obscenity
در نشریات گروه پزشکی-
هدف
پژوهش حاضر تلاش می کند محتوا، قلمرو، ضوابط و تطبیقات پزشکی قاعده ضرورت را تبیین نموده تا از رهگذر بررسی مصادیق نوپیدای قاعده در مسایل پزشکی، مشکلات فقهی حقوقی برخی از مسایل روز را حل نماید.
مواد و روش هااین پژوهش با روش مطالعات کتابخانه ای و به شیوه توصیفی تحلیلی انجام شده است که با مراجعه به متون قرآنی و روایی و علمی اطلاعات لازم به دست آمده و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است.
یافته هاقاعده ضرورت (الضرورات تبیح المحظورات) یکی از قواعد اصطیادی از نصوص است که از جمله مستندات قرآنی آن می توان به آیات 173 سوره ی مبارکه بقره و 145 از سوره انعام اشاره نمود. این قاعده ظرفیت تاثیرگذاری فراوان در حوزه های گوناگون فقه و حقوق داشته و در حل بسیاری از مشکلات و مسایل مستحدثه و نوظهور نقش اساسی دارد. لکن در فقه اسلامی کمتر مورد بررسی تفصیلی قرار گرفته است.
نتیجه گیریامروزه وجود ضرورت های شخصی در حوزه های گوناگون زندگی خصوصا مسایل پزشکی اقتضا می کند قاعده «ضرورت» بیشتر مورد بررسی قرار گیرد تا حدود و ضوابط اجرای آن تبیین گردد و فقه پژوهان به خوبی بتوانند در هنگام بررسی مسایل، از این قاعده استفاده نمایند.
کلید واژگان: ضرورت، اباحه، محظور، فقه پزشکی، پزشکی اسلامیPurposeThe present study tries to explain the content, scope, rules and medical applications of the rule of necessity in order to solve some of the current jurisprudential problems by examining emerging examples of the rule in medical issues.
Materials and MethodsThis research has been done by the method of library studies and in a descriptive-analytical method, which has been obtained and analyzed by referring to Quranic, narrative and scientific texts.
FindingsThe rule of necessity (the necessities of explaining the necessities) is one of the doctrinal rules of the texts, among which the Quranic documents include verses 173 of Surah Al-Baqarah and 145 of Surah Al-An’am. This rule has a great impact capacity in various fields of jurisprudence and law and plays a key role in solving many emerging problems and issues, but in Islamic jurisprudence has been less studied in detail.
ConclusionNowadays, the existence of personal necessities in various areas of life, especially medical issues, requires the rule of "necessity" to be further studied in order to explain the limits and criteria of its implementation and jurisprudential scholars can use this rule well when studying issues.
Keywords: Necessity, Obscenity, Confinement, Medical Jurisprudence, Islamic Medicine -
Background
Considering the increasing prevalence rate of smoking among Iranian adolescents, and recent evidence on the relationship between obscenity of smoking and tendency of adolescents towards the behavior, there is a need for an appropriate measurement tool to measure the level of obscenity on cigarette smoking among adolescents. This study was conducted to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire for measuring the obscenity of cigarette smoking in adolescents.
MethodsThis study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran, using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. To explain the concept of obscenity and develop the questionnaire’s items, 18 students attended semi-structured individual interviews and 13 others took part in focus group discussions (FGDs) in three groups of 4-5. Extracting and summarizing the codes derived from the interviews, an item pool was developed, from which the initial draft of the scale was provided. Next, the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed using face, content, construct, and predictive validity, as well as internal consistency, and reliability in a sample of 1013 high school students.
ResultsThe 22-item Cigarette Smoking Obscenity Scale (CSOS) was developed based on the codes derived from qualitative data. Explanatory factor analysis revealed five-factor structure (Negative Attitude; Negative Consequence; Negative Valuation; Inappropriate Relationship; A gateway to addiction). In confirmatory factor analysis, the χ2 /df ratio was 3.911 for the CSOS five-factor structure. Suitable values were obtained for the goodness of fit indices (GFI=0.88, AGFI=0.85, NFI=0.87, IFI=0.90, CFI=0.90, RFI=0.85, and RMSEA=0.072). The Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficients for the constructs ranged between 0.77 to 0.90 and 0.80 to 0.91, respectively.
ConclusionThe validity and reliability of the CSOS was appropriate; therefore, it can be used in future studies as a suitable tool for measuring the obscenity of cigarette smoking in adolescents.
Keywords: Instrumentation, Adolescentbehavior, Obscenity, Cigarettesmoking -
BackgroundThere is a very limited information on the obscenity of cigarette and hookah smoking among adolescents. Using a large and representative longitudinal sample of adolescents (n = 4820) aged 14–19 years from Tabriz (a metropolitan city in northwestern Iran), this study aimed at comparing the obscenity of cigarette and hookah smoking and assessing factors associated with obscenity of smoking. Moreover, we examined how the obscenity of cigarette and hookah smoking
affected by the progress in the stages of cigarette and hookah smoking.MethodsIn this longitudinal study, a random sample of high‑school students was selected in Tabriz in 2010. Using a valid and reliable self‑administered questionnaire, the data from the sampled students were collected twice at two points in time, 12 months apart. Multivariate backward logistic regression was used to determine the effect of the transition in cigarette (or hookah) smoking stages on the obscenity of cigarette (or hookah) smoking.ResultsWhile 3,079 (63.9%) students expressed that obscenity of cigarette smoking is higher than obscenity of hookah smoking, 1,741 (36.1%) students expressed that obscenity of hookah smoking is higher than obscenity of cigarette smoking. The results of multivariate backward logistic regression indicated that the transition in cigarette (hookah) smoking stages was not related to the obscenity of cigarette (hookah) smoking.ConclusionsThe results showed that obscenity of hookah smoking was less than obscenity of cigarette smoking, especially among females. Further study is required to understand the effect of obscenity on smoking and transition to different stages of cigarette and hookah smoking.Keywords: Adolescence, adolescent behavior, cigarette, obscenity, substance?related disorders, water?pipe smoking -
هدف این تحقیق بررسی نقش اخلاق در حقوق معاصر و تبیین جایگاه واقعی آن به عنوان منبعی مستقل جهت وضع قوانین است. سوال اصلی تحقیق، اخلاق چه جایگاهی در حقوق معاصر دارد و آیا می توان آن را منبع مستقلی برای وضع قوانین دانست؟ به نظر ما اخلاق در علم حقوق معاصر در جایگاه مناسب خود قرار ندارد، چراکه اکثریت حقوقدانان معاصر اخلاق را در عرض سایر منابع حقوق به شمار نمی آورند و آن را منبع مستقلی نمی دانند، اما فرض ما بر این است که اخلاق از ثبات و جامعیت بیشتری نسبت به سایر منابع حقوق برخوردار است، چراکه سرمنشا آن فطرت و عقل بشری است که دارای ملاکی ذاتی و کلی است و در هر مکان و هر زمانی ثبات خود را از دست نمی دهد. پس اخلاق می تواند منبعی معتبر برای وضع قانون باشد. سرانجام به این نتیجه می رسیم که اگر اخلاق در دانشگاه ها و پژوهشکده ها بیشتر مورد مطالعه قرار گیرد و بتوان قواعد و اصول اخلاقی جامعی وضع نمود، آن وقت می توان اخلاق را یک منبع جامع و مفید برای وضع قوانین دانست. تحقیق حاضر با روش تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی، به رشته تحریر درآمده است.
کلید واژگان: اخلاق، حقوق، قانون گذاری، حسن و قبحIn this research we try using Research Methodology descriptive - analytical, examines the role of ethics in law and explain the real role it as a resource to be independent. The main research question: what position ethics in contemporary law and do it can be considered independent source for legislate? In our opinion ethics in contemporary law is not in its proper place because the majority of contemporary of Jurists ethics equal not consider other sources of law and it is not an independent source, but we assume that the ethics and integrity of stability than other sources of law is because its source is human instinct and intellect that has inherent and general criterion and in any place and any time does not lose their stabilizing. So the authoritative source for ethics can be legislate. Eventually to the conclusion that if ethics in universities and research centers be studied further and can the rules and ethical principles the comprehensive the legislative, That time could and useful to legislate considered a comprehensive source of ethics, in particular in the field of international law.
Keywords: Ethics, Law, The Legislative, Goodness, Obscenity
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