myopia

Blue-blocking lenses, including both spectacles and intraocular lenses, are designed to selectively reduce the intensity of short-wavelength visible light and UV radiation using a chromophore. Unlike standard spectacle lenses, which only offer varying degrees of UV protection, blue-blocking lenses provide additional benefits such as enhancing visual performance, reducing eye fatigue from digital screens, protecting the retina from phototoxicity, and minimizing disruption of the circadian rhythm caused by blue light-emitting devices used in the evening. Research has shown that the length of the eye tends to increase over time, especially during the first 10 months of life, indicating the importance of this period in eye development. The Purkinje shift is a phenomenon where the eye becomes more sensitive to blue light in the dark, and it is a normal physiological process. However, there is concern that prolonged use of blue-cut lenses in children may affect the development of eye length and contribute to an increase in refractive eye disorders.

To evaluate the patterns of refractive errors among patients who visited Ibn Al Haytham hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from January 2023 to October 2023.

This cross-sectional observational study was conducted between January 2023 and December 2023. Participants aged 18 and above were selected using random sampling from individuals referred for eye care at the Ibn Al Haytham hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, during the study period. Data were collected using a standardized checklist. Visual acuity tests with a Snellen chart, and refractive error measurements using an autorefractometer were performed.

Of the 309 participants included in the study, myopia was the most prevalent condition, affecting 63.8 % (n = 197), while hyperopia was present in 36.2 % (n = 112). Additionally, 40.1 % (n = 124) of participants had astigmatism, and 34.63 % (n = 107) had abnormal visual acuity. The distribution of refractive errors by gender showed that myopia (68.02 %, P = 0.001) and astigmatism (69.35 %, P = 0.016) were more prevalent in female participants. Job status was also associated with the distribution of refractive errors (P = 0.040) and astigmatism (P = 0.002). Finally, family history showed a significant association with the pattern of refractive errors among participants (P = 0.035).

The study results highlight significant variations in the prevalence and patterns of refractive errors among patients at Ibn Al Haytham hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, with myopia being the most common condition. Gender, job type and familial history were found to have significant associations with different types of refractive errors.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have impaired vision owing to high refractive errors and aversion to spectacles or contact lenses. Visual blurring is caused by near-sighted myopia, far-sighted hyperopia, or astigmatism in one or both eyes. Refractive surgery can restore sharp vision and eliminate the need for spectacles and contact lenses. Restoration of sharp vision may improve ASD behavior. We aimed to determine the refractive outcomes in this cohort using ophthalmic measures and behavioral and school performance alterations after refractive surgery by employing parent–proxy reports.

This interventional, retrospective case series included data from 267 children with refractive errors and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) diagnosed as ASD alone or NDD with ASD-like behaviors over a 15-year period. One of three refractive surgery methods was employed, with the choice of method uniquely tailored to the child’s eye anatomy. Laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) was performed in 131 children, implantation of a phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) in 115 children, and removal of the crystalline lens and implantation of an intraocular lens (refractive lens exchange, RLE) in 21 children. All procedures were performed under brief general anesthesia, with the child returning home on the same day.

The median age at surgery was 10.9 years and the median follow-up period was 3.1 years. Pre-operative refractive errors ranged from a mean (standard deviation) +7.5 (0.09) D to -14.3 (4.8) D. Surgery corrected 87% of the children to normal focal length (± 1 D). Visual acuity improved an average of 0.6 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, the equivalent of 6 lines on a standard eye chart. Change in visual acuity was significant (all P < 0.01) between baseline and the most recent follow-up examination in each of subgroups. Change in spherical equivalent refractive error at 3, 12, 24, 36, 60, and > 60 months post-operatively were significant (all P < 0.01) between baseline and each follow-up visit in each of subgroups. Social interactions and ASD behaviors improved in 72% (192) of the treated children (P < 0.01). The incidence of sight-threatening complications was low.

Refractive surgery improves both visual function and behavior in most children with ASD and major myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism. The PRK, pIOL, and RLE procedures appear to be effective and reasonably safe methods for improving refractive error, visual acuity, and behavior in many ametropic children with ASD and ASD-like NDDs.

 To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among elementary school students in Iranshahr, Iran.

 For this cross-sectional study, 1,745 students from elementary schools in Iranshahr city, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, were chosen using a multi-staged cluster sampling method. The examinations included measuring uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction, cover test, and ophthalmoscopy. In this study, the Refractive Error Study in Children (RESC) protocol was applied. Cycloplegic refraction spherical equivalent of less than or equal to -0.50 D was considered myopia, ≥ 2.00 D was considered hypermetropia, and a cylinder ≥ 0.50 D was considered astigmatism.

 Information was completed for 1,576 students (response rate: 90.31 %). Participants were on average 9.76 ± 1.86 years old. UCVA and BCVA of 20/20 or lower were found in 15.7 % and 2.5 % percent of the study population, respectively. The prevalence of hyperopia and myopia were 5.7  % and 7.3  % respectively.

 Elementary school children in Iranshahr city, Iran show a relatively high prevalence of refractive errors, particularly astigmatism. It is necessary for the health system to focus on identifying and correcting these refractive errors among this age group.

The possible effects of refractive errors on vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) has been a conflicting issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of induced myopia on VOR using the ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (oVEMP).

In this cross-sectional quasi-experimental study, 35 emmetropic and normal subjects with the mean age of 23.89 ± 3.93 (range, 20–40 years) without any ocular, nervous system, and vestibular disorders, underwent the oVEMP test in the comprehensive rehabilitation center of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The oVEMP was performed under five different conditions of testing binocularly, monocularly, and when myopia was induced with the use of spherical lenses of +1.00, +3.00, and +5.00 diopters, respectively. There were 2 to 5 min of rest with closed eyes after each condition to avoid adaptation, fatigue, and any other sources of bias. Mean latencies of oVEMP waves (N1 and P1) and amplitudes of N1–P1 complex were measured.

There was no significant difference between the right and left sides (P > 0.05). The induced myopia significantly increased the N1 and P1 latencies using lenses of +1.00, +3.00, and +5.00 diopters but the amplitudes of N1–P1 complex were not influenced by the different amounts of induced myopia. There was no significant difference among the different conditions of induced myopia either (P > 0.05).

Induced myopia could affect the VOR due to prolonging the latencies of oVEMP waves. However, the amplitudes were not affected and the effects of multiple degrees of induced myopia were not significantly different.

To compare the demographic and ocular characteristics of patients with low and high levels of anisometropia compared with non-anisometropic individuals.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1803 individuals (age range, 1 to 30 years) examined at strabismus clinics between January 2019 and December 2020. Of these, 203 subjects had anisometropia (11.2%); 66 cases were excluded due to the history of prior ocular surgery except from strabismus surgery. Finally, data from 137 subjects were analyzed. Spherical or cylindrical differences of 1.50 or 3.00D between the two eyes were defined as low or high anisometropia, respectively, and isometropic subjects (n = 1600) served as controls.

No significant difference was observed between cases and controls regarding age (10.25 ± 8.41 vs. 9.2 ± 1.7 years; P = 0.133) and sex (P = 0.051). History of ocular surgery was present in 33% of anisometropic patients versus 0.8 % of isometropic cases. The rate of amblyopia was 83% and 2.3% in anisometropic and non-anisometropic groups, respectively. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was comparable in amblyopic eyes in both study groups, while BCVA of nonamblyopic eyes of non-anisometropic subjects was better (non-anisometropic: 0.01 ± 0.01 vs. anisometropic: 0.06 ± 0.17 LogMAR; P = 0.001). Eye deviation was significantly more prevalent among anisometropic patients (36.5% vs. 3.25%, P < 0.001) and exotropia was the common type of deviation. Anisohyperopia and anisomyopia were the most common refractive errors under low and high anisometropia categories, respectively. Simultaneous manifestation of amblyopia and strabismus were observed in 30.6% of anisometropic cases, while only 0.7% of subjects with isometropia had a similar status (P < 0.001).

High rates of amblyopia and strabismus in anisometropic subjects, especially with higher degrees of anomaly, indicate the necessity of early visual acuity and refractive error screening to improve detection and enhance the outcomes of treatment.

To determine myopic progression, axial length elongation, best‑corrected visual acuity (BCVA), pupil dilation, and accommodation amplitude following 24 months of Atropine 0.01% usage among progressive myopic patients.

Fifty‑one progressive myopic patients (age range, 3.5–17 years) were included in the present study. Fifteen patients were excluded due to loss to follow‑up (eight patients) and Atropine complications (seven patients) and 36 patients continued therapy. Myopic progression, axial length, far and near BCVA, pupil diameter, and accommodation amplitude were measured at baseline examination and repeated every 6 months up to 2 years. All patients were recommended to instill one drop of Atropine 0.01% in each eye every night. Absolute success of therapy was defined as myopic progression ≤0.50 diopter (D) and axial length growth ≤0.2 mm per year.

Mean myopic progression was 0.16 and 1.28 D and mean axial length change was 0.05 and 0.69 mm at months 12 and 24, respectively. Pupil dilation was 1.26 and 1.84 mm and accommodation reduction was 3.38 and 3.37 D at the same follow‑ups, while BCVA was not changed. Absolute success rate for myopic progression control was 56.8% at 12 months and 70.8% at 24 months follow‑up. In addition, the success rate in respect to axial length changes was 44.4% and 58.3% at the same time points.

Atropine 0.01% can slow myopic progression and axial length elongation at least in 50% of myopic cases at 12‑ and 24‑month follow‑up with no significant complications. Therefore, Atropine therapy is recommended in cases of progressive myopia in children and teenagers.

Myopia, the most common refractive error, is a global public health problem with substantial visual impairment if left untreated. Several studies have investigated the association between increased near-work and restricted outdoor activities in children with myopia; however, such studies in children without myopia are scarce. We aimed to monitor the effect of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) home confinement and mandatory virtual learning on myopic progression among myopic and non-myopic school-aged children.

We conducted a retrospective chart review of children aged 6 – 12 years attending regular visits to the pediatric ophthalmology clinic in a tertiary eye hospital in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Cycloplegic refraction was determined from three visits at least six months apart: two visits before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and one during the COVID-19 home confinement. Parents were asked about the time spent in near-work and outdoor activities, the devices used during virtual learning, and the demographic characteristics of the children. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare myopia progression before and during the COVID-19 home confinement.

A total of 160 eyes of 80 children were analyzed. The boy (n = 46) to girl (n = 34) ratio was 1.4:1. The hyperopia (n = 131 eyes) to myopia (n = 29 eyes) ratio was 4.5:1. Most eyes exhibited a hyperopic shift before the confinement; however, all eyes displayed a myopic shift during the confinement. When comparing both eyes of the same individual, the more myopic or less hyperopic eye in the same child had a significantly greater myopic shift than the fellow eye (both P < 0.05). Children who used tablets showed a significant myopic shift (P< 0.05). Likewise, children in both age categories ( ≤ 8 and > 8 years), boys, those living in an apartment, and those having parents with bachelor’s degrees experienced a significant myopic shift during COVID-19 home confinement compared to before (all P < 0.05). The mean myopic shift was greater in children aged > 8 years than in those aged ≤ 8 years. Children with and without a family history of myopia had a myopic shift in the mean spherical equivalent during COVID-19 home confinement; however, that of children with no family history was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Progression of myopia accelerated in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Excessive time spent on digital screen devices at near distances is considered a substantial environmental contributor to myopic shift in children. Further multicenter studies with extended follow-up periods are needed to assess the factors contributing to myopic progression in our population.

 The study aims to determine the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of refractive errors and its related factors among the adult population of southeastern Iran.

 The current study included 9280 individuals aged 35 to 70 years using a multistage random sample method from October 2015 to January 2019 as a part of a Persian cohort study in Zahedan. Uncorrected and corrected vision, objective noncycloplegic, and subjective refraction were measured, with all participants undergoing ophthalmoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundoscopy, refraction, and retinoscopy. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 statistic software and described as percentage, odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval. Comparisons between groups and relationships among risk factors and refractive errors were performed with chi-square, nominal, and multiple regression analysis.

 The prevalence of low and moderate myopia, high myopia, low and moderate hyperopia, high hyperopia, low and moderate astigmatism, and high astigmatism was 24.2 (95% CI: 22.40 - 25.90), 1.5(95% CI: 0.00 - 3.53), 16.1(95% CI: 14.20 - 17.90), 1.3(95% CI: 0.00 - 3.30), 35.6 (95% CI: 33.90 - 37.30), and 3.8 (95% CI: 1.80 - 5.70) percent, respectively. The prevalence of refractive errors significantly varied across different age groups overall and by sex (P = 0.01). The proportion of refractive errors also significantly differed by education (P = < 0.001). The prevalence of against the rule, with the rule, and oblique astigmatism was 32.8 % (95% CI: 31.10 - 34.20), 42.1% (40.50 - 43.60), and 24.9% (23.10 - 26.60), respectively. The risk of astigmatism was significantly lower in men than in women (OR = 0.75; 95 % CI: 0.60 - 0.90). Based on multiple regression, the risk of myopia (OR = 2.07; 95 % CI: 1.60 - 2.60) and hyperopia (OR = 25.38; 95 % CI: 18.70 - 34.3) was higher in the age group 65 to 75 years compared to the younger group.

 The present study provided valuable information on the prevalence of refractive errors in the adult population in south-eastern Iran. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive eye care services, particularly for older individuals and those with lower education levels. Further prospective research is warranted to explore the factors contributing to refractive errors and to develop effective strategies for its prevention and management.

The present study aimed to assess the effect of refractive error (RE) correction on stereopsis.

A total of 62 participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, which included measurements of visual acuity, RE, stereopsis, ocular alignment, as well as examinations of the anterior and posterior ocular segments. Stereopsis was evaluated using the TNO random dot stereogram booklet at a distance of 33 cm, both with and without RE correction. The results were then compared to evaluate the impact of RE correction on stereopsis.

Our findings revealed that correcting one diopter of the spherical and spherical equivalent components of RE led to a significant improvement in stereopsis, with improvements of 30.884 and 30.373 seconds of arc, respectively (P = 0.001). However, the correction of other components of RE did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect on improving stereopsis. Additionally, we found no significant correlation between different types and severities of refractive errors and stereopsis.

Correcting the spherical and spherical equivalent components of refractive error may enhance stereopsis across various types of refractive errors.

Myopia, also known as shortsightedness, is a common eye disorder characterized by a refractive error of the eye. It is estimated that by 2050, over 1 billion people will be affected by myopia. Recent studies have shown that miRNAs play a significant role in the genetic factors contributing to myopia. However, the current understanding of the number and role of certain miRNAs in myopia is limited. This study aims to identify unknown miRNAs and their involvement in high myopia.

The raw dataset (GSE142359), consisting of miRNAs, was obtained from the GEO database. The dataset includes 10 samples, 5 from patients with high myopia and 5 from controls. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the EdgeR package in R software. The most significant miRNAs were then entered as input into the miRWalk web tool and target genes were identified. Subsequently, the PPI network was extracted using STRING and 10 clusters were identified. After that, we selected the most related cluster with myopia. Finally, we used DGIdb to identify candidate drugs for treatment of high myopia.

A total of 136 miRNAs were identified as significant differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs). Then, we constructed miRNA-mRNA bipartite network with 564 interactions including 490 genes and 50 miRNAs. Afterwards, 5 miRNAs including: hsa-miR-195-5p, hsa-miR- 24-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-181b-5p, and hsa-miR-130a-3p and 8 proteins including ESR1, BCL2, VEGFA, FGF2, MAPK14, H2AX, APP, and MAP3K10 were identified. Finally, two new miRNAs including hsa-miR-195-5p and hsa-miR-24-3p, and three novel proteins including: ESR1, BCL2, and MAPK14 were proposed as potential biomarker in high myopia.

This study revealed new miRNAs previously unknown in highly myopic eyes through bioinformatics analysis. The identified candidate miRNAs and their related drug targets and genes can serve as potential biomarkers, improving the understanding of new therapeutic targets for highly myopic eyes.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of two doses of atropine eye drops versus placebo on myopia progression in children and adolescents.

In this double‑blind, randomized clinical trial, 67 patients aged 6 to 18 years with myopia of ‑2 to ‑6 D were enrolled and randomized to receive a placebo eye drop, atropine 0.1%, or 0.01% ophthalmic solution (one drop per night for 6 months). All participants were followed‑up with for one year after the beginning of the study (at zero, one, three, six, and 12 months) and their spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and far and near visual acuity (VA) and the eye drops side effects were recorded. A comparison among the groups was performed using SPSS software, version 24.0.

Spherical equivalent, AL, and ACD decreased and far VA improved in atropine groups to a greater extent than the placebo group (P < .05) at the 6‑month follow‑up. The most common side effects of atropine 0.1% eye drop included photophobia and decreased near VA. At the end of the study (six months after the cessation of atropine), a rebound effect was observed; this effect was especially severe in the 0.1% atropine group.

Atropine eye drops are effective for slowing down and preventing myopia progression. However, without long‑term treatment, they will have a rebound effect. A lower dose (0.01%) is suggested for reducing the side effects and rebound effects.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the refractive profile of strabismic children under 8 in a tertiary referral center in Tehran, Iran.

This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the medical records of 357 patients under the age of 8 who had one type of strabismus in Farabi Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between 2015 and 2019. All routine ophthalmic examinations were done for all patients. Cycloplegic refraction was performed after the instillation of two drops of cyclopentolate 1% with an interval of 5 minutes, and the refractive error was measured after 30 minutes. The diagnostic criteria were based on cycloplegic refraction in which myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were defined when the refractive error was -0.25, +0.75, and -0.50 diopter (D) or more, respectively. The cycloplegic results were classified into different groups with an interval of 1.00 D, and astigmatism was also assessed separately.

In this study, the most common type of refractive error in esotropic patients was hyperopia, with the +2.00 to +4.00 D range having a higher prevalence. In exotropic patients, hyperopia was also prevalent; the most common range of hyperopia was between +0.75 to +1.00 D. Astigmatism had a prevalence of 37.8% in esotropic patients, and 17.2% in exotropic patients with the most common range from -0.50 to -1.00. Myopia was present in 2.8% of patients with esotropia and 3.2 % of patients with exotropia with the most common range from -0.25 to -1.00.

In strabismic Iranian children, hyperopia was the most prevalent refractive error in both esotropic and exotropic patients, with higher degrees of hyperopia in esotropic patients. Low astigmatism was twice as prevalent in patients with esotropia as in patients with exotropia. Low myopia was the least prevalent in both esotropic and exotropia.

Myopic regression is a major complication of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). The rates and causes vary considerably among different studies. This study aimed to investigate myopic regression at six months after myopic PRK.

In this retrospective cohort study, we included all eligible patients with myopia ranging from - 0.75 to - 9 D, aged 18 to 50 years, who underwent PRK by a single surgeon with the availability of preoperative and postoperative data at six months after the initial procedure. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations preoperatively and at six months post-PRK. Overcorrection was planned based on the participant’s age range to achieve the desired refractive result after PRK. All patients received the same postoperative antibiotic and steroid eye drops in a similar dosage regimen, and the contact lenses were removed after complete corneal epithelial healing. Based on the spherical equivalent of refraction six months after PRK, eyes without and with myopic regression were allocated into groups 1 and 2, respectively.

We included 254 eyes of 132 patients who underwent myopic PRK with a mean (standard deviation) age of 30.12 (7.48) years; 82 (62.12%) were women and 50 (37.88%) were men. The frequency of myopic regression was significantly lower in patients with younger age, lower preoperative cylindrical refraction, and lower ablation depth (all P < 0.05). Overcorrection was more successful in eyes with low myopia than in eyes with high myopia (P < 0.05). The highest frequency of myopic regression occurred in eyes with moderate myopia (25.68%), followed by eyes with high myopia (20.0%) and low myopia (6.54%). Among different age groups, patients aged ≤ 30 years had a lower frequency of myopic regression. The frequency of myopic regression in the different age groups was 5.0% at 18 – 20 years, 7.46% at 26 – 30 years, 12.28% at 21 – 25 years, 21.31% at 31 – 35 years, and 26.53% at 36 – 50 years.

Overcorrection was more successful in eyes with low myopia than in eyes with high myopia. The success rate was higher in younger patients with lower astigmatism and ablation depths. Myopic regression was most frequent in eyes with moderate myopia, followed by those with high and low myopia. Further studies should replicate our findings over a longer follow-up period with a larger sample size before generalization is warranted.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium as a result of liquid vitreous passing through a retinal break. Scleral buckling surgery (SB) is a conventional treatment for RRD. In SB, a silicon explant is used to indent the sclera, reduce vitreous traction, and close the retinal break, and an encircling band is used circumferentially, leading to myopia. This study aimed to evaluate the functional and biometric outcomes after SB with absorbable band-tightening sutures in patients with pseudophakic RRD.

In this prospective interventional study, we included pseudophakic eyes with RRD treated surgically with SB and a temporary encircling band using a 6-0 absorbable Vicryl suture to tighten the band, instead of conventional permanent suture tightening. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL), intraocular pressure (IOP), spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), and best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) were measured preoperatively and at 1 day, 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively.

We included 30 eyes of 30 patients with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 66.1 (10.5) years who underwent SB with an absorbable band-tightening suture for pseudophakic RRD. Significant increases in AL and ACD were observed at 2 weeks after surgery, with a significant decline in values thereafter; however, at the 6-month follow-up, the values were significantly higher than those at baseline (all P < 0.05). Based on the Vicryl tension and its hydrolysis, mean (SD) SER at 2 weeks postoperatively was significantly more myopic than at baseline (-5.8 [1.6] D versus +1.3 [1.8] D). However, the mean (SD) SER decreased significantly throughout the 6-month follow-up (all P < 0.05), and it reached -1.8 (0.9) D, which was comparable with the mean baseline SER (P = 0.140). The participants experienced significant improvement in BCDVA throughout the follow-up period (all P < 0.05).

Using an absorbable suture to tighten the encircling band in patients with pseudophakic RRD can reduce postoperative myopia without adversely affecting the anatomical or functional outcomes. Future comparative studies with larger sample sizes and longer postoperative follow-up are needed to verify these findings.

We aimed to report the five-year results of Trans-epithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy (TPRK) in treating all kinds of refractive errors. In this retrospective cohort study, we quantitatively compared the clinical findings and assessment of optical and refractive parameters, including slit-lamp, corneal topography, Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), and Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity (UDVA) in 172 eyes of myopic, hyperopic, and astigmatic patients before and five years after trans-PRK. The average time for post-surgery epithelial healing was 2.97 0.83 days in male and 2.94 0.87 days in female patients; the pain score in a week following the operation was 1.88 0.68 in males and 2.25 0.73 in females. Corneal haze was observed in five patients. No long-term adverse effect was reported. The pre-operative UDVA was 0.84 0.32 in male and 0.87 0.34 in female patients; while the postoperative UDVA was -0.02 0.04 in male and -0.01 0.02 in female patients. There was a highly significant correlation (P<0.001) in all indices except UDVA, which was almost near to being significant (P=0.07). In this survey, the mean safety and index were nearly 1.00. TPRK is a safe and efficient therapeutic procedure to treat all types of refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, with no significant adverse effect. Being touchless and having a short recovery time are two main characteristics of this refractive surgery.