mefenamic acid

Postpartum pain or uterine contractions is one of the common problems of the postpartum period, which has a significant impact on the quality of life of mothers. Considering the side effects caused by the use of chemical drugs, as well as mothers' anxiety and worry about the medicinal effects of drugs for themselves and their babies, today mothers' desire to use complementary medicine to relieve postpartum pain has increased. The present study was conducted with aim to compare the effect of Nigella sativa vs. menstrogel and mefenamic acid on postpartum pain.

This triple-blind clinical trial study was conducted in 2021-2022 on 60 multiparous women referring to Walie Asr maternity hospital in Birjand city who gave birth naturally and complained of postpartum pain. The women were randomly assigned to three groups of Nigella sativa, menstrogel, and mefenamic acid capsules and they took capsules every 6 hours for 24 hours. Pain intensity was measured before each dose and one hour later. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and ANOVA, chi-square, paired t-test, post hoc Benferroni tests. P<0.05 was considered significant.

The mean score of pain intensity before and after the intervention in the first round did not differ significantly in the three groups (p>0.05), while the results of the analysis of variance showed that the pain intensity has a significant difference in the three groups in the second round after the intervention (p=0.02), the third round after the intervention (p=0.002) and the fourth round after the intervention (p<0.05), and the intensity of pain was less in the Nigella sativa and menstrogel group than the mefenamic acid group, and the consumption of additional painkillers was also lower.

Nigella sativa and menstrogel can be used as an effective herbal medicine to reduce the intensity of postpartum pain.

Sinus lift and subsequent bone grafting is a very accepted method of implant placement for edentulous rehabilitation in the posterior of the maxilla. Complications after sinus lift surgery include pain and swelling in the surgical area. Based on theexistence of multiple effects of curcumin around inflammation and pain, no wide research about this issue, and increasing the usage of herbal medicine among patients, this study aimed to compare curcumin and mefenamic acid in controlling pain and swelling after open sinus lift surgery for implant reconstruction.

This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 90 patients who volunteered for open sinus lift surgery in the posterior maxilla. They were randomly divided into two groups (n = 45). Pain after surgery was assessed based on the VAS scale. Inflammation was assessed by a ruler at 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22, independent t-test and Mann- Whitney U. The p-value less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) was considered significant.

51 men and 39 women participated in our study (p < 0.05). The mean age in the mefenamic acid group was 34.7 ± 7.9 and in the curcumin group, was 37.7 ± 9.2 (p > 0.05). The mean pain and swelling in both groups at all times after surgery were determined by VAS and a ruler. Pain and swelling were significantly lower in curcumin compared to the mefenamic acid group (p < 0.0001).  There was a significant difference between the pain levels of the patients in the two-by-two time comparison (p < 0.05(. The effect of the drug on patients' pain over time was significant (p < 0.05). The effect of drug, time, and the interaction between drug and time on patients' swelling over time was significant (p < 0.0001).

It seems that curcumin may be a good alternativefor mefenamic acid after oral surgery.

According to the high prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its consequences on the quality of life and the effects of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs consumption, the present study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of the capsella bursa-pastoris on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea.

This triple-blind clinical trial study was conducted in 2022 on 80 girls referred to the comprehensive health service centers of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences with a history of primary dysmenorrhea. The participants were divided into two groups of 40 people, intervention and control. The intervention group received capsules containing 400 mg of hydroalcoholic extract of the "Capsella bursa pastoris" plant and the control group received 250 mg capsules of mefenamic acid every 8 hours for 3 days for 2 consecutive periods. The research tools were demographic profile questionnaire, menstrual status and physical activity questionnaire, and visual analog scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 19) and independent t-tests, chi-square, Bonferroni and analysis of variance with repeated measures. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Before the intervention, the two groups were similar in terms of pain intensity (p=0.689). The two-factor variance test showed that the two groups had a significant difference in terms of pain intensity after the intervention (p=0.001), but the reduction of pain was more in the capsella bursa-pastoris group.

The Capsella bursa-pastoris plant can reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhoea; Therefore, it is recommended to conduct more researches to confirm the effectiveness and safety of the Capsella bursa pastoris plant.

Dysmenorrhea is usually cramped in nature and focuses on the lower abdomen and is a common disorder that manifests during the menstrual cycle and interferes with a person's daily activities. The present study was performed with aim to compare the effect of the medicinal plant of marigold and mefenamic acid on the pain of patients with primary dysmenorrhea.

This randomized clinical trial study with a control group was conducted in 2018 on 80 girls aged 18-25 years who referred to Khomein health centers. The subjects were divided into two groups: intervention (recipient of amaranth drops) and control (recipient of mefenamic acid capsule) (n=40 in each group) and drugs were taken for 2 months. Before the intervention and during 2 months, the primary dysmenorrhea pain score was evaluated by a visual pain measure including a pain ruler and a pain descriptive form and then were compared. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 19) and independent t, paired t and Wilcoxon tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Based on the results of Wilcoxon test, the pain intensity score before the intervention and after 1 and 2 months of consumption was significant in both groups (p≤0.001). Based on the results of independent t-tests and paired t-tests, there was a significant difference in the mean number of pain days (pain duration) before and after the intervention in the two groups (p≤0.001), and the duration of pain had decreased in the test group during the first and second month after the intervention.

Marigold medicinal plant and mefenamic acid reduced the duration of dysmenorrhea pain compared to before treatment, therefore, the use of marigold along with mefenamic acid is recommended in the treatment of dysmenorrhea.

Primary dysmenorrhea, is a common cause of referral to gynecological clinics. Due to its high prevalence and inability to provide ideal relief, it limits daily activities and absenteeism from work and school. There are several treatments for dysmenorrhea that are usually associated with complications. Many are looking for uncomplicated and effective methods to reduce complications. This study investigated the analgesic effect of Period Patch in dysmenorrhea.This interventional study was performed as a randomized clinical trial on 70 women with primary dysmenorrhea. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups receiving mefenamic acid and Period Patch containing iron powder, activated carbon, magnet, water and salt. Two treatments were used for one menstrual cycle. The rate of improvement in menstrual cramps was determined by dialogue and by a numerical analogue pain scale with a score of zero to ten. Finally, the effectiveness of methods in reducing pain was compared. In this study, reducing pain by at least 25% was considered as the effectiveness of treatment.70 people in two groups of 35 completed the study. The two groups were similar in terms of mean age, mean body mass index, marital status, frequency of exercise, smoking and age of onset of menstruation. The effectiveness rate was 22 cases (62.9%) in mefenamic acid group and 13 cases (37.1%) in Period Patch group, which showed a significant difference (P = 0.031).In this study, the effect of mefenamic acid analgesia was greater than Period Patch in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

Postpartum pain is one of the common postpartum problems that has adverse consequences for both mother and infant. The side effects of chemical drugs have led to the tendency to use herbal medicines to reduce postpartum pain. This study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of Saliva hydrangea capsule on postpartum pain.

This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed in 2018 on 100 mothers that 2 hours had passed from their normal vaginal delivery and had severity of moderate to severe postpartum pain based on visual pain scale (VAS). The women were randomly assigned in two groups: Saliva hydrangea+mefenamic acid and placebo+mefenamic acid. The capsules were used every 6 hours. The intensity and duration of pain were recorded before and one hour after the intervention by VAS. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and independent- t and paired t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and repeated measures. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

After the end of the intervention, the mean of pain score in Saliva hydrangea group (0.32 ± 0.12) was significantly lower than placebo group (0.92 ± 3.60) (p <0.05). Pain relief time interval in the intervention group after the first dose (0.25 ± 1.36) and after the final dose (0.48 ± 1.30) significantly decreased compared to the placebo group after the first dose (0.81 ± 3.27) and after the final dose (0.88 ± 3.62) (p <0.05).

The combination of Saliva hydrangea and mefenamic acid is more effective on the severity of postpartum pain and the time required to relieve pain compared to mefenamic acid alone, and as a herbal drug can decrease the severity of postpartum pain.

Postpartum pain is one of the problems of the Post-delivery period. Prostaglandin inhibitors, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are commonly used to reduce pain, but may cause gastrointestinal side effects. In this study, the effect of dill essential oil and mefenamic acid on the duration of postpartum pain was compared.

108 multiparous women who had a normal vaginal delivery and suffered from the postpartum pain were recruited from Razi hospital of Ahvaz City. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 54: dill essential oil (1.5 mg / kg) and mefenamic acid (250 mg capsule), using a simple random sampling method. The magnitude of postpartum pain was measured by the Visual Analogue Scale two hours after birth. Patients experiencing the pain of 3.1 and more enrolled in the study. Both extract and mefenamic acid administered every 6 hours up to 4 times in case of constant pain. Following consumption of dill extract or mefenamic acid, the patient was asked to mention the duration of drug effect, the time of complete removal of the pain and the time of experiencing pain resumption. Statistical analysis was was done by t-test, Chi-square and repeated measure using SPSS Statistics V22.

The duration of pain has decreased significantly over the time (39.2±3.21 and 32.07±1.89 min for the first and fourth intervention of dill extract, and 40.5±4.09 and 31.97±3.15 min for the first and fourth intervention of mefenamic acid) (P<0.001).The mean duration of drug effect following second and third intervention showed a significant reduction in the extract group (19.24±2.05 and 20.89±2.74 min respectively) compared to mefenamic acid group (34.22± 85.3 and 21.12±3.55 min respectively) (P<0.005).

It bseems that the onset of action of dill extract is faster than mefenamic acid; so extract can be used due to the lack of gastrointestinal side effects.

Dysmenorrhea is associated with one or more systemic symptoms, including nausea and vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea, low back pain, and headache in more than 50% of
the cases. These symptoms disrupt social communication in affected women. This investigation was conducted to compare the effect of rosemary and mefenamic acid oral capsules on the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea.

This randomized double-blind trial was conducted in 82 students with primary dysmenorrhea in Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Iran. Participants were studied in two cycles for the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. They were randomly assigned into two groups; rosemary (n=45) and mefenamic acid (n=45) using PASS software. They received 250 mg of medications in the first three menstruation days 8-hourly. The visual analogue scale was used to determine the severity of pain. Data were analyzed in SPSS V24.

The mean scores for pain intensity significantly reduced in rosemary group and mefenamic acid group compared to baseline scores (16.81±10.96 and 18.45±12.80, respectively) (P<0.001). But, there were no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). Some symptoms, including nausea in first cycle (P=0.01) and second cycle (P=0.02) and boredom in first cycle (P=0.02) and second cycle (P=0.01) were found to be significantly different between the two groups. But, other symptoms were not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05).

Pain reducing effects of rosemary were similar to those of mefenamic acid and it also reduced boredom and nausea. Medicinal drugs cause fewer side effects, therefore, rosemary could be used as an alternative to mefenamic acid in management of dysmenorrhea.

Menorrhagia is one of the common gynecological problems and one of the reasons for iron deficiency anemia in women. Regarding to the lack of researches in this field, this study was performed with aim to determine the effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Achillea Milefolium (AM) on Menorrhagia.

This triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 120 women with Menorrhagia referred to Valiasr medical center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Study instruments were demographic form, pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC), weight and meter. After confirming Menorrhagia in basic cycle, the intervention group was treated with 150mg AM capsule and 500mg Mefenamic-acid capsules and the placebo group was treated with AM placebo capsules and Mefenamic-acid capsules every eight hours in seven days of menstruation for two consecutive months. In the next cycle, they were followed-up by the PBAC. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 19) and independent t-test, paired t-test, Repeated measurement variance analysis, Friedman, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Fisher and Chi-square tests (p<0.05).

The intensity and duration of menstrual bleeding significantly decreased in both groups (p<0.001). Reduction of intensity and duration of bleeding was significantly higher in the AM group (p<0.001) and duration of bleeding in intervention group was insignificantly higher (p>0.001). Although, intensity and duration of bleeding in both groups increased after the intervention compared with intervention period (p<0.001), but was lower compared with before the intervention (p<0.001).

According to the effect of AM on reduction of menstrual bleeding, AM can be used in treatment of Menorrhagia.

Menorrhagia refers to heavy menstrual cycles in which bleeding has or prolonged. Menorrhagia is a common cause for referral to gynecology clinics and about 30% of women at reproductive age experience it. Heavy menstrual bleeding has a negative impact on the quality of life in terms of physical, psychological and social health. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to determine the effect of hydro alcoholic extract ofAchillea Millefoliumon women's menorrhagia.
This triple-blind clinical trials study with control group was performed on 90 women who referred to health clinics, Arak University of Medical Sciences in 2015-2016. After one cycle of controlling menstrual bleeding, the subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of test and control. For both groups, 2 Mefenamic acid capsule (250 mg) was administered every 8 hours from the first day of menstruation up to the end of it for seven days for two consecutive cycles. For test group, in addition to Mefenamic acid, 2 Achillea Mille folium capsules was administered every 12 hours from the first day of menstruation up to the end of it for seven days. In control group, combination of mefnamic acid and placebo was administered with same dose and order. Data on the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding were analyzed using PBLAC chart. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version20) and independent t-test, Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests. P<0.001 was considered statistically significant.
In the inter-comparison of the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding before and after treatment, the amount of bleeding was significantly reduced (p<0.001); this decrease was significantly more in Achillea Mille folium group than the control group (p=0.036). The duration of menstrual bleeding was also significantly reduced in both groups (p<0.001). The decrease in duration of menstrual bleeding was significantly more in Achillea Mille folium group than the control group (p=0.042).
The hydro alcoholic extract ofAchillea mille folium capsule is effective in reducing the
amount and duration of menstrual bleeding in women of reproductive age. Achillea mille folium due to less complications and no hormonal effects can be effective in treatment of menorrhagia.

  The rate of bleeding is associated with impaired synthesis of endometrial prostaglandins, especially PGE2. One of the most common causes of anemia in women is menstrual bleeding. Bromelain, an enzyme found in pineapple, has anti-inflammatory effects and reduces prostaglandin E2 in inflammatory regions. This study was performed with aim to compare the effects of Bromelain and Mefenamic acid on the amount of menstrual bleeding. A double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 students with primary dysmenorrhea in dormitories of Velayat University of Iranshahr in 2017. The students were monitored for two cycles with Higham chart in terms of the rate of bleeding. Then, they were randomly assigned to two groups: Bromelain (n=32) and Mefenamic acid (n=34). The Higham chart was completed to measure menstrual bleeding in two cycles of control and two cycles of intervention. The subjects received 250mg capsules of Bromelain or 250mg capsules of Mefenamic acid, if needed, they received two interventional cycles every 6 hours during the first three days. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and Mann-Whitney, Paired t-test and independent t-test. P <0.05 was considered significant. The results of Paired t-test showed significant difference in the amount of bleeding after intervention in the Bromelain group (P = 0.036), but this difference was not significant in the Mefenamic acid group (P = 0.088). The difference between the mean of bleeding in two cycles of intervention compared to the two cycles of control was -6.79 ± 17.57 in the bromelain group and was -5.36 ± 17.57 in the Mefenamic acid group that showed no significant difference (P = 0.744). Consumption of Bromelain for reducing menstrual bleeding has no difference with Mefenamic acid in primary dysmenorrhea.

Postpartum pain or painful uterine contractions is an important postpartum problem, and its relief could improve breastfeeding and mother-infant interactions. Medicinal herbs could be used to relieve postpartum pain with fewer side-effects and better acceptability compared to chemical medications. The present study aimed to compare the effects of the combination of Nigella sativa (Kalonji) and mefenamic acid and mefenamic acid alone on postpartum pain in multiparous women.
This randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 100 multiparous women with natural delivery, who complained of moderate-to-severe postpartum pain in 2017. The women were randomly assigned to two groups of Kalonji-mefenamic acid (n=50) and placebo-mefenamic acid (n=50). Severity of postpartum pain was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS) two hours after delivery, and mothers with the pain score of ≥4 were enrolled in the study. Women in the intervention group received mefenamic acid capsules (250 mg) with a Kalonji capsule (500 mg), and the control group received mefenamic acid capsules (250 mg) with a placebo. Severity and duration of pain were measured before and one hour after each medication administration using the VAS. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using independent and paired t-test, Chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U test. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Severity of postpartum pain reduced more rapidly and significantly in the Kalonji-mefenamic acid group compared to the placebo-mefenamic acid group (P According to the results, combination of Kalonji and mefenamic acid could be used as an effective herbal remedy in the women with postpartum pain.