islamic medicine

This study aims to investigate the necessity of designing the Ontology of Islamic Medicine in based on the semantic web.

In this review study, the studies related to the creation and evaluation of knowledge organization systems (KOSs) in Islamic Medicine as well as the ontology design in traditional medicine in the period published from 2010 to 2022 were searched in databases including Magiran, NoorMags, ISC, ResearchGate, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Selection methods for study: In this study, the documentary method was used. After searching using related keywords, 20 eligible articles were selected and reviewed.

Ontologies, by covering hyponymy, meronymy, equivalents & specified relations, as well as having a multidimensional structure and covering functions such as eliminating ambiguity, controlling synonyms or equivalents, establishing explicit semantic relationships such as hierarchical relations, and presenting both relations and properties of concepts in the knowledge models, can represent more complex relationships than other KOSs. 

Ontology design is one of the most effective methods for accurate semantic description of the knowledge of the Islamic Medicine. One of the capabilities of ontologies is to display relationships between concepts related to diseases, symptoms, drugs and diagnoses using a graphic environment. Semantic Web technologies raises the necessity of designing ontologies.

In the Islamic world, interdisciplinary studies of science and religion are on the rise, assuming that there is a connection between Islam and science, and that each can help each other. There is a lot of research in this area today (including medical and religious studies). However, due to the young age of such research, the important issue is the lack of a proper method in these studies. In fact, given that the method of research in science is different from the method of research in religion, the question is whether these two fields can have interdisciplinary joint research? And if these studies are possible, what are they like?
The present article tries to provide a method called "Combined Method of Interdi- sciplinary Studies of Medicine and Religion" knowing that such studies are possible. , Microbiology, bacteriology, etc. are combined. However, depending on the case, some of these methods may not be used in some cases and in some cases some methods may be used two or more times.
In this context, in the first speech, we discuss the theoretical foundations of research in which we discuss the possibility and occurrence of "religious science". Then we examine the term "science of Islamic medicine" and state that such a term does not exist from the point of view of the authors. Then we will deal with the position of Islamic health teachings and enumerate some Islamic health teachings. In the second speech, we describe the methodology of interdisciplinary studies of medicine and religion, enumerate the applied methods in religious research as well as medical research, and discuss how to combine it.
Finally, outline the case studies of the interdisciplinary study of medicine and religion that the researchers themselves have and how they are combined.
This applied research is done by documentary method and by referring to the library, reputable sites and related software.

This study aims to develop an initial model of the Ontology of Islamic Medicine Era based on the second edition of the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era.

This research was conducted by qualitative content analysis method. The study population included all entries of the second edition of the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era (compiled by the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran), of which 508 terms under the entry of "disease" were selected by purposive sampling. The Ontology model of the Islamic Medicine Era was designed according to the semantic relations presented in the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era. The data gathering method was structured (systematic) observation. The data gathering tool was a checklist compiled based on the terms and relationships in the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era.

Following refinement of the terms and their relationships in the Thesaurus of Islamic Medicine Era, and identifying ontological entities (including classes, instances, and relationships), the Ontology model of the Islamic Medicine Era was designed using Protege ontology editor. The RDF representation of the model was subsequently created in RDF/XML Syntax.

After designing the Ontology model of the Islamic Medicine Era, the RDF graphs of this model were created to analyze the entities and the relationships between them.

The Qur'an and the hadiths of the Infallibles (peace be upon them) are two sources of divine grace. The correct medical narrations from them have value and credibility. Most of the medical hadiths narrated from the Prophet (PBUH) in the Sunnis and the infallible Imams in the Shiites have no document or have a weak document and are part of the weak hadiths. The existence of fabricators of hadith causes the loss of trust in weak hadiths. Counterfeiters have different motives. Due to its direct relationship with human health, medical narrations cannot use the rule of tolerance in narrations.

The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library documents, has examined the causes and strong motives in fabricating medical narrations by looking at the prevailing atmosphere in Islamic medicine.

The findings of the study show that those in charge of court affairs are narrators of some medical hadiths that make the narrations of the infallibles by political rulers and those in charge of court affairs probable. Research in the field of retrieving correct medical narrations from fake narrations is a way forward.

The Holy Quran is one of the best reference books describing the importance of plants in different Surahs as in Al-Momeenoon, Al-Rehman, Al-Baqarah and Al-Inaam. The history of Islamic medicine started from 2nd century as applied science which provided ample information about the medicinal plants mentioned in the Quran. These medicinal plants continue to be extensively used as major source of drugs for the treatment of many ailments. In view of the fact that exact nomenclature of many Quranic and Prophetic plants are not available in scientific or religious literature, effort is made to make the following list of such plants with their correct botanical identification. The present research work is a part of check list of medicinal flora and their uses enlisted in Holly Quran.

The discussion of medicine, Islamic medicine and traditional medicine is one of the topics that has a long history. The deadly corona virus revived the plot of such debates. This research uses descriptive-analytical and documentary methods to analyze the subject of Islamic and traditional medicine, emphasizing the views of Professor Allameh Mesbah Yazdi. The findings of the research indicate that from the perspective of Professor Mesbah, what is called "Islamic medicine" today is in fact the "traditional medicine"; Because the premise of this is that what is known as Islamic medicine or the medicine of the Prophet, that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has brought something new, but what exists in this regard, is what has come down to us from the physicians of ancient Greece. . And this new achievement will not be the result of Islamic medicine. Of course, Muslims need to try to use the science, thinking and experiences of traditional medicine within the framework of Islam. One of the ways to revive traditional medicine and the development of modern medicine is to use traditional medicine in modern medicine. In addition to being utilized and equipped with modern science and new medical knowledge, we must not lag behind other developed countries in this field.

today, one of the best models for healthy eating is the nutrition guide pyramid. Since paying attention to the origin and context of each issue will help to know it more and better, the purpose of this article is to scientifically study the nutritional beliefs of Islamic medicine with modern nutrition about the food pyramid.

This study is a descriptive and citation study that uses sources such as Quran, books and other Islamic and traditional medicine publications, reviewing information in scientific databases such as Medicinal plant date, Scopus, SID, and Google Scholar.

In the Holy Quran and hadiths, five food groups are emphasized, among which bread, cereals, wheat, rice and barley are mentioned, and at the same time, the superiority of barley over abundant wheat is mentioned. The Holy Quran is a major part of it in relation to halal nutrition and vegetarianism, which emphasizes the special place of this group in the food pyramid.

It seems that the Qurchr('39')an 14 centuries ago paid full attention to the principles considered in the food pyramid and provided many guidelines for human health. Therefore, it is necessary to take serious, practical and practical action to increase awareness through education and culture in order to implement the nutritional teachings of Islam among different sections of society.

According to paragraph 12 of health communication policies and in order to explain a part of traditional Iranian medicine, it is necessary to conduct research focusing on terminological knowledge in the field of pathological knowledge in traditional Iranian medicine, because the initial research was conducted in This field shows that in terms of terminology, the words related to the description, definition and recognition of diseases in various medical texts of the Islamic period have undergone semantic changes.

This research is a historical-terminological study that has been done by using a collection of the most important medical texts of the Islamic period and recording the views and achievements of the authors.

Many factors have contributed to the emergence of a set of terms around the description, definition and recognition of disease names in Islamic medical texts. The language of the texts (usually Persian or Arabic), how the basic texts are translated into the languages used in Iran and the change and meaning of the words throughout history are among these factors. At the same time, any basic research in the field of pathology in traditional Iranian medicine with the aim of explaining and recognizing the semantics of these data requires considering these semantic changes.

Considering the fact that the medical knowledge of the Islamic period is divided into different branches, it seems that one of the most important of these branches in terms of production of specialized words and terms is the branch of pathology, which includes a relatively large collection. But based on several components, including the use of several different languages or a long historical connection in traditional Iranian medicine and the arrival of new medical languages in Iran (from the Qajar period onwards), important semantic transformations have taken place in the meaning of disease names. And the word that used to refer to a specific disease in traditional Iranian medicine. today is assigned to another different disease.

The present study tries to explain the content, scope, rules and medical applications of the rule of necessity in order to solve some of the current jurisprudential problems by examining emerging examples of the rule in medical issues.

This research has been done by the method of library studies and in a descriptive-analytical method, which has been obtained and analyzed by referring to Quranic, narrative and scientific texts.

The rule of necessity (the necessities of explaining the necessities) is one of the doctrinal rules of the texts, among which the Quranic documents include verses 173 of Surah Al-Baqarah and 145 of Surah Al-An’am. This rule has a great impact capacity in various fields of jurisprudence and law and plays a key role in solving many emerging problems and issues, but in Islamic jurisprudence has been less studied in detail.

Nowadays, the existence of personal necessities in various areas of life, especially medical issues, requires the rule of "necessity" to be further studied in order to explain the limits and criteria of its implementation and jurisprudential scholars can use this rule well when studying issues.

Developing a system using the knowledge of Fiqh and giving identity to the methods of discovering systems in the Fiqhthinking are to have been pursued by some religious thinkers such as Ayatollah Seyyed Muhammad Baqir in government and social macro-topics such as economy. The methods and patterns of processing it can be extended to other related systems with individual and social dimensions such as the health system. In other words, the most complete methods of dealing with health from the perspective of Islam, is the systematic understanding of the propositions mentioned in the religious sources. The present study was an attempt to examine the methods of inferencing in the Fiqh related to health based on the system discovery theory presented by Ayatollah Seyyed Muhammad Baqir Sadr.

In this article, considering the combination of inferential and real perceptions in the Fiqh related to health, the method of discovering the Fiqh of theories and meeting the proof condition in the Fiqh related to systems, the theoretical dimensions governing the health system were investigated from the perspective of Islamic Fiqh using a descriptive analytical approach and library studies. The authors reported no conflict of interests.

Based on the findings, it is impossible to use the Hadiths related to medicine for treatment purposes unless in the cases related to the benefits of natural products or what has been confirmed as beneficial by empirical findings.

The doubtful sources related to health have an inferential nature and aredifferent from the legitimate inferences related to other Haddith Ahad.On this basis, they should be used in an implicational system inferred from Sharia and valid religious sources by technical and interpretational validation for non-prescriptive purposes

The principles of Islamic medicine are still unknown. Although various studies about Islamic medicine have been carried out, the philosophical foundations and framework of the theorizing of it have not yet been elucidated. Some of theorists have explored transcendental medicine theory (TMT) and its application in deep medicine paradigm. For studying of theoretical framework of the TMT, the present article attempts to identify the principles and norms of Islamic medicine by studying the historical and semantic aspects of it and to introduce its paradigmatic dimensions. Finally, this article studies the position of TMT in the paradigm of Islamic medicine. Historical and semantic methods have been used to carry out this research. The hermeneutic approaches and the interpretation of the text have also been used to describe the theoretical framework of TMT. The results of this study show that the Muslim physician has always tried to use the latest and most effective medical tools, methods and principles based on scientific approach within the ethical and religious foundations of religion, and has always used the most material elements of medicine, and uses a spiritual and divine interpretation of essence of that elements and all of the cosmos.

One of the medical issues related to jurisprudence regarding to Shar’a justifiability is dissecting cadaver for medical education. Teaching and learning all sciences and techniques, including medicine, is certainly necessary for human beings. Dissection of human cadaver is an introductory course in medical education in one side and obligation to respect for Muslim dead body like the live individual is imperative on the other side. Moreover, irreverence to Muslim-whether live or dead-is forbidden-haram- in Islamic thoughts. The essential question is how it is possible to maintain both respect for Muslim dead body and meanwhile help to improve and develop medical education and related fields in Islamic community by having permission to dissect the dead body of Muslims.In the present article it is attempted to discuss and analyze the opinions of some of great religious scholars in the past and those of the contemporary religious authorities. Furthermore, Fatwa of the Supreme Iranian Leader Ayatollah Khamenei is also quoted here. In conclusion,religious scholars of Islam have emphasized the respect for Muslim dead body and have declared that non-Muslim body should be dissected in medical education.

Explaining the importance and position of medical science and its impact on mental health along with a critical approach to Islamic medicine with an intra-religious perspective aimed at helping the development of the physical and mental health in the society

Surveying the verses of the holy Qur'an and its traditions as well as the speeches of religious scholars and mystics about the role and position of health and medical science and its impact on mental health based on Hermeneutic

By providing definitions of related words and reviewing revelation and scholarly sources, the status of physical health and medical science has been explained and clarified. Research findings show that there is a significant relationship between physical health and mental health so that they depend on each other. We also found out about Islamic medicine that on the one hand, thousands of Hadiths and traditions cannot be discarded, and on the other hand, it is not possible to prescribe recommendations as certain treatment. The third way needs to be followed.

If there are no physical health and safety as well as its infrastructures in the society, the expectation of growth and transcendence of mental health will not be meaningful, and in this regard, religious teachings can be used as a reviewable source for medical science.

Studying the history of hospitals in Iran and Islam is one of the important studies in the field of health institutions development in Islamic civilization. With the spread of Islam in all fields, especially in the field of medicine, governments have generally recognized the importance of medical knowledge in some periods of Islamic and Iranian history and established well-established medical centers in most lands. The purpose of the present study is to better understand the evolution of health care institutions in Iran, especially Neyshabour Hospital and its role in the development of medical science.

This paper examines the texts and documents and explains the process of creation, growth and evolution of this hospital and its role in promoting health and medical education in Islamic civilization by relying on books such as Encyclopedia. The Islamic world deals. Ethical Considerations: The ethical and literary aspects of the subject have been taken into account in the analysis and inference of the material, especially in reference books.

The findings of the study indicate that the mentioned hospital, as a scientific and sovereign necessity, was also one of the most important educational centers in northeast of Iran where some of the most prominent physicians have undergone a course of medical and scientific activity. In addition to the task of treating and caring for patients, these centers also covered other tasks such as training medical students and playing the role of research and research centers (dedicated libraries). The dimensions and impact of these systems on the evolution of health care institutions can be summarized in the prominent medical practitioners and their ideas that were presented to the medical community by the military schools, as these schools are the most important developmental point in medical research in the Islamic world. It has been the basis of study cycles in the field, strengthened by the training of hands-on physicians, who first tried to treat the disease and then tried methods of prevention and outbreak.

The educational or so-called "laboratory and academic research departments" have always been an integral part of hospitals, as these subgroups, in addition to accepting and treating patients, have practiced medicine through methods and methods sometimes scientifically and sometimes formally. It was empirical, and this led many Taliban scientists and practitioners around the world to seek science related to this style and method.

Audit professionals’ skepticism is one of the behavioral and personality traits that is effective in reducing agency costs, audit quality, and enhancing public confidence. On this basis, it is very important to know the factors contributing to enhancement or degradation of professional skepticism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperaments and the level of professional skepticism of auditors.

The statistical population consisted of auditors working in official accountants’ community of Mashhad in 2018. 147 auditors were selected using simple random sampling. Auditors' professional skepticism and temperament were measured using two valid and reliable instruments. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using multivariate linear regression at 95% significance level.

The results showed that hot and dry temperaments had a significant relationship with the professional skepticism variable (r = 0.15 and p-value = 0.04). Also, cold and wet temperament had a significant relationship with the professional skepticism variable (r = -0.24 and p-value = 0.03). Overall, the findings showed that those with hot and dry temperaments had more professional skepticism and those with cold and wet temperaments had less professional uncertainty.

In conclusion, the findings indicate that temperament affects the level of professional skepticism in auditors.

The concept of Islamic medicine, which differs from traditional medicine and even Muslims’ medicine, has become more and more popular in recent years in Iran, especially in religious cities. In the present article, we have addressed the extremist approach of the claimants of Islamic medicine (which considers itself a competitor of modern medicine and traditional medicine).Our theoretical basis for the ethical criticism of this approach has been the principlism of "Beauchamp and Childers". Thereby, we have attempted to challenge the clinical position and medical performances of extremists in the Islamic medicine on the basis of four principles of "justice, autonomy, beneficence, and non-maleficence". Then, we have concluded that the claim of the Islamic medicine cannot, in the present circumstances, satisfy the principle of distributive justice. It also violates patients' autonomy by making unfair judgments and fears about modern medicine. It is very prone to harm clients by refusing scientific evaluation of medicines and therapies and lacking a valid certification system.  Accordingly, we  particularly challenged the attribution of this process to Islam.  This attribution may cause serious damage to the religious beliefs of the clients.