medicinal plants

Natural dyes derived from plants have gained significant attention due to their safety compared to chemical dyes. These dyes possess antibacterial properties and have minimal environmental impact.

A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The search utilized all available MeSH terms related to medicinal plants, dyes, wool, and antimicrobial properties of plants, covering the period from 2009 to 2020.

The findings indicate that numerous plants possess both coloring and antimicrobial properties, although they are currently utilized in limited quantities.

The present study aims to introduce plants with antimicrobial and coloring properties for further study.

Dental caries are caused by acidic by‑products from bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates and can lead to oral complications. Oral candidiasis is another disease affecting quality of life, especially in diabetic and immunocompromised patients. Interest in using Persian medicine to manage oral diseases has been growing recently. Persian medicine texts highlight medicinal plants such as Artemisia dracunculus, Citrus medica, and Pimpinella anisum for oral health benefits. The present research explores the antimicrobial effects of these plants against microorganisms causing caries and oral candidiasis.

This is an in vitro study, aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, and antimicrobial effects of C. medica, P. anisum, and A. dracunculus on oral pathogens. Based on criteria such as accessibility, recognizability, and novelty, leaves of A. dracunculus, peels of C. medica, and seeds of P. anisum were chosen. Their chemical compositions were analyzed after procuring the plant samples and preparing their essential oils (EOs). Subsequently, the diameters of the inhibition zones and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration/ minimum fungicidal concentration values were measured.

The major chemical components of P. anisum’s EO (PAEO), A. dracunculus’ EO (ADEO), and C. medica’s EO (CMEO) were estragole (75.77%), anethole (89.03%), and limonene (92.31%), respectively. All pathogens were susceptible to all EOs except Streptococcus salivarius, which was resistant to CMEO and had the highest MIC. Except for this EO, all the other EOs showed inhibition zones with diameters ranging from 6 to 30 mm, ADEO being the most effective. In MICs, Lactobacillus acidophilus was the most sensitive microorganism tested with MIC. In contrast, the most resistant microorganism was S. salivarius.

The attained results demonstrated that the examined plants possess notable antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens.

Ceaselessly, management of cancer has been the major global challenge for healthcare professionals. As regards, lung cancer (LC) has been introduced as the second most common form of cancer in both men and women, taking the lives of more than a million people each year, statistically holding the highest mortality rate among all cancer types. Although much effort has been made for the management of LC, current therapies are quite ineffective. With reference to the fact that the most current chemotherapeutic agents for LC are of plant origin, the authors hereby collected the acclaimed plants from the Lamiaceae family which have shown remarkable activity against LC.

The incorporated papers were published between the years of 1997 and 2023. The principal search keywords for this review article were "lung cancer", "Lamiaceae", "cytotoxic effect", "anti-tumor" and "anti-proliferative" in Medline, Springer, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases.

To the furthest extent, different responsible mechanism(s) of action for the anti-cancer properties of each plant are discussed. The respected IC50 values for plant extracts, essential oils or pure isolated compounds are underlined as well.

Many plants and isolated relative phytochemicals have shown exceptional anti-cancer potency against LC; nonetheless, they still remain undisclosed. We believe that this assembled data would globally inspire scientists on the passing way of LC treatment.

 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased markedly in recent years. Although traditional medicinal plants and natural products offer promising candidates for antidiabetic drugs, their full potential remains largely underexplored.

 This study aimed to identify antidiabetic phytocompounds from a database of African plant-derived compounds, which were screened against four key antidiabetic targets: alpha-amylase 1 (AMY1A), α-glucosidase (MGAM), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV).

 The compounds were initially filtered for drug-likeness and subsequently screened using molecular docking. The top candidates underwent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. During these simulations, the binding energies were calculated using the Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) method. Additionally, several structural parameters such as root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (rGyr), polar surface area (PSA), molecular surface area (MolSA), and solvent accessible surface area (SASA) were analyzed.

 A total of 43 unique compounds belonging to several chemical classes (i.e., flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, iridoids, and xanthones) were identified, exhibiting docking scores comparable to known controls. The results were as follows: docking scores of -7.4 to -8.7 kcal/mol (control: -9.7) for AMY1A, -6.8 to -8.0 kcal/mol (control: -8.2) for MGAM, -8.1 to -9.6 kcal/mol (control: -9.3) for DPP4, and -5.9 to -6.8 kcal/mol (control: -9.1) for PTP1B. MD simulations indicated that AMY1A-101679366 and DPP4-393472 complexes are negative and notably lower (-65.3 kcal/mol and -54.1 kcal/mol, respectively) than their respective controls. Furthermore, the MD simulations revealed relatively stable RMSD and RMSF profiles for the complexes, with fluctuations below 2.0 Å. The rGyr, PSA, MolSA, and SASA analyses further confirmed the stability of the protein-ligand complexes.

 The findings unveiled several compounds with promising antidiabetic potential, establishing a basis for further in vitro and in vivo studies to explore their therapeutic applications in T2DM treatment. Additionally, these compounds may serve as scaffolds for enhanced drug development.

Diseases caused by the consumption of food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria are significant public health issues. Given the substantial losses and health risks caused by pathogenic bacteria in humans, the use of medicinal plants as antimicrobial agents is suggested as a better method for controlling food safety.

The studied plants were collected from the Sistan region. Extraction was performed using a rotary device, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) were determined using the microdilution method.

The lowest inhibitory concentration of the ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia was 12.5 mg/mL, which inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus strains at this concentration. The highest inhibitory concentration was 50 mg/mL, which inhibited Vibrio bacteria at this concentration. The results of the antimicrobial properties of Hyssopus officinalis showed that the highest inhibitory concentration was 100 mg/mL, which inhibited Listeria and Shigella bacteria at this concentration, while the highest lethal concentration was 200 mg/mL.

The results of the study demonstrated that M. charantia extract exhibited good antimicrobial properties against foodborne pathogens.

The harmful effects of chemical preservatives on food safety have spiralled interest in natural antimicrobial agents. This study investigates the antibacterial potential of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Aridan pods) extracts against common foodborne pathogens.To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Dimethyl Sulphate, Methanolic, and n-hexane extracts from Tetrapleura tetraptera pods and assess their potential as natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives.The sensitivity was tested using the agar well diffusion method against isolated organisms from food, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Zones of inhibition were measured to assess efficacy.The zone of inhibition measurements against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella, and Serratia marcescens were as follows: 20.00 mm, 18.00 mm, 19.6 mm, 16.5 mm, and 17.00 mm, respectively, for the dimethyl sulfate extracts; 15.30 mm, 14.00 mm, 11.07 mm, 16.0 mm, and 17.0 mm for the methanolic extracts; and 13.00 mm, 11.24 mm, 13.00 mm, 12.00 mm, and 15.00 mm for the n-hexane extracts. significant difference (p > 0.05) as revealed by analysis of variance was noticed on the isolates for the dimethyl sulfate extracts but not for the aqueous or methanolic extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera pod.Tetrapleura tetraptera extracts demonstrate potent antibacterial properties, suggesting their potential as natural alternatives to synthetic antibiotics in food preservation.

Assessing the quality of studies is one of the basic principles of evidence-based medicine, which helps clinical experts to choose the best evidence among the published documents. Therefore, this study aimed to critically assess the quality of clinical trials published regarding the effect of herbal products on the healing of nipple fissures in lactating women.

In this critical assessment, the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Central, ProQuest, Magiran, and SID were searched without a time limit until February 2025  The keywords of medicinal plant, complementary therapies, herbal therapy, herbal medicine, breast fissure, Sore nipple, nipple fissure, breast wound, and their Persian equivalents were searched. Finally, out of 783 searched articles, 21 clinical trials were critically assessed using the CONSORT 2010 checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 25) and descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

Based on the critical appraisal of 21 reviewed articles, overall compliance of the quality of the articles with the CONSORT 2010 checklist was 63.1%. . The total mean score from the CONSORT Checklist 2010, with a score range of 13-29, was 23.5 ± 4.1. The greatest weakness of the articles was in the results section.

The quality of the reviewed clinical trials published in relation to the effect of herbal products on the healing of nipple fissures was moderate. The authors and staff of the journals must evaluate and criticize the articles with the standard principles designed in the valid checklists before publishing them, so it is necessary to receive enough training in this field.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, impacting not only the patients but also their families and communities. Tournefortia mutabilis vent. is a plant endemic to Mexico, traditionally used in Zapotec medicine for the treatment of cancer.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the chloroformic extract of T. mutabilis vent. leaves on cell proliferation and cell death in MCF-7 cells.

The effect of the extract on MCF-7 cell proliferation was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet staining. Apoptosis was evaluated through fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide staining and caspase-3, -6, and -9 activity assays.

The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the T. mutabilis vent. extract on MCF-7 cell proliferation at 48 hours and 72 hours after treatment was 86.4 μg/mL and 2.74 μg/mL, respectively. We observed that the extract and its semi-purified fractions induced cell death through the activation of caspases 3, -6, and -9.

Tournefortia mutabilis vent. is a potential source of compounds with antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities on the MCF-7 cell line, primarily through the intrinsic pathways of apoptosis.

Yeasts of the Candida genus are responsible for localized and disseminated infections, especially in immunocompromised populations. These infections are exacerbated by the rapid increase in drug-resistant strains, which limits treatment options and increases patient morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the utilization of easily accessible natural products as alternatives to conventional medicines has gained interest. South Africa is home to a rich biodiverse natural flora of which many are known for their antimicrobial activity, including the antifungal effects of their plant extracts. Galenia africana (kraalbos) is a local indigenous plant found to have various traditional uses, including the treatment and prevention of various human infections.

In this study, the activity of G. africana against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata preformed biofilm formation and its antibiofilm activity were tested using the xCELLigence system, which monitors biofilm formation in real time using impedance.

Presence of G. africana resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in Candida biofilms and was found to be effective in the prevention of Candida biofilm formation and disruption of the existing Candida biofilms.

The xCELLigence impedance-based system proved to be an effective tool for medication screening. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported study to use real-time monitoring of a medicinal plant on microbial biofilm formation.

This review thoroughly investigates the antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and highlights their potential to address the issue of drug resistance. The review highlights the significance of exploring compounds derived from plants that can efficiently suppress bacterial growth through distinct mechanisms, and it also examines the combined effects of using multiple compounds from plant extracts. The rising antibiotic resistance of H. pylori has sparked increased interest in alternative treatments, including medicinal plants, which may offer effective and safer methods for preventing and managing diseases caused by this bacterium. Currently, there is heightened interest in medicinal plants due to their lower side effects, ease of use, availability, and generally lower cost. In summary, in light of the escalating antibiotic resistance of H. pylori, this study explores the inhibitory effects of medicinal plants on this pathogen. The study underscores the vital importance of herbal medicines in tackling resistant strains of H. pylori and emphasizes the need for additional research to create new treatment strategies.

The Karbi, an indigenous tribe of Assam, uses ethnomedicinal plants for unintended pregnancies.

The present study describes two important ethnomedicinal plants (Achyranthes aspera L. and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro) for inducing abortion and its physicochemical and phytochemical characterization.

Physicochemical analysis performed by simple determination techniques.

The parameters in physicochemical analysis revealed that plants are potential source of phytomedicine. The pH are slightly acidic to alkaline, signifying good value for oral administration; moisture content are in the acceptable range; highest in A. aspera (8.9%). The total ash content is highest in A. aspera (6.89 %), and higher water soluble ash (20%) signifies presence of water soluble active compounds. The value of Carr’s index and Hausner ratio indicates the powder drugs signify good powder compressibility. Active phytocompounds identified in the plants like Methyl glyoxal, Arsenous acid tris (trimethylsilyl) Ester and phenol, 3-Phenoxypropionic Acid, showed potential reproductive and developmental toxicity. These compounds can be predicted as a candidate drugs as per SwissADME drugs parameters (GI absorption, BBB access, Bioavailability, P-gb substrate and drugs likeness).

The knowledge of dosing and handling of the medicinal plants are cautiously practiced by the tribe and physicochemical properties helped to understand the nature and quality control of the herbal formulations. The ADME parameters of the compounds shows drugs likeness properties as per bioavailability radar and thus the compound identified in this two plants can be predicted as an orally active plant based drugs likely to be used as abortifacient agents.

Infectious disease is a very common disease in the painful system that affects most in women. Infectious diseases occur when a group of harmful microorganisms occupy the tracts, infectious diseases, and indeed all and bladders. In most cases, the disease is caused by diseases. The purpose of this study is to identify medicinal plants that are used in administrative cases in traditional Iranian medicine.

In this review study, the key words medicinal plants, office infection, bladder infection, Iran were used to search for articles. Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, Scopus were used for searching. Related ethnobotanical articles were used to review the texts.

Medicinal herbs such as saffron, blackberry, blueberry, mint, hazelnut, borage, thistle, lemon, oregano, marshmallow, thyme, fennel, yarrow, chamomile, as well as fennel, fennel, and nettle are the most important medicinal plants. They are effective on office infections.

Studies have shown that some medicinal plants and spices with their antimicrobial and antibiotic effects can be effective on urinary infection.

Children often catch colds because there are many cold viruses that need to be protected against them. Children are more likely to get sick or catch a cold due to their weaker immune system, but when they get a cold, it is better to use medicinal herbs or herbal teas for children's colds instead of chemical drugs. In traditional medicine, medicinal plants are used to treat colic, so the present study is identifying and reporting effective medicinal plants on colds in children.

In this review, the key words of cold, children, traditional medicine, medicinal plants and treatment were searched from databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Megaran, Scopus. Irrelevant articles were removed and related articles were used to review the texts.

Based on the obtained results, medicinal plants such as Tilia Cordata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Sambucus nigra, Patches, Melaleuca alternifolia, Hyssopus officinalis, Inula helenium, Plantago lanceolata, Althea officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus, Citrus limonum, Allim sativum and a number of others Medicinal plants are used to treat children's colds.

Some medicinal plants have antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral roles and are useful in children. Medicinal plants of this study, having antimicrobial and antiviral properties, can improve cold symptoms in children.

Diabetes mellitus is a widespread metabolic disorder and represents a significant global health challenge. The prevalence of diabetes is steadily increasing, making it a prevalent health condition worldwide. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is notably high in Iran. Traditional Iranian medicine incorporates a diverse array of plants and minerals for the management of diabetes. This review aims to identify and evaluate the medicinal plants native to Northwest Iran that have been traditionally employed for the treatment of diabetes.

This systematic review utilized a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant literature on the use of medicinal plants for diabetes management in Northwest Iran. Authoritative scientific databases, including Google Scholar, SID, MagIran, PubMed, and Scopus, were systematically searched using the following keywords: 'medicinal plants,' 'Iran,' 'diabetes,' 'Urmia,' 'Tabriz,' 'Ardabil,' 'West Azerbaijan,' 'East Azerbaijan,' and 'ethnobotany.' The search results were filtered to include only ethnobotanical studies relevant to the research question.

The review has highlighted the use of numerous medicinal plants, including Apium graveolens, Alyssum desertorum, Arctium lappa, Avena sativa, Berberis integerima, Cerasus microcarpa, Crataegus aronia, Allium schoenoprasum, Urtica dioica, Phlomis aucheri, Salvia aethiopis, Melilotus officinalis, Tragopogon pratensis, Euphorbia helioscopia, Salvia officinalis, Salix aegyptiaca, and many others, in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, and Ardabil for the treatment of diabetes. These plant species have been traditionally used in the folk medicine of the region for their presumed antidiabetic properties.

The region of Northwest Iran possesses a rich tradition of ethnobotanical knowledge. The medicinal plants identified in this review warrant further investigation through rigorous clinical and pharmacological studies. If these plants demonstrate anti-diabetic effects, they could potentially serve as a valuable source for the development of novel anti-diabetic drugs.

Plants serve as a rich repository of bioactive compounds with the potential to promote ocular health, prevent eye diseases, and enhance visual function. Traditional medicine has long utilized plant-based remedies to improve vision. This review aims to identify and elucidate the mechanisms of action of natural antioxidants derived from plants that exhibit beneficial effects on visual health.

In this review study, relevant articles were searched using keywords such as medicinal plants, vision, vision improvement, and traditional medicine. Databases like Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus were used for the search.

Medicinal plants including fennel, lemon, saffron, cranberry, green tea, turmeric, grapes, celery, and dandelion were found to enhance vision.

This review highlights the potential of medicinal plants to enhance visual function and prevent ocular diseases. The antioxidant properties of these plants can safeguard ocular tissues from oxidative damage, thereby mitigating the risk of conditions such as dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, and other ocular disorders. To fully harness the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, further research is imperative to elucidate their precise mechanisms of action and optimize their application in both traditional and modern medicine.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain responsible for motor control. Following Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Despite the availability of various pharmacological treatments, these medications often exhibit side effects and may have varying efficacy and duration of action. To address the limitations of conventional therapies, this review aims to identify the most promising medicinal plants traditionally employed in the management of Parkinson's disease.

This review employed a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant literature on the use of medicinal plants for Parkinson's disease. Authoritative scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched using the following keywords: 'medicinal plants,' 'traditional medicine,' 'Parkinson's,' and 'neurology.' Irrelevant articles were excluded from the review process.

Traditional Iranian medicine incorporates a diverse array of medicinal plants for the management of Parkinson's disease. Notable examples include Nigella sativa (black cumin), Boswellia serrata (frankincense), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Olea europaea (olive), Camellia sinensis (tea), Prunus domestica (plum), Ficus carica (fig), Echium amoenum (Iranian borage), Prunus dulcis (almond), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), and various Scutellaria species.

While medicinal plants may offer potential benefits as adjunctive therapies for Parkinson's disease, further research is warranted to establish their efficacy and safety. Current studies on these plants are limited in scope, and additional evidence is required to draw definitive conclusions regarding their role in the management of Parkinson's.

Elevated blood lipid levels can lead to the deposition of lipids within the vascular walls, resulting in vessel constriction. Prompt and appropriate intervention for hyperlipidemia is crucial not only to prevent the onset of coronary artery narrowing but also to hinder its progression and potentially facilitate its reversal. Many plants, including vegetables and fruits, demonstrate cholesterol-lowering properties attributed to their fiber content. This study aims to identify medicinal plants within Iranian ethnobotanical knowledge that exhibit potential efficacy in managing hyperlipidemia. This review employed reputable databases to aggregate data on phytotherapeutic species with potential efficacy in managing hyperlipidemia. A comprehensive search strategy was implemented, utilizing specific keywords such as 'medicinal plants,' 'blood lipids,' 'hyperlipidemia,' 'phytotherapy,' and 'ethnobotany' in both English and their respective translations. The selected articles underwent a rigorous screening process, adhering to criteria such as publication date within the past twelve years, unrestricted access, and substantial information on the impact of botanical species on hyperlipidemia. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that the medicinal plant's Thymus vulgare, Apium graveolens, Cichorium intybus, Fumaria officinali, Cynodon dactylon, Heracleum rawianum, Anthemis altissima, Gundelia tourneforttii, Anthriscus sylvestris, Silybum marianum, Tragopogon aureus, Trigonella foenum-graecum , Solanum nigrum, Berberis vulgaris, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cichorium intybus, Arum elongatum, Rheum ribes, Mentha spicata, and several other medicinal plants are used in different regions of Ayaran for hyperlipidemia. The use of indigenous medicinal plants from Iran in the management of hyperlipidemia, grounded in ethnobotanical knowledge, is not only historically significant but also supported by contemporary scientific research. These botanical agents can effectively lower blood lipid levels through various mechanisms, including the inhibition of lipid absorption and the enhancement of metabolic rates. The growing interest in traditional medicine and the utilization of these botanical resources has gained popularity due to their inherent advantages and reduced side effects compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals. Continued scholarly investigation in this area holds promise for the development of innovative and effective therapeutic agents derived from these plants.

 Ozone technology is utilized to inactivate enzymes, destroy microorganisms, and preserve and maintain food quality without chemicals as antimicrobial agents.

 As an emerging processing technology, ozone pretreatment objectives combine some selected features with low molecular weight functional components and bioactive properties of medicinal plants. Changes observed were those in physical and functional properties such as pH, sensorial attributes of aroma and texture, and bioactive compounds like polyphenols, oxidants, and non-enzymatic enzymes.

 It has been shown through research that different reactions occur, which could be beneficial according to the mixture of plants present, given that each case has a different mechanism. Ozone’s natural behavior, improved economic viability, and enhanced environmental safety distinguish it from traditional means. Nevertheless, research on the effects of ozone on functional and bioactive compounds of food and medicinal plants is still ongoing since it will be the basis for its establishment as a new technique.

 The primary objectives achieved by applying ozone technology include maintaining and enhancing quality, improving antimicrobial efficiency, reducing chemical usage, environmental sustainability, and developing new processing methods. This study investigates the effect of ozone on the physical and functional properties, such as pH and sensory attributes, based on controlled experiments while analyzing the different reactions induced by ozone when combined with medicinal plants.

 Aflatoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, pose significant risks to human and animal health due to their presence in food and agricultural products. Traditional methods of aflatoxin degradation often compromise product quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cold plasma technology in degrading aflatoxins while preserving the quality of the treated products.

 A comprehensive review of the current literature focused on studies that applied cold plasma technology for aflatoxin degradation. The analysis included parameters such as plasma generation methods, exposure times, and the impact on the nutritional and sensory quality of the treated products.

 Cold plasma technology significantly degraded aflatoxins across different food matrices. Its low-temperature operation ensures minimal impact on the quality of agricultural and food products, making it especially suitable for temperature-sensitive items. The technology works by generating reactive species that target and neutralize the toxic properties of aflatoxins.

 Compared to traditional methods, cold plasma offers a safer and more efficient alternative for aflatoxin degradation. Cold plasma technology presents a promising solution for aflatoxin degradation with significant advantages over conventional methods. Its ability to maintain product quality while effectively neutralizing aflatoxins underscores its potential for broader application in food safety management. Further research is warranted to optimize its use and fully understand its implications for human and animal health.

Considering the importance of pain, this study aims to present a standard topical formulation for pain control. In the texts of traditional Persian pharmaceutical books, many verbs, and citrus fruits are mentioned as pain relievers. In this study, the Plantago ovata Forsk. plant was selected from the book of Makhzen al-Adviyah, and related aqueous and acidic extractions were yielded in rose oil. After microscopic characterization and determining the identification number of the plant and FTIR test, Plantago ovata Forsk seed extract was prepared with different acidic and aqueous types, and the mucilage was prepared after evaluating several cream formulations, finally, the proportion of 70% oil and 30% stearic acid contained 65% extract. It was chosen as the appropriate formulation, which was more suitable for appearance characteristics (uniform texture and proper spreading without feeling rough on the skin). The final semi-solid formulation was examined in terms of the uniformity and integrity of the cream and the examination of rubability and cream consistency tests, the examination of spreadability, pH measurement, and the examination of viscosity and rheology properties, and the results showed that this formulation in terms of pharmaceutics tests and the total saccharide content was in the acceptable range. After passing the clinical trials, the mentioned product can be effective as a product derived from herbal compounds for pain control.