obsessive beliefs

Background & Aims: 

Numerous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the relationship between obsessive beliefs and cognitive variables. also obsessive beliefs are important factors in turning disturbing thoughts into obsessive thoughts. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of fear of self in the relationship between insecure attachment styles and obsessive beliefs among students.

Materials & Methods:

 The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this research included all undergraduate students of Tehran Universities from August to October 2022. In this regards, 320 people were selected by cluster sampling and answered the questionnaires. After removing outlier data, 312 questionnaires were included in the analysis. The research tools included Obsessive Beliefs (OBG) questionnaire, Fear of Self (FSQ) questionnaire, and Experience in Close Relationships (ECR) questionnaire. Finally, the data was analysed by Pearson correlation method and structural equations using SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 22 software.

The goodness of fit index for the research model were significant and desirable and the model had a good fit. The results showed that the correlation coefficient of the total score of obsessive beliefs with fear of self and the total score of insecure attachment styles were 0.42 and 0.54, respectively, and there was a significant difference between them at P<0.01. Furthermore, the indirect effect and the total effect of insecure attachment styles to obsessive beliefs was 0.24 and 0.33, respectively, and there was a significant difference between them (p<0.01).

The results of the present study showed that insecure attachment styles and fear of self have important and influential roles on obsessive beliefs. The present study also identified relationships that may have important implications for the prevention and treatment of unacceptable thoughts in OCD patients as well as non-clinical people.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most debilitating disorders and is a condition in which the patient has mental obsessions (thoughts, impulses, or repetitive images that cause anxiety or discomfort) or practical obsessions (behavior of mental actions It is repetitive that the patient feels he must do to reduce psychological pressure and avoid certain events) or both. Obsessions are persistent and inappropriate thoughts or mental images that lead to anxiety and distress. This inappropriate quality of the obsession is often referred to as "self-inconsistent," meaning that the content of the obsession is foreign to the person, is not under their control, and is not the type of thought they expect. However, a person is able to recognize that mental obsessions are the product of his own mind and are not imposed from outside. Current cognitive-behavioral approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder emphasize the role of ineffective beliefs in creating and perpetuating the disorder. These models assume intrusive thoughts as a cognitive stimulus and negative automatic thoughts and beliefs as a cognitive response. These automatic negative beliefs and thoughts affect a person's emotions and behaviors (compulsions). Theoretically, in obsessive-compulsive disorder, negative evaluations of intrusive and unwanted thoughts have been identified in three areas, which are: the importance of thoughts; Assessments that indicate the presence and meaning of thoughts are threatening or personally important, control thoughts; Assessments that point to the need to control thoughts in order to prevent the consequences of related threatening threats and responsibility; Assessments that indicate if thoughts persist. The person will be responsible for negative events. In addition to negative evaluations, it is thought that basic ineffective beliefs are responsible for negative evaluations and the phenomenon of obsession. Obsessive beliefs are a complex and multifactorial process, and many efforts are made to identify the risk factors in tending to it, including in students who are one of the vulnerable groups. However, a person is able to recognize that obsessive beliefs are the product of his own mind and are not imposed from outside. Therefore, by identifying the components related to this structure, the possibility of more accurate and practical interventions is also provided. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between metacognition, emotional schema, and rumination with obsessive beliefs of second year high school students in Zarand city.

The present study was a correlational descriptive study. The statistical population included all female students of the second year of Zarand in the academic year of 2018-2019, 1183 of which 291 were selected as the final sample using cluster random sampling. The research tools included Enil and Abedi's Metacognition Questionnaire (1996), Leahy's Emotional Schemas Questionnaire (2002), Nolen-Hoeksma and Moro's Rumination Questionnaire (1987) and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44). Pearson's correlation and multivariate regression were used by spss-26 software.

The findings showed that there is a significant negative relationship between metacognitive variables and obsessive beliefs (r=-0.30) and between emotional schema and obsessive beliefs (r=-0.22) at the level of 0.001. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between rumination variables with obsessive beliefs (r=0.38) and emotional schemas (r=0.27) and a significant negative relationship between rumination and metacognition (r=0.26) at the 0.001 level. showed Also, the regression analysis showed that the value of R2 equal to 0.15 indicates that metacognitive variables and emotional schema and rumination jointly predict 16% of obsessive beliefs. According to the beta coefficient and the significance level of the studied variables, rumination, metacognition and emotional schema, respectively, have the greatest role in explaining obsessive beliefs.

The results confirmed the significant relationship between metacognitive variables and emotional schema with obsessive beliefs inversely and showed a significant positive relationship between rumination variables and obsessive beliefs. Also, variables of metacognition, emotional schema, and rumination were able to significantly predict obsessive beliefs. Therefore, it is suggested that the management training of mental rumination and metacognition, along with schema therapy, in order to prevent issues related to obsessive beliefs, especially in teenage students, should be considered important by school and country officials and should be included in their agenda. On the other hand, according to this principle. Parents and education officials should know that injuries and tensions may be formed due to their influence, which should be deeply considered and with a calculated and planned plan through psychological experts and specialists, a path for future investigations can be created.

Because of the similarity between some signs of panic disorder (PD) and COVID-19, individuals with PD like individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are vulnerable to negative outcomes of the pandemic. However, previous studies did not adequately address the impacts of COVID-19 on this disorder. Regarding the importance of cognitive mechanisms for both disorders, examining the cognitive impacts of COVID-19 is especially critical. The study aims to compare individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD), and nonclinical samples in terms of obsessive beliefs and COVID-19 stress, two years after the beginning of the pandemic.

Methods and Materials:

 In a survey, 127 individuals were recruited through purposive sampling. After being taken for the clinical interview, they were divided into OCD (n=42), PD (n=40), and nonclinical (n=45) groups. Participants responded to the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44), COVID-19 Stress Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and Scheffe posthoc tests.

There were no significant differences between clinical groups based on any obsessive beliefs. In terms of socioeconomic outcomes and traumatic stress components of COVID-19 stress, there were no significant differences between clinical and nonclinical groups. However, individuals with OCD and PD obtained meaningfully higher scores in xenophobia and obsessive checking/ reassurance-seeking components, respectively, than other groups. Even two years after the beginning of the pandemic, clinical groups were significantly more concerned about the danger and contamination of COVID-19 than the nonclinical group.

Obsessive beliefs in individuals with PD are comparable to individuals with OCD during the pandemic. Also, individuals with PD engaged more in obsessive checking/ reassurance-seeking than individuals with OCD and the nonclinical group; it could burden extensive costs for the therapeutic system during the pandemic.

Thoughts, impulses, or images that are distressing and intrusive characterize obsessive-compulsive disorder. On the other hand, obsessive beliefs are important in turning intrusive thoughts into obsessive thoughts.

This study aimed to present a structural model to explain obsessive beliefs among high school students, based on the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression, metacognitive beliefs, and self-esteem, considering the mediating role of inferential confusion.

In this correlational study, the statistical population included all secondary high school students in Aligudarz, Lorestan Province, Iran, during the 2020-2021 academic years. A total of 300 individuals were selected using cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Metacognitions questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Inferential Confusion Questionnaire-Expanded Version (ICQ-EV), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling in SPSS-20 and AMOS-24.

The goodness of fit indices of the measurements model (x2/df=3.12, RMSEA=0.084) supported the good fitness of the model. Also, the goodness of fit indices of the structural model (x2/df=2.24, RMSEA=0.064) indicated the good fit of the model for the collected data.

Based on the results, metacognitive beliefs, symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety, and self-esteem are among factors affecting obsessive beliefs; inferential confusion plays a mediating role in their association with obsessive beliefs. Therefore, elimination or moderation of contributing factors is essential for correcting obsessive-compulsive beliefs.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psychological disorder that manifests with a variety of symptoms, including intrusive thoughts, obsessive manners, mental employment and practical obsessions. There is no qualitative difference between the thoughts of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal people. However, there is a fundamental difference in the meaning people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have for their thoughts. In this model, it is assumed that dysfunctional beliefs, which are the reference for evaluating obsessive thoughts, are the reason for turning annoying thoughts into obsessive thoughts. Dysfunctional beliefs cause, as the focus of attention on obsessive thoughts increases, to make an effort to avoid and suppress them. Thus, dysfunctional beliefs play an important role in creating and maintaining the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. They are even said to predict the type and severity of symptoms. Therefore, it is expected that cognitive techniques including cognitive reconstruction, correction of cognitive distortions, along with behavioral techniques for behavioral reconstruction are effective in treating patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral techniques in reducing obsessive beliefs in people with obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

The method of the present study was a quasi-experimental case study with a multiple-baseline design. The present study population comprised individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, living in Tabriz City, Iran, in 2019. For this purpose, two participants were purposefully selected. They were selected from the people with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder who were referred to Danesh Shahr Clinic of Tabriz considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Measurements were made for these two participants in the stages of the first baseline, second baseline, third session, fourth session, fifth session, sixth session, seventh session, last session, and follow-up. Finally, the follow-up was implemented two months after the last meeting. Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (Hodgson and Rachman, 1977), Responsibility Attitude Questionnaire (Salkovskis et al., 2000), Thought Control Questionnaire (Wells & Davies, 1994), Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1996), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Freeston et al., 1994) were used to collect research data. To analyze the data, graphical and graphical analyzes were used, which were judged based on the rise and fall of obsessive beliefs. In addition to graphical and graphical analysis, the recovery percentage formula was used to evaluate the clinical significance of the changes and to objectify the improvement in treatment goals.

The results showed that the effect size of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the variable of attitude to responsibility was 1.98 for the first subject and 2.63 for the second subject. The effect size of treatment on thought control was 2.31 for the first subject and 1.83 for the second subject. The effect size of treatment on anxiety was 2.83 for the first subject and 2.29 for the second subject. Also, the effect size of treatment for intolerance of uncertainty was 2.7 for the first subject and 2.56 for the second subject. These findings indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy was effective in reducing obsessive-compulsive beliefs in people with obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Based on the findings of this study, cognitive-behavioral therapy was effective in reducing obsessive beliefs in people with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The findings of this study can be used for treatment planning and clinical interventions.

Intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images compose the core of some psychological disorders, especially obsessive–compulsive disorder. Also, obsessive beliefs are an important factor in turning annoying thoughts into obsessive ones. According to cognitive–behavioral theories, almost everyone experiences disturbing thoughts whose content is similar to that of obsessive–compulsive thoughts. According to contemporary cognitive–behavioral theories, increasing the frequency and intensity of everyday disturbing thoughts and turning them into obsessive thoughts depends on one's evaluation or interpretation. Inefficient ways of dealing with disturbing thoughts lead to negative moods and neutralizing behaviors. Behaviorists also explain obsessive–compulsive disorder through a conditioning process in which obsessive thoughts are associated with anxiety and stress. Understanding the cognitive patterns of obsessive–compulsive disorder is essential. The present study aimed to present a structural model for explaining students' obsessive beliefs based on metacognitive beliefs and symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety with the mediating role of inferential confusion.

The research is a correlational study. The study's statistical population included all high school students in Aligudarz City, Iran, in the academic year 2020–2021. The sample size was calculated based on the ratio of a sample size to the number of observed variables. It was 300 male and female high school students who were selected by cluster sampling method. To measure the variables, we used the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, 2005), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (Wells & Cartwright–Hatton, 2004), and Inferential Confusion Questionnaire (Aardema et al., 2005). Data analysis was performed at the significance level of 0.01 using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling and the Pearson correlation coefficient) in SPSS20 and AMOS24 statistical software.

The results showed that the total path coefficient was positive and significant between obsessive beliefs and symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety (β=0.205, p=0.014). The direct path coefficient was positive and significant between metacognitive beliefs and obsessive beliefs (β=0.279, p<0.001) and their total path coefficient (β=0.440, p<0.001). The direct path coefficient between inferential confusion with obsessive beliefs was positive and significant (β=0.382, p<0.001). The indirect path coefficient was also positive and significant between metacognitive beliefs and obsessive beliefs (β=0.159, p<0.001) and the indirect path coefficient between obsessive beliefs and symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety (β=0.110, p<0.001). Also, the goodness–of–fit indices showed the fit of the research model with the collected data (χ2/df=2.41, RMSEA=0.069, GFI=0.908, CFI=0.950, AGFI=0.872).

According to findings, metacognitive beliefs and symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety affect obsessive beliefs in students. Also, the inferential confusion positively and significantly mediates the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety with obsessive beliefs.

the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive-behavioral therapy on obsessive compulsive symptom, obsessive-compulsive beliefs and guilty feelings in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tehran.

The research method is quasi-experimental research (pre-test-post-test design with control group). The statistical population included all patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder referred to psychiatric centers and psychological services and counseling in Tehran. The sample size was 30 people who were divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The first experimental group received transcranial direct current stimulation for 24 sessions of 20 minutes. In the second experimental group, cognitive-behavioral therapy was performed for 10 sessions of 90 minutes and the control group did not receive any intervention. Research data were collected using the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (1986),  Obsessive-Verity Questionnaire (2011), and guilty feelings of Kauger and Jones (1998). For data analysis, univariate analysis of covariance (ANCO) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were used by SPSS-v.21.

the results showed that both brain electrical stimulation treatments from the skull and cognitive-behavioral therapy separately reduced obsessive-compulsive beliefs and guilty feelings in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P< 0.05).

among the two treatments, the treatment of transcranial direct current stimulation was more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing the obsessive compulsive symptom and guilty feelings, but it was more effective in reducing the cognitive-behavioral beliefs of obsessive beliefs; these results were also observed after one-month follow-up period.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling disorder that causes disturbance and significant interference in the individual function. This disorder is thought to be caused by unwanted and intrusive mental thoughts and images that are considered meaningless, inappropriate and irresistible by the individual, as well as the tendency to determine to neutralize and compensate for these thoughts and mental images. The onset of this disorder is usually between early adolescence and early adulthood. Among treatments, a method that has been more relevant in recent years, treatment is based on acceptance and commitment. Generally, disorders that do not require interacting with inner experiences (thoughts, emotions, memories and physical emotions) that it mainly called "experiential avoidance". Due to the importance of obsessive–compulsive disorder, it needs to test new therapeutic considering religious beliefs. These techniques in spiritual therapy can have behavioral, cognitive, metacognitive, emotional and moral aspects, and can be manifested in religious concepts and behaviors such as trust, patience, prayer, meditation. Given these points, the use of human spiritual capacity in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorders is not only effective but also necessary. Religious psychotherapy can have significant effects on the treatment of depression and obsession because religious people are less likely to feel alone and less depression and anxiety than non–religious people. Addressing the impact of religion on health in the various, supply of human life, including health care, is important because it has an unmatched and indispensable role in human life. Therefore, knowing about the effectiveness of the therapeutic methods from religious teachings can be used to treatment of anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorders. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and spiritual therapy on the improvement of the severity of obsessive–compulsive symptoms and quality of life in patients with obsessive–compulsive and obsessive–compulsive disorder.

The research was quasi–experimental, pre–test, post–test and follow–up with the control group. Forty–five obsessive–compulsive patients from the Qom (Qom province, center of Iran) consultation center in 2012 were selected by convenience sampling. In the beginning of the study, the subjects were investigated by questionnaires that include the practice of religious beliefs (Golzzari, 2001), Yale Brown obsession (Goodman et al., 1989), obsessive beliefs of OBQ–44 (OCCWG, 2005) and quality of life (SF36) (Farnish, 2005). The experimental group received 14 sessions of 60 minutes of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and spirituality therapy. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and post Hoc.

Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) of the three groups. The mean scores of the obsessive–compulsive scales and the mean scores of obsessive–compulsive beliefs and quality of life questionnaires in both treatment groups decreased and this decrease in follow–up was also seen. Findings of this study indicated that treatment based on acceptance and commitment and spirituality therapy in pretest posttest and fallow up had a significant different on obsessive–compulsive symptoms and observerchr('39')s beliefs and quality of life (p<0.001). In addition, results of Post HOC test on the comparison of therapeutic methods showed that spirituality therapy was more effective than treatment–based acceptance and commitment to the improvement of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, obsessive–compulsive beliefs and quality of life.

Results of posttest and follow up in the experimental group showed the effect of interventions and it can be concluded that spirituality and acceptance therapy and commitment to reduce the symptoms and obsessive beliefs and improve the quality of life of people with obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychological disorder with debilitating impacts on many aspects of daily functioning, including relationships and quality of life. Exposure to ritual prevention (ERP) is the psychotherapeutic treatment of choice for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Also, metacognitive therapy (MCT), based on Wells’ metacognitive model of OCD aims to modify the maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and processes implicated in the disorder, to alleviate symptoms. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of Well’s metacognitive therapy (MCT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) for the treatment of thought fusion symptoms in women with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).

The study was a semi–experimental that was done through a pretest–posttest design using a control group. The statistical population included all OCD patients who referred to the counseling centers in Shiraz city (Fars province, South of Iran) during 2015–2016. A total of 60 patients who had been diagnosed as having OCD by the psychiatrist or clinical psychologist were selected and divided into two groups (each group n=20) (MCT and ERP) and a control group (n=20). Experimental group 1 experienced Wells’ metacognitive therapy in 8 sessions and the experimental group 2, experienced ERP in 14 sessions of 90 minutes during the course of two months. Both experimental and control groups received equal doses of medicine during the course of the study. Participants completed the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and Beck depression instrument as a research scale (Beck, 1996). The participants answered the Beck depressive inventory and obsessive beliefs questionnaire as the study tools. The obsessive–compulsive disorder workgroup designed obsessive beliefs questionnaire. This questionnaire measures three core domains of obsessive beliefs, namely, 1) over the importance and thinking over–control, 2) perfectionism and intolerance of ambiguity, and 3) inflated responsibility and exaggerated danger expectancies. The respondent was asked to declare his/her agreement on each of the options in a scale of 0 to 7. The scale was different agreement, including (–3) strongly disagree, (0) no idea, and (+3) strongly agree. In Iran, Shams et al. (2004) calculated the Cronbach's alpha, split–half estimate, and test–retest of the questionnaire as 0.92, 0.94, and 0.82, respectively. Beck depressive inventory was one of the most widely used questioners and among the oldest tools for measuring the severity of the obsession. It had 21 items and scaled based on a 4–degree range. Its psychometrics features analyzed all over the world (Beck and Steer, 1996). In Iran, Dabson K, Mohammadkhani reported the values of 0.91 and 0.94 for Cronbach’s alpha and the reliability coefficient of this test. The data of the study were analyzed using analysis of covariance via SPSS software package v.21.

The MCT group had a significant reduction (more efficacy) in two factors of thought–action and thought–event fusion in comparison to the ERP group (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed in the thought fusion of the experimental groups. ERP group, on the other hand, showed a significant reduction in all factors in comparison to the control group (p<0.001). 

Despite some methodological limitations, results showed that MCT proved to be a promising psychotherapeutic alternative to the well–established ERP in the treatment of the obsessive–compulsive disorder. Further investigations need to survey the efficacy of MCT to answer questions as to the working mechanisms underlying therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Divorce as a life crisis can lead to emotional and behavioral problems. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of group based reality therapy based on Glasser choice theory on the general health and obsessive beliefs of divorced women. In this quasi-experimental study 30 divorced women were non-randomly divided into the two interventions and control groups (15 participants in each group). Perior of the study the general health questionnaire (GHQ) (anxiety, social function, somatic symptoms and depression) and obsessive thoughts questionnaire (OBQ-44) (responsibility, perfectionisn and importance of thoughts) were completed by subjects in both groups. Counselling with Glasser approach was performed for intervention group through 8 group sessions once a week and lasted for 120 minutes. Control group received no intervention. At the end of the study, Post-test was performed from both groups. Group training based on reality therapy in intervention group's participants caused a significant reduction in all items of the two variables, general health and obsessive thoughts in compared to the control group (P<0.05). Group based reality therapy based on Glasser choice theory improves general health of divorced women and reduces their obsessive beliefs.

Psychological factors such as obsessive beliefs, depression and anxiety have a major impact not only on the mental and physical health of individuals but also on the treatment, recovery and relapse of the disease. The aim of this research was to compare obsessive beliefs, depression and anxiety among inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients and healthy people. This research is a descriptive and causal-comparative study. Using purposeful sampling, 150 people, including 50 healthy subjects, 50 patients with inflammatory bowel disease and 50 patients with GERD were selected as the sample. Data were collected using the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire, the Depression Questionnaire and the Anxiety Inventory and was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there are significant differences (p<0/001) between IBD and GERD and healthy people in obsessive beliefs, depression and anxiety. The mean of obsessive beliefs in IBD patients (119/744±15/423) was higher than the other two groups (p<0/001). Also, depression (12/489±2/941) and Anxiety (16/881±5/735) in IBD patients were higher than the other two groups. According to the results, there is a significant difference between the inflammatory bowel disease and healthy people in the components of obsessive beliefs, depression and anxiety. So, there may be psycho-neuro-immunologic relationship between obsessive beliefs with inflammatory bowel disease, mediated by depression and anxiety.

Obsessive beliefs as disturbing thoughts in the mind have a destructive effect on psychological and behavioral balance. Of the major problems that obsessive individuals face, it is a low resilience; psychologically, resilient or invulnerable, that is, the ability of some individuals to overcome what is severely threatening their growth. On the other hand, in this research, we try to reduce obsession and increase the resilience with the use of psychometric approach. Although there is evidence of the effect of allegory on resonance, in Iran, however, there has not yet been a study titled "The Effect of Logical Therapy on the Reduction of Obsessive Beliefs and Increasing Perseverance." Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of group therapy on reduction of obsessive-compulsive beliefs and increased resiliency in women. This was a quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with control and experimental group. The ISAR of the Obsessive-Verbal Beliefs-OBQ 44 tests and the Conner-Davidson Consolidation Scale (CD-RISC). The statistical population consisted of all women in Tehran who were selected through a population sampling method of twenty women who scored higher scores on this scale of obsessive beliefs. To obtain information from a community of mothers of the students, an educational complex was used in Tehran's 3rd District. The questionnaire of obsessive-compulsive beliefs was given to one hundred people aged between 30 and 45 years old. Twenty people who scored higher scores on this scale were selected as samples. The criterion for entering the community was only the scale of obsessive beliefs. After selecting the sample, the resilience scale was also performed as a second variable (another pre-test) on the sample. Then, 10 people in the experimental group and 10 in the control group were randomly assigned. In the interval between pre-test and post-test, the training group underwent a group of 10 sessions of semantic therapy. Post-extraction research data were analyzed by repeated measurements analysis using SPSS software. To analyze the variance for repeated measures, we examined the assumptions of this test. Shapiro Wilk test was used to check the normal scores. The results showed that the distribution of data is normal. Levin's findings also showed that the homogeneous assumption of covariance of data and the slope of regression is established. The results of Mocheli's test also showed that there is no spheroidal assumption, and therefore we can use the result of in-group tests with moderate degrees of freedom and the Hove-Felt correction. The mean of the irradiation variables for the control group in the pretest was 67.33, in the post-test, 66.22 and in the follow-up period, was 67.66, and for the experimental group in the pretest, 68.22, in the post-test, 82.77,and the follow up was 78.22. The mean of obsessive-compulsive beliefs in the control group was 198.00 in the pretest, 184.44 in the post test and 193.11 in the follow-up phase, and for the experimental group in the pretest 213.22, in the post-test 122.55 and in the stage the follow up was 124.22. Also, the results showed that the f value in the obsessive-compulsive belief variable was significant at α=0.05, and considering that the mean of the experimental group in the obsessive-compulsive belief variable was lower than that of the control group in the post-test and follow-up stages, then the group's Logotherapy The reduction of obsessive-compulsive beliefs and its components, which included accountability from risk assessment, perfectionism versus the need for assurance, and the importance of thinking toward control of behavior, was effective (p<0.01). Also, the findings showed that the value of f in the resiliency variable was significant at the level of α=0.05, and considering that the mean of the experimental group in the resiliency variable was increased in comparison with the control group in the post-test and follow-up stages; therefore, A group is effective in increasing the resiliency (p<0.01). This research investigated effect of logotherapy on obsessive beliefs and resilience in women. The result suggested improvement on component of resilience in the experimental group, namely perfectionism/certainty (PC), responsibility and the overestimation of threat (RT) and importance/thought control (ICT). Thus the treatment method is suggested to increase resilience.

Lumbar Discopathy is a common and costly disease and the leading cause of physical disability and psychological distress. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of obsessive beliefs in Lumbar Discopathy patients with healthy peoples.
This is a causal-comparative study. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 100 participants, namely, 50 patients with Lumbar Discopathy and 50 healthy. The research instruments were demographic questionnaires and Obsessive beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44). Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data.
The results showed that 86% of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients had obsessive beliefs as follows: 98% had obsessive beliefs in the field of "Perfection and certainty"; 90% in the subscale of "responsibility and risk assessment and threat"; 52% in the field of "the importance and thought control"; 40% in the field of "common factor" and 8% in the subscale of “perfectionism”. Comparison between the two groups showed significant differences in "obsessive beliefs (total)" (p It can be concluded that patients suffering from Lumbar Discopathy are more prone to obsessive beliefs. Therefore, psychological treatment is suggested for such patients.

Pregnancy is one of the very sensitive periods of women’s life. Sexual function is associated with some problems among them that its cause may be many wrong beliefs such as change in one's body image, decrease of attractive feel for husband, and afraid of hurting to baby, and abortion. Regarding to different results reported in the studies about deepening or rupture in sexual relations during this period, therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the role of body image and obsessive believes in prediction of sexual function among pregnant women.
This descriptive correlation study was performed on 50 pregnant women who had referred to the clinic of Sharekord Gynecologists for prenatal care follow-up. The study’s tools included body image flexibility questionnaire(BI-AAQ( which indicates the rate of tensity in one’s situation of body image flexibility, obsessive believes questionnaire(OBQ-44( which indicates a list of attitudes or beliefs that sometimes people do not express, and sexual function scale (MSFS) which evaluates the person's sexual performance in the area of sexual partnerships, sexual expression, sexual feelings, sexual desire, sexual fulfillment, sexual attitudes and awareness evaluates. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software (version 18) and Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression analysis. P There was negative and significant relationship between body image and sexual function and also between obsessive believes and sexual function (P According to significant relationship between body image and sexual function, the women can be trained to increase different aspects of health, believes, evaluation in order to enjoy more in physical, mental and social health and their social, family, marital and individual function be increased.

Brain imaging studies have shown reduced activity in the frontal lobe in OCD patients. The aim of this study is compare functions of dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in OCD patients, obsessive beliefs group, and healthy group.
21 college student with OCD, 21 college student with obsessive beliefs, and 22 normal college student were chosen by Madzeli obsessive- compulsive questionnaire, and OBQ-44 test. WCST and CPT tasks was performed on all subjects in 3 groups.
The data analysis showed that there were significant differences between OCD group, obsessive beliefs group, and healthy group in CPT variables(omission and commission error). There were not significant differences between OCD group, Obsessive Beliefs group, and healthy group in WCST variable(perseveration error).
Obsessive-compulsive patients show deficits in orbitofrontal function, while this deficits have not seen in Obsessive Beliefs group and healthy group.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children is a neuropsychiatric condition that is associated with considerable psychosocial impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive disorder in 8-17 year old students in kermanshah city.
Material and The statistical population for this cross-sectional study included all the primary and first grade high school students (8-17 years old) in Kermanshah city in 2015. through multi-stage cluster sampling, 762 patients were selected. Demographic information and OBQ-CV and OCI-CV questioners were completed for each one of them. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, chi-square test and logistic regression.
The Results showed that prevalence of OCD and OB in the total sample was %16.80, and in the guidance school students was %19 and for the primary school students it was %14.50. The prevalence was higher in boys versus girls (p=0.041), and in the guidance school students was higher than the primary students (p=0.036). The correlation between OB and OCD was statistically significant (p The Prevalence of OB and OCD in the students of Kermanshah city was significant in comparison with the other studies conducted within and outside the country. However, attention should be paid to mental health policy-making in students to decrease the behavioral problems and prevent future problems.