injury

This study aimed to assess the impact of a volleyball-specific fatigue protocol on balance, proprioception, and performance in volleyball players with differing ACL injury risk levels.

his semi-experimental research utilized a pre-test-post-test design. Forty volleyball players from Urmia were selected and divided into low- and high-risk groups based on ACL injury potential, assessed using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS). A LESS score below 6 indicated low risk, while above 6 indicated high risk. Balance was measured using the stork test (static balance) and Y balance test (dynamic balance), knee proprioception was assessed with a goniometer, and performance was evaluated with the Sargent jump test. After baseline assessments, players were subjected to a volleyball-specific fatigue protocol, after which all tests were repeated. Analysis of covariance and dependent t-tests were used to evaluate inter-group and intra-group differences.

The dependent t-tests and analysis of covariance indicated that fatigue significantly decreased static balance (P=0.001, P=0.001), dynamic balance (P=0.001, P=0.001), and performance (P=0.001, P=0.001). Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests also significantly reduced proprioception post-fatigue (P=0.001, P=0.001). Additionally, significant differences were found between the groups for all variables (P<0.05) except for proprioception (P>0.05).

Overall, the findings suggest that fatigue is a significant factor in reducing balance, proprioception, and explosive power. This decline was greater in the high-risk injury group, likely due to baseline neuromuscular weaknesses in this group.

For this reason and in order to be registered in the medical sources of the world, we plan to register this new type of terrorism injury in the medical sources of the world under the title “pager explosion trauma" or “pager trauma”. We invite all our colleagues in all countries and especially in Lebanon to publish their articles about the characters of this injury.Based on field observations and expert opinions, it seems that these injuries will cause lifelong disability, and this is a terrible tragedy that needs international response, and these injured patient need urgent specialized treatment at this stage and should be treated in the future.Publishing of experiences and treatments modalities about this injury will help physicians to give better medical services.

Due to the importance of the issue and the fact that up-to-date studies in this topic have not been conducted in Yazd city, the present research was conducted to investigate and determine the intensity and frequency of domestic violence among pregnant women.

This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study and sampling was done by simple random method. pregnant women referred to health centers in Yazd in 2021 participated in the study. For the study, 246 pregnant women were selected from 3 health centers in Yazd city in 2021. The tool used for the study was the standard questionnaire known as the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). This questionnaire was utilized to assess domestic violence, measures of dispute resolution, and demographic characteristics. After inputting the data into the SPSS version 26, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric statistical tests were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the average age of women was 31.47 ± 7.68 with a minimum age of 17 and a maximum of 55. The severity and frequency of the types of violence were measured, and the types of violence in the extreme state related to physical, mental, sexual, and verbal violence and resulting in physical injury were found to be 10%, 25%, 7%, 10%, and 19% respectively. Violence against pregnant mothers showed a significant relationship with the economic status of the family, the age of the mother's marriage, the education level of the parents, and the duration of their marriage (p<0.001). One of the most important variables affecting the severity and frequency of violence against pregnant women was the economic status of the family (p<0.001).

The findings of this study show a connection between education level, economic status, and the prevalence of domestic violence. It is suggested to prioritize the development of diverse communication and problem-solving skills, as well as education related to family behavior on a wider scope.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and survival rate of trauma patients who underwent resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) in a level I trauma center in southern Iran.

This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Rajaee Hospital (Shiraz, Iran) from March 2018 to October 2022, included trauma patients who underwent RT surgery. Demographic information, vital signs at arrival, mechanism of injury, type of trauma, admission and discharge dates, length of hospital stay, blood transfusions, associated injuries, and clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software.

A total of 147 trauma patients underwent RT. The patients’ mean age was 39±18.49 years. The majority of participants were men (82.40%). The most prevalent type of damage was blunt trauma, with a survival rate of 3%, followed by penetrating trauma, which had a 20% survival rate. The leading cause of trauma-related fatalities was road traffic accidents (78.9%). The majority of RT procedures (75.5%) took place in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rooms. The survival group had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels than the non-survival (83.0±34.96 vs. 97.83±33.10) and (40.75±20.91 vs. 62.48±25.36), respectively. Survivors exhibited a significantly higher Glasgow Coma Scale than non-survivors (8.40±6.14 vs. 4.75±3.84).

The study revealed a low survival rate among trauma patients undergoing RT. Blunt chest trauma emerged as an independent predictor of poor outcomes. Future studies should further explore indications and outcomes of RT to better inform clinical practice.

Cycling is a healthy and pleasurable activity, but it can also be hazardous. The risk factors for cycling injury are unknown, considering the cycling infrastructure and cyclists’ behavior in northern Iran. This study aimed to explain the experiences of injured cyclists admitted to Poursina Educational and Medical Center, Rasht in 2021, as one of the risk factors associated with cycling. A content analysis was conducted on the experiences of cyclists over the age of 18 who had one or more injured limbs due to a crash or fall while riding a bicycle. The data were obtained from the registration system of the Guilan Road Trauma Research Center. Potentially eligible participants were contacted by telephone. Twenty people with various characteristics in terms of age, sex, and other features were included in the interview. Cyclists’ experiences with risk factors were divided into 13 categories; including lack of laws, lack of training, poor traffic culture, easy to lose balance, cycling infrastructure, inappropriate roads, darkness, bad weather conditions, unsafe behavior, non-standard bicycle, unsafe protection, intentional injury to female road users, and risk of collision with other road users. The extracted risk factors can be used as the ABC of cycling to novice cyclists. Thus, responsible efforts to regulate, educate, promote, and monitor cycling can encourage people to ride.

This case report documents a unique presentation of hepatic encephalopathy induced by the reactivation of chronic hepatitis B due to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in a 76-year-old female patient. The patient was admitted with a diminished level of consciousness subsequent to a week of anorexia, intermittent fever, chills, postprandial nausea, and vomiting. Laboratory tests revealed significant hepatocellular injury, while imaging suggested cirrhosis. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen and a detectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA qualitative analysis was noted, alongside an elevated CMV viral load, indicating reactivation of chronic hepatitis due to CMV infection. Therapeutic interventions included Ganciclovir for CMV infection, Colistin for an Enterococcus urinary infection, and Tenofovir for hepatitis. Upon stabilization, the patient was discharged for continued medical management. The case highlights the significance of considering reactivation of chronic viral hepatitis in the differential diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy. It underscores the critical role of comprehensive diagnostic investigation in patients presenting with reduced consciousness, especially those with a history of liver disease. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of managing concurrent infections in the context of liver disease, and serves as a reminder of the potential for CMV to reactivate chronic hepatitis, leading to serious complications such as hepatic encephalopathy.

This study aims to conduct a systematic review of injury prevention programs on muscle flexibility in children and adolescents.

Relevant articles were searched in two electronic databases, PubMed and Scopus. An electronic search was conducted on December 1, 2022, without applying any year constraints. Studies that investigated the effect of injury prevention programs on muscle flexibility in subjects under 17 years of age were included. The study method was evaluated using the PEDro scale. 

A total of 3563 studies were initially retrieved from databases, and data from 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were used in this systematic review. Injury prevention programs (three out of five articles) can improve the muscle flexibility of children and adolescents (before and after the intervention).

Injury prevention programs can improve the muscle flexibility of children and adolescents in the intervention group (before and after the intervention); although no improvement was observed in the control group. Therefore, factors, such as duration, frequency and intensity of the program, gender, activity level, type of sport, and sample size are decisive in muscle flexibility.

Shin splints are a common injury in the world of sports, causing pain along the inner edge of the tibial and impacting an athlete’s performance and well-being. The study aims to examine how kinesio taping application affects pain, postural control, and plantar pressure parameters in athletes with shin splints.

A placebo-controlled trial design was used, with 32 athletes with shin splints randomly assigned to either the kinesio taping group (KT=16) or the placebo group (PC=16). The KT group received kinesio tape with 75% tension applied to the affected shin, while the PC group received the same application without tension. Before and after the taping intervention, pain levels, postural control, and plantar pressure parameters were evaluated.

Results indicated that the KT group experienced a significant pain reduction and improved postural control and plantar pressure parameters compared to the PC group. 

These results suggest that kinesio tape can relieve pain in the short term and enhance postural control and plantar pressure distribution in athletes with shin splints. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects and underlying mechanisms.

In low- and middle-income countries, a large proportion of road users include pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists, and nearly half of road traffic fatalities occur among motorcyclists. This study aimed to examine the pattern of motorcyclists' death due to accidents in East Azerbaijan, Iran between 2006 and 2021 and present a forecast.

We used death data due to motorcycle accidents of Legal Medicine Department between 2006 and 2021. For time series analysis, the Box-Jenkins model was used and three stages of identification, estimation, and diagnosis were successively performed and repeated several times to achieve the best prediction model. The Box-cox transformation method was used to stabilize the variance, and the first-order seasonal differential method with a period of 12 was used to control the seasonality. Due to seasonal variations, the Seasonality Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average model: SARIMA (p, d, q) (P, D, Q)s was employed and the death trend was predicted for 36 months. The candidate models were compared based on Log-likelihood, AIC, and BIC indices. STATA 17 was used for data analysis.

About 18.6% of all accident deaths are attributed to motorcycle accidents. The death rate for all causes of accidents and motorcycle accidents were 23.13 and 4.30 per 100,000 population, respectively. Seven models were considered as candidates. The SARIMA (0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1)12 model was selected as the best model due to better fit and used to predict the number and trend of motorcycle accident deaths. Motorcycle accident deaths are predicted to decrease gradually in the next 36 months, from June 2021 to May 2024, affected by seasonal changes.

The trend of death due to motorcycle accidents from 2006 to 2021 in East Azerbaijan was declining, and it is predicted to decrease slightly in the next three years as well. As this reduction may be attributed to many factors, it is recommended to investigate effective factors in future studies.

Vertebral fracture, one of the most incidents in human life, is associated with many complications. Due to the importance of this complication, this study was conducted to epidemiologically investigate vertebral fractures and their consequences in the emergency department of Kowsar Hospital in Sanandaj in 2017. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 350 patients who visited the emergency department of Kowsar Sanandaj Hospital in 2017 due to vertebral fractures were included. The data was extracted from information collected through phone contact and patients’ medical documents. V Kramer and ETA tests were performed to analyze the hypotheses using SPSS 25 software. Men constituted 61% of the patients. The average age of the patients was 42.18 (6.86) years, and almost 41% of the patients lived in Sanandaj. The most common trauma mechanism was fall injury with 44.8%, 59.55% of which were in the lumbar region. Compression and burst fractures had the highest fracture rates with 47.85 and 21.9 percent, respectively. According to the findings, the fractures were more prevalent in men, young people, and in labor and agricultural occupations, and there is a significant relationship between the consequences of fractures with age, sex, and occupation, which indicates the need for more safety considerations in these people. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and subsequently modulate the risk factors associated with falling injuries to reduce this type of injury.

Trauma accounts for long-term morbidity in children and its patterns depend on the cultural aspects of communities. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and etiology of trauma in pediatric patients. In this cross-sectional study, medical records of 299 children below 15 years old who had referred to Hashemi Nejad Trauma Center, Mashhad, Iran, from 2017 to 2018, were evaluated. All relevant medical data were collected. Patients were categorized into three age groups: 0-2, 3-6 and 7-15 years old. Variables were compared between different age groups and genders. The main cause of trauma were road traffic accidents (51.8%) and falling from heights (31.4%). Common anatomical sites of trauma included the limbs, followed by head and neck (45.3% and 36.2%, respectively). Accident rates were highest between the hours of 13 to 19 (43.8%). There were no significant differences in comparing variables between genders (p>0.05). In pediatrics aged 0-2 years old, head and neck injuries were the most common sites of trauma (67.9%) (p=0.001). Road traffic accident rates increased from the ages of 0-2 to the ages of 7-15 years old (p=0.060). Prevention is one of the main interventions to decrease the morbidity and mortality related to pediatric trauma. Moreover, by evaluating the etiology of trauma and assessing the medical providing facilities could find the Achilles Heel and try to improve them.

Providing timely and high-quality health services for pediatric burn cases is vital in reducing the death probability. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the value of P-Baux and R-Baux indexes in anticipating burn-related consequences among children.

The present cross-sectional investigation was carried out in 2018 at a burn referral center located in Tabriz. Through the census method, all children <12 years old who were admitted to the hospital with burn symptoms during the sampling period were included in the study. Data collection was carried out through a researcher-developed questionnaire. R-Baux and P-Baux scores were computed based on the patient's records. Data were analyzed using SPSS17 through multivariate logistic regression with a significance level of 0.05.

A total of 213 children were included in the study. In terms of mortality, the area under curve (AUC) of the R-Baux and P-Baux scores was similar (0.959). Moreover, the AUC of the outcomes for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and need for intubation was 99%. Logistic regression revealed a significant correlation between the need for intubation and death with both P-Baux and R-Baux scores (p<0.05). Admission to the ICU was only significantly related to the P-Baux score (p=0.022).

Utilizing P-Baux and R-Baux scores not only anticipates the death rate but also allows health service providers to prioritize patients and prepare proper facilities to prevent pediatric burn-related mortalities.

We aimed to investigate the levels of transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) gene expression, and the antioxidant and histopathologic effect of thymoquinone (Tmq) in the hepatic I/R rat model. Fifty Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1: Control; Group 2: Sham; Group 3: Hepatic I/R (45 min/45 min); Group 4: Tmq (50 mg/kg); Group 5: Tmq+I/R (ten days before I/R at the dose of 50 mg/kg of Tmq). The hepatic I/R (45min/45min) model was performed at the portal vein and the hepatic artery with atraumatic vascular clamp in the ischemia groups. The liver tissues and blood samples that were taken at the end of the study were evaluated for histopathologic and biochemical analysis. Besides TRPM gene expression levels were determined in liver tissues. It was seen that cellular swelling, congestion, PNL, and apoptosis parameters statistically decreased in Tmq and Tmq+I/R groups in comparison with the I/R group in histopathological evaluation. It was observed that biochemical parameters, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, creatinine, and urea levels significantly increased in the I/R group as compared with, sham, Tmq, and Tmq+I/R groups. It was found that TRPM2,6,7,8 gene expression decreased significantly in Tmq+I/R groups as compared to the I/R group.  We showed that thymoquinone can inhibit the entry of Ca+2 into the cell by decreasing TRPM2,6,7,8 gene expression. Based on our findings, we think that Tmq application in the treatment of liver diseases due to I/R damage may be important in terms of both ischemia and apoptosis and can also be used in the treatment of liver-related diseases.

Online reporting systems can establish and maintain the community-authority connection for safety promotion initiatives and their sustainability. The aim of this study was to report the development, implementation, and evaluation of an online community safety reporting system in safe communities in Iran.  

In the first place, the life cycle approach and software systems development were used for design and implementation, which included 7 steps. In the following, an online Community Safety Reporting System (CSRS) was developed with two main interfaces, including a web-based and phone application. The software was developed using suitable programming languages for the web and as a mobile application for Android and iOS systems.  

During the six months of implementation, we received 80 reports in different safety areas, which were managed by the administrators and provided feedback for reporters. System user-friendliness and easy to use were the main strengths declared by users. The CSRS program is implemented at two levels of usage: public users to report safety issues and city admin functional evaluation of the system through a short interview with users. Moreover, city authorities believed that the system facilitates community participation in decision-making processes. The address of the web page is www.payamiran.ir.  

CSRS provides a way for community voices to be heard and facilitates mutual interaction between the community and authorities. CSRS could be used as a community participation tool to ensure safety promotion initiatives sustainability.

Ultrasonic therapy is used locally to repair damaged peripheral nerves.

This study was designed to examine the effect of low-intensity remote ultrasound on peripheral nerve regeneration.

In the present study, 24 male rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham surgery (SS: No sciatic crush injury, no ultrasonic treatment, n=8), control (C: Sciatic crush injury, without ultrasonic treatment, n=8), and remote ultrasound (RU: Sciatic crush injury, ultrasonic treatment, n=8). To induce nerve crush, the sciatic nerve was clamped 1 cm above the bifurcation site for 30 seconds. In the RU group, the opposite leg was treated with low-intensity ultrasound for 10 minutes, 3 times a week for 4 weeks (1.1 MHz frequency with an intensity of 0.5 W/cm2). Neurological evaluation was done by examining the sciatic nerve index (SFI) on days 7, 21, 28, 35, 49, and 56 after surgery. The samples were evaluated histologically, biochemically, and immunohistologically on days 28 and 56 after surgery.

The mean SFI, transverse diameter of muscle fibers, and the number of myelinated axons in the RU group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Also, the mean plasma levels of total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, interleukin-6, and HSP70 in the control group differed from the RU group on days 28 and 56 after surgery (P<0.05).

The results of the present study show that low-intensity remote ultrasound has beneficial effects on the crushed sciatic nerve.

Falling is a significant cause of occupational injuries and fatalities among farmers, and falling from trees is one of the most common causes of injury resulting in a high number of visits to health centers. Despite this, there is limited evidence on the factors associated with falling from walnut trees. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to falling from walnut trees from the perspective of farmers and farmworkers. This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 farmers and farmworkers who had experienced falling from walnut trees as recorded in the National Accidents Record Program from September to October 2017 in Tuyserkan county, Iran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Moreover, data rigor was ensured through participant and external checks. All interviews were recorded and analyzed using content analysis methods. Data analysis led to the extraction of six themes, including psychological factors, physical factors, behavioral and habitual factors, economic factors, factors related to walnut trees, and atmospheric agents, along with 18 subthemes for behavioral, human, and environmental factors. The findings of this study suggest that with appropriate interventions and training, farmers and farmworkers can be guided and assisted so as to prevent the occurrence of falling from walnut trees. In addition to educational interventions, health promotion measures such as providing safety equipment and insurance coverage can be essential in reducing injuries.