inf-γ

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are developing in scientific areas while biologic and immunologic effects have been proven in many studies. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of 50 Hz EMFs in the manner of the whole body exposure on the T-helper balance (Th1/Th2) in rats.

This experimental research evaluated the impact of the EMF on T-helper balance, including 30 rats that were randomly divided into 3 groups. The control group and experimental groups were exposed to 50 Hz EMF with the intensity of 0.5 mT for one and two month(s), respectively. At the end of the exposure period, blood samples were collected from the left ventricle of the hearts of the rats and the serum levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interferon gamma (INF-γ) were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared in all three groups.

The level of IL-4 and INF-γ showed a notable change (P=0.032) during one month of EMF exposure, indicating a shift of T-helper balance toward the Th2 arm, meaning more strong allergic reactions and weaker immune responses against tumors and many other diseases. After 2 months, the levels of cytokines and the balance of the T-helper came close to the baseline (the control group samples), representing the adaptive trends of T-helper balance in longer exposures.

The results of the present research revealed that EMFs produced important changes in IL-4 and INF-γ levels and affected the T-helper balance shift toward the Th2 arm, implying stronger allergic reactions and weaker defense against tumor and various other diseases. However, understanding the true nature of these changes and their actual health effects requires further studies.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease associated with disorders of the nervous system. Inflammation in the central nervous system can play a major role in the formation of AD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of AD induction as well as running on positive and negative slopes on TNF-α and INF-γ gene expression in the muscle tissue of rats with AD.

In this experimental study 15 rats were injected with 8 mg/kg Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) intra- peritoneally. After being assured of AD rats were divided in three groups of 5 rats, including: 1) control, 2) running in positive slope, and 3) running in negative slope. To investigate the effects of AD induction on the TNF-α and INF-γ gene expression levels, 5 rats were assigned to the healthy control group. During eight weeks the positive running group (at a speed of 16 m/min in positive upward slope) and negative running group (at a speed of 16 m/min in negative downhill slope) ran on the treadmill for five sessions per week and 60 minutes per session. The Shapiro- Wilk test was used for investigate the normal distribution of data and one-way ANOVA with LSD post- hoc tests were used to analyze the data (P<0.05).

AD induction by TMT significantly increased TNF-α (P=0.004) and INF-γ (P=0.04), nevertheless running on positive and negative slope significantly decreased TNF-α (P=0.001) also running on negative slope significantly decreased INF-γ (P=0.04).

Running on a positive and negative slope seems to improve TNF-α gene expression in rats with AD.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate and high intensity endurance trainings with genistein consumption on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) and interferon gamma (INF- γ) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 64 male diabetic rats were randomly assigned into 8 groups of 8 (1) first week control (2) last week control (3) moderate intensity endurance training (4) high intensity endurance training (5) genistein consumption, (6) moderate intensity endurance training and genistein consumption (7) high intensity endurance training and genistein consumption, and (8) sham (dimethylsulfoxide). Moderate and high intensity endurance trainings were performed on a treadmill at speeds of 10- 17 and 18- 22 m/ min for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 60 minutes per session. Genistein groups received 30 mg / kg of genistein per day peritoneally. Independent sample t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the findings (P-value≤ 0.05). Endurance training and genistein consumption had a significant effect on TNF-α reduction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (P-value≤ 0.05); however, the effect of endurance training and genistein consumption on IFN-γ reduction was not significant (P-value≥ 0.05); also the interaction of training and genistein consumption in reducing TNF-α and IFN-γ was significant (P-value≤ 0.05). It seems that endurance training and genistein consumption have interactive effects on decreasing the inflammatory factors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.