moral virtues

How to create a suitable environment for subordinate human factors is one of the concerns of efficient managers at different levels, so that they deal with a sense of responsibility for the issues of society and their profession and observe the ethical principles governing them. This research has dealt with the concept of professional ethics, its importance and various dimensions.

In this study, first, the factors affecting the design of managers' professional ethics model have been identified through a qualitative method; Then, by collecting ethical propositions effective in improving management by the method of grounded theory and extracting the limits of these propositions from religious sources, an attempt is made to reconcile these cases with the gaps in the management system, which in turn is new and rare.

Finally, using thematic analysis from religious sources including authentic Shiite verses and hadiths, the model of professional ethics of managers was extracted, which includes 20 virtues and 22 moral vices.

Accurate analysis and accurate conclusion of the collected data and information is the basis for future planning in the organization or in the research community. The findings of this study show that the model extracted from the analysis of the content of religious sources, including the Holy Quran and the narrations of the Infallibles (AS) is much more comprehensive than the examples of model construction based on qualitative interviews.

The aim of this article was to identify the factors affecting the moral development of elementary school students in Tehran from the perspective of experts in order to provide a suitable model. The research method in terms of developmental purpose and in terms of data type is part of a series of consecutive exploratory research, which is both qualitative and quantitative, which was done by the foundation data method, and in terms of method, it is a descriptive survey. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes a number of specialists and in the quantitative section includes all male and female primary school teachers in the 19 districts of Tehran who were employed in the academic year 2019-20, the number of whom was 23,593. In the qualitative section, 12 people were selected by snowball targeted method and in the quantitative section, 377 people were selected by cluster and random method. The results showed; In the developed model, out of 88 indicators, 6 main dimensions and 20 sub-components can be identified, which are: living environment and upbringing (role of family environment in moral development, role of educational environment in moral development), use of moral arguments ( Cognitive arguments, emotional arguments) Supportive environment including (family and educators have scientific knowledge, use of incentives) Psychological, social and educational harms including (harms caused by personality and psychological characteristics, harms caused by improper use From the media) creating knowledge includes (responsibility, role modeling) moral virtues include (human dignity). In addition, the developed model has a suitable structure.

There are two categories of material and spiritual causes in human health, moral virtues are one of the spiritual causes that play a major role in ensuring health and it has been mentioned in verses and hadiths explicitly or implicitly. The present study seeks the answer of the question “what is the role of moral virtues in health from the perspective of religious teachings?” by studying verses and hadiths and finding propositions that have pointed to the role of moral virtues on the body and mind. According to the research findings, at least thirteen moral virtues have explicitly or implicitly mentioned the role of moral virtues in physical and mental health. These virtues were: 1. Piety, 2. Eating less, 3. Visiting relatives, 4. Patience, 5. Overcoming anger, 6. Controlling eyes, 7. Avoiding suspicion, 8. Good behavior, 9. Trusting in God, 10. Truthfulness, 11. Gratitude, 12. Silence, 13. Contentment. Some religious propositions have spoken about the role of these virtues in physical health, others mentioned them in mental health, and some, in both physical and mental health. In general, according to religious propositions, possessing moral virtues plays three roles in physical and mental health: 1. Prevention of diseases, 2. Treatment of diseases, 3. Continuity of health.

Courage is one of the moral virtues and the source of many personal and social achievements that are essential for providing quality care. Moral courage is to take action act fearlessly and act on the basis of will; that is, the individual acts without regard to other factors, only on the basis of values and what is good to others. Nurses are the ethical focus of the professional career group and inspiration source for moral care and compassionate. Moral courage is a professional management competence and the most important elements among the four virtues necessary for management; including foresight, justice and moderation, as well as a factor stabilizing the action. By seeing managers as ethical and behavioral models, nurses learn the correct and expected performance, and the courage to respond correctly to one situation is strengthened in them. The purpose of this study was to compare the mean moral courage of nurses and nursing managers working in hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months starting from September to November 2015. A total of 70 nurses and 61 nurse managers were selected using convenient sampling method. Data collection was carried out using the Moral Courage Scale developed by Sekerka et al. in 2009. This scale consists of 15 questions categorized into five areas of moral agency, multiple values, endurance of threats, going beyond compliance, and moral goals. The response scale is 5-point Likert scale that is always arranged from Never (1) to Always (5). This scale was translated and back translated by Mohammadi et al. in Iran, and its validity was assessed through a survey of 10 experts in the field of medical ethics and content validity index (CVI) of 81% was obtained. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85 was obtained for the instrument reliability. To determine the reliability, the scale was completed by 20 nurses and nurse managers and the Cronbach's alpha of 0.86 was obtained. Data analysis was carried out by SPSS ver.22. Descriptive analysis of data was performed using central indices and comparison of mean moral courage in two groups using independent t-test. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between age, work experience and moral courage. The response rate was 100% and 87% in the nurses and nursing managers groups, respectively.
Ethical considerations: To carry out the research, the relevant permission was obtained from Ethics Committee of the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The informed consent was obtained from participants after explaining the research aims and its implementation procedure. Also, the researcher assured participants about the confidentiality of their information and documents and explained to them about the freedom to withdraw from the research at any stage without being suffered from any adverse consequences.
Findings: A total of 40 (30.5%), 21 (16%), 38 (29%) and 32 (24.4% ) of cases of the 131 nurses and nursing managers participating in the study, were employed in internal medicine, surgical wards, ICU and emergency departments and the nursing office, respectively. Nursing managers included 31 (23.7%) head nurses, 27 (20.6%), educational and clinical supervisors, and 3 matrons (3.2%). The mean moral courage was 4.31 ± 0.40 and 4.33 ± 0.32 among nurses and nursing managers, respectively. The mean moral courage of the two groups was not significantly different (P= 0.06). There was a significant relationship between age, nursing management experience and moral agency (P= 0.04), as well as nurse's work experience, and then multiple values and going beyond compliance (P= 0.035). The mean moral courage was desirable among nurses and nursing managers. There was no significant difference between nurses and nursing managers in terms of mean of moral courage and its 5 items (moral agency, multiple values, endurance of threats, going beyond compliance, and moral goals).
The desirability of the mean moral courage of nurses and nursing directors in this study is a clear and positive point for health service providers that can be used to promote professional performance. Regarding the fact that there was a significant relationship between increase in age and work experience and the dimensions of moral courage in both groups, and considering that moral behavior and courage may decrease over time due to the influence of anxiety, fear and its negative consequences; therefore, to increase the moral courage of members of the organization, appropriate planning for training staffs, holding workshops and discourse sessions and encouraging and protecting moral behaviors are recommended. Also, strengthening the moral capabilities of managers and nurses having a higher work experience can provide the appropriate models for promoting moral performance in the organization.
Please cite this article as: Moosavi S, IzadiA. Comparison of moral courage of the nurses and nursing managers working in hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Med Ethics J 2017; 11(41): 17-24.

According to Islamic teachings, the human being has three-dimensional spheres, which include: 1) the thoughts, 2) beliefs and value and 3) behaviors. Each of these aspects, are interrelated with another, But, the root and source of moral and behavioral traits, is belief and thought. On the base of Quran, a collection of true faith, as a source of good moral and good deed, makes all Clean, healthy and spiritual living for human. This paper is an attempt to answer this question; "according to The Quran, which behaviors and actions are righteous and can effect on the purity and spirituality of human life and provide Healthy and qualifications for the individual and society and it is also effective in reforming and strengthening the moral and faith? " the short but comprehensive answer can be what the Quran point out as "doing good deeds", which has a variety of positive and negative aspects. It means the set of individual and social actions and behaviors that are useful and they are emphasized by the Quran. However, the aim of this paper is to investigate of the best examples of the behaviors of heart and format (good deeds) and its relation to health and spirituality from the perspective of the Quran. This research tries to provide appropriate answers to these questions with using Quranic verses and some first and second sources with descriptive and analysis methods.