mentalization in adults.

The descriptive-correlation research method was based on structural equations. The statistical population of the study was made up of all the adults of Tehran in 2023. Among the statistical population, 350 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools were: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Reflective Functioning Questionnaire and Self-Harm Inventory. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 24 software were used.

The results showed that the research model has a good fit. Coefficients of direct paths of impulsivity (T = 2.74, β = 0.34), analytical experiences (T = 3.78, β = 0.35), certainty (T = -0.38, 5.42 = β) and uncertainty (β= 0.53, 2=2.96) on non-suicidal self-injury were significant. Also, the indirect coefficients of impulsivity variables and dissociative experiences on non-suicidal self-injury were significant through the mediating role of mentalization. In general, impulsivity and dissociative experiences with the mediation of certainty and uncertainty explained a total of 62% of the variance of non-suicidal self-injury.

The results of this study show the importance of the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between dissociative experiences and impulsivity with non-suicidal self- injury. Therefore, interventions that target on non-suicidal self-injury intent may need to increase mentalizing capacity with the aim of reducing dissociation, impulsivity and consequently preventing self- injury.

Today, substance abuse and its consequences are considered one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Studying and investigating the effectiveness of Wells' metacognitive therapy and emotion regulation based on the Gross model in reducing impulsivity, sensation seeking, dysfunctional thoughts and attitudes related to substances, and increasing social and emotional adjustment play an important role in the lives of addicted individuals and can also be a basis for reducing the consequences of this issue.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and emotion regulation on impulsivity and excitement among substance abusers treated with methadone in Ilam city.

The present research is a semi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study population was all addicts under treatment with methadone who referred to addiction treatment clinics in Ilam city, and among this population, the volume The sample numbered 60 people and were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups of 20 people (two experimental groups and one control group). To collect data, the tools of Barrett Impulsivity Questionnaire (2016) and scale were used. Zuckerman's (2014) excitement was used. The first experimental group received Wells metacognitive therapy interventions in 8 90-minute sessions and the second experimental group received Grass-based emotion regulation in 8 120-minute sessions as a group, weekly and individually. The research data were analyzed using covariance analysis.

The findings indicated that Wells' metacognitive therapy and emotion regulation training were both effective in reducing impulsivity and sensation seeking in men with substance abuse under methadone treatment.

The results of the research showed that both therapeutic interventions were effective in reducing the mentioned variables.

Knowing some emotional components and personality traits underlying the tendency to use drugs among young people is highly sensitive; In this regard, this study investigates Formulation of a Model of Substance Use Tendency Based on Alexithymia and Impulsivity with the Mediation of Mentalization.

The present descriptive-correlation method was a type of structural equation modeling methods. The statistical population of the research was all the youth of Kermanshah city in 2023. For this purpose, 420 of these people were selected by convenience sampling method and answered The Iranian Addiction Potential Scale, Toronto alexithymia Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and Reflective Function Questionnaire. The data obtained from the considered questionnaires were analyzed by AMOS and SPSS version 23.

The results showed that the assumed model of the current research has the necessary fit with the data. The results obtained from structural equation modeling indicated that the direct path of the variable of alexithymia (β = 0.63, T = 5.99), impulsivity (β = 0.37, T = 4.28), certainty (β= -0.66, T=-4.81) and uncertainty (β=0.62, T=-7.70) on the tendency to substance use were significant. Also, the indirect effect of alexithymia (P< 0.05, b = -0.39) and impulsivity (P< 0.05, b = -0.46) It was significant on the tendency to use substance through the mediating role of mentalization (certainty). In addition, the indirect effect of alexithymia (P< 0.05, b = 0.52) and impulsivity (P< 0.05, b = 0.60) It was significant on the tendency to use substance through the mediating role of mentalization (uncertainty).

Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that a coherent understanding of the components of alexithymia and impulsivity and especially mentalization in the pathology of addiction is a key element in the evaluation. And probably the clinical work with patients addicted to narcotic substance and also other people who tend to use substance.

 Various factors can play a role in violence in schools and students. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of brain-behavioral systems and impulsivity (five-factor model) in predicting violence among students with a history of violence in schools.

 The present research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research was the students in the second year of high school with a history of violence in schools in the academic year of 2020-2021 in the city of Urmia. They were 245 of which 150 were selected as a case sample by random cluster sampling. Brain-Behavioral Systems Questionnaire (Wilson et al., 1989), Impulsivity Questionnaire (Whiteside and Lynam, 2001), and Conflict Tactics Scale (Strauss, 1979) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and stepwise regression analysis.

 The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the BAS and violence and a negative and significant relationship between the BIS and violence. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between impulsivity and components of positive urgency, negative urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of Premeditation and Sensation seeking with violence (P<0.01). On the other hand, the results of the regression analysis showed that the variables of the BAS and BIS, negative urgency and lack of perseverance can significantly predict 36% of the changes in violence in students.

Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that BAS/BIS and impulsivity play an important role in predicting student violence in schools. The findings of the present study can significantly help mental health professionals in formulating and implementing preventive and therapeutic interventions for violent students.

This study aims to investigate the mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between the pathological personality traits and externalizing spectrum disorders in men with substance use disorders (SUDs).

This is a correlational cross-sectional study using the structural equation modeling (SEM). The study population consists of all men with a history of SUDs who were undergoing outpatient treatment in addiction treatment centers in Sanandaj, Iran, of whom 349 were selected using a convenience sampling method. The instruments were the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), the externalizing spectrum inventory (ESI), and the Barratt impulsivity scale (BIS). Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22 and AMOS version 24.

The results showed that the PID-5 pathological personality traits of antagonism (β=0.593, P=0.001), detachment (β=0.513, P=0.001), disinhibition (β=0.616, P=0.001), negative affectivity (β=0.565, P=0.001), and psychoticism (β=0.541, P=0.001) had significant and positive correlations with the ESI score. Furthermore, the bootstrap test results showed that the BIS dimensions of cognitive, motor and non-planning impulsivity significantly mediated the relationship between five pathological personality traits and externalizing spectrum disorders (P<0.05).

Given the mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between pathological personality traits and externalizing spectrum disorders in men with SUDs, more attention should be paid to these constructs for prevention and treatment of SUDs.

Opium use is one of the most common problems that impose significant social, psychological, and economic burdens on societies. Understanding the factors involved in the treatment of opium use is essential. This study aimed to evaluate inhibitory response and impulsivity in opium users.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 170 opium users (139 men and 31 women) who visited the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Center in Gorgan, Iran during 2022, selected through convenience sampling. The Stop Signal Task (SST) was used to assess participants' inhibitory response, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) was used to measure impulsivity levels.

The average overall impulsivity score was 67.8±11.85. The average correct responses were 45.09±5.67, incorrect responses were 4.51±3.95, and delays were 0.96±2.32. The mean response time to each stimulus was 1290±512.83 milliseconds. There was a statistically significant correlation between impulsivity dimensions and age, correct responses and education level, and response time for inhibitory control with age and education level (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the various dimensions of inhibitory response and impulsivity (cognitive impulsivity, non-planning impulsivity, and motor impulsivity) and overall impulsivity.

Opium users are generally impulsive. Additionally, younger individuals and those with lower education levels are more impulsive compared to others.